共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Assimilation of ammonium ions and reutilization of nitrogen in rice (Oryza sativa L.) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A major source of inorganic nitrogen for rice plants grown in paddy soil is ammonium ions. The ammonium ions are actively taken up by the roots via ammonium transporters and subsequently assimilated into the amide residue of glutamine (Gln) by the reaction of glutamine synthetase (GS) in the roots. The Gln is converted into glutamate (Glu), which is a central amino acid for the synthesis of a number of amino acids, by the reaction of glutamate synthase (GOGAT). Although a small gene family for both GS and GOGAT is present in rice, ammonium-dependent and cell type-specific expression suggest that cytosolic GS1;2 and plastidic NADH-GOGAT1 are responsible for the primary assimilation of ammonium ions in the roots. In the plant top, approximately 80% of the total nitrogen in the panicle is remobilized through the phloem from senescing organs. Since the major form of nitrogen in the phloem sap is Gln, GS in the senescing organs and GOGAT in developing organs are important for nitrogen remobilization and reutilization, respectively. Recent work with a knock-out mutant of rice clearly showed that GS1;1 is responsible for this process. Overexpression studies together with age- and cell type-specific expression strongly suggest that NADH-GOGAT1 is important for the reutilization of transported Gln in developing organs. The overall process of nitrogen utilization within the plant is discussed. 相似文献
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Identification of an active LTR retrotransposon in rice 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Nathalie Picault Christian Chaparro Benoit Piegu Willfried Stenger Damien Formey Cristel Llauro Julie Descombin Francois Sabot Eric Lasserre Donaldo Meynard Emmanuel Guiderdoni Olivier Panaud 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2009,58(5):754-765
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J. Boonjawat P. Chaisiri J. Limpananont S. Soontaros P. Pongsawasdi S. Chaopongpang S. Pornpattkul B. Wongwaitayakul L. Sangduan 《Plant and Soil》1991,137(1):119-125
In non-legumes associative nitrogen-fixing system, several genera of rhizobacteria have been reported. The object of this paper is to summarize the current understanding of how rhizobacteria adhere to the root surface of non-legumes especially rice and other cereal crops. Evidence for involvement of rice lectin in adhesion will be reviewed. An emphasis will be placed on theKlebsiella R15 ammonium assimilation system in free-living state and in associative state with rice seedlings. Nitrogenase and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities of associativeKlebsiella increased significantly in the rhizosphere of rice comparing to the free-living state. In rice, the soluble form of GS specific activity appear to be slightly lower than in rice root in the absence of bacteria. These results suggest that nitrogen-fixing activity has been enhanced during association. The dinitrogen fixed should be changed to amino acids via GS-GOGAT pathway in bacteria. Transfer of fixed nitrogen and assimilation in the rice plant is the problem that needs to be solved in order to improve the efficiency of associative nitrogen fixation. 相似文献
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Michel Chalot Annick Brun Jean Claude Debaud Bernard Botton 《Physiologia plantarum》1991,83(1):122-128
Hebeloma cylindrosporum strain h 17 was grown on media containing either glutamate or ammonium as nitrogen source. Growth tests and in vitro activity measurements revealed that both glutamine synthetase (GS. EC 6.3.1.2) and NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH, EC 1.4.1.4) are fully functional in wild type mycelia grown on glutamate or ammonium as sole nitrogen source. However, NADP-GDH appeared to be more active than GS in stationary growing mycelia. NADP-GDH is also able to sustain adequate ammonium assimilation in methionine sulfoximine (MSX)-treated mycelia since they grew as well as mycelia fed with ammonium alone. The NADP-GDH also appeared to be L-glutamate inducible whereas GS was repressed by ammonium. The NADP-GDH deficient strain, when transferred from a glutamate containing medium to an ammonium containing medium, exhibited a derepressed GS, although this enzyme did not fully substitute for the deficiency of NADP-GDH in ammonium assimilation. The low NADP-GDH activity of the mutant strain exhibited a reduced mobility on a 6% constant polyacrylamide gel. By contrast, the two enzymes had identical molecular weights, estimated to be ca 295 kDa on gradient polyacrylamide gel. The involvement of NADP-GDH and GS enzymes in nitrogen assimilation is discussed. 相似文献
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Combined agronomic and physiological aspects of nitrogen management in wheat highlight a central role for glutamine synthetase 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Kichey T Heumez E Pocholle D Pageau K Vanacker H Dubois F Le Gouis J Hirel B 《The New phytologist》2006,169(2):265-278
In wheat the period of grain filling is characterized by a transition for all vegetative organs from sink to source status. To study this transition, the progression of physiological markers and enzyme activities representative of nitrogen metabolism was monitored from the vegetative stage to maturity in different leaf stages and stem sections of two wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars grown at high and low levels of N fertilization. In the two cultivars examined, we found a general decrease of the metabolic and enzyme markers occurred during leaf ageing, and that this decrease was enhanced when plants were N-limited. Both correlation studies and principal components analysis (PCA) showed that there was a strong relationship among total N, chlorophyll, soluble protein, ammonium, amino acids and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity. The use of a marker such as GS activity to predict the N status of wheat, as a function of both plant development and N availability, is discussed with the aim of selecting wheat genotypes with better N-use efficiency. 相似文献
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In a study of the plant communities of two Australian rainforests, it was found that pioner species had high levels of nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) and were predominantly leaf nitrate assimilators. Under- and over-storey species had low levels of shoot and root nitrate reductase activity, and many of them showed little capacity for nitrate reduction even when nitrate ions were freely available. Although closed-forest species have lower levels of nitrate reductase than those of gaps and forest margins, their total nitrogen contents were similar, suggesting the former utilize nitrogen sources other than nitrate ions. Glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) was present in the leaves of all species examined. In the leaves of pioneer species the chloroplastic isoform of glutamine synthetase predominted, while in most of the species typical of closed-forest the cytosolic isoform accounted for at least 40% of total leaf activity. Low levels of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase were correlated with a low capacity for leaf nitrate reduction, and both are characteristic of many species that regenerate and grow for some time in shade. Low levels of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase imply that, in some of these woody plants, photorespiratory ammonia is re-assimilated via cytosolic glutamine synthetase. 相似文献
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谷氨酰胺合成酶基因GS1和GS2的高效表达增强转基因水稻对氮素缺乏的耐性 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
构建了同时含有胞质谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS1)cDNA和叶绿体谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS2)cDNA的植物表达载体p2GS,通过农杆菌介导法用它们转化了水稻品种"中花10号"的成熟胚愈伤组织,经潮霉素(Hyg)筛选培养及分化再生,获得了抗Hyg的转基因水稻植株.PCR和基因组Southern杂交分析结果证明,GS1和GS2基因均已经整合到转基因水稻的基因组内.Northern杂交实验结果证实,GS1和GS2基因在转基因水稻的转录水平上得到了有效表达.在以0.7 mmol/L的(NH4)2SO4取代了其中氮成分的MS培养基上测试植株生长量,结果表明转基因植株鲜重增长量显著高于对照,证明高效表达GS增强了转基因水稻对土壤氮素缺乏的耐性. 相似文献
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Kusano M Tabuchi M Fukushima A Funayama K Diaz C Kobayashi M Hayashi N Tsuchiya YN Takahashi H Kamata A Yamaya T Saito K 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2011,66(3):456-466
Rice plants grown in paddy fields preferentially use ammonium as a source of inorganic nitrogen. Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyses the conversion of ammonium to glutamine. Of the three genes encoding cytosolic GS in rice, OsGS1;1 is critical for normal growth and grain filling. However, the basis of its physiological function that may alter the rate of nitrogen assimilation and carbon metabolism within the context of metabolic networks remains unclear. To address this issue, we carried out quantitative comparative analyses between the metabolite profiles of a rice mutant lacking OsGS1;1 and its background wild type (WT). The mutant plants exhibited severe retardation of shoot growth in the presence of ammonium compared with the WT. Overaccumulation of free ammonium in the leaf sheath and roots of the mutant indicated the importance of OsGS1;1 for ammonium assimilation in both organs. The metabolite profiles of the mutant line revealed: (i) an imbalance in levels of sugars, amino acids and metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and (ii) overaccumulation of secondary metabolites, particularly in the roots under a continuous supply of ammonium. Metabolite-to-metabolite correlation analysis revealed the presence of mutant-specific networks between tryptamine and other primary metabolites in the roots. These results demonstrated a crucial function of OsGS1;1 in coordinating the global metabolic network in rice plants grown using ammonium as the nitrogen source. 相似文献
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对从日本获得的水稻Tos17插入突变基因进行了鉴定,并通过PCR技术对其插入位点和纯合体进行了分析和筛选。结果表明,Tos17插入在序列号为DP000086的基因,在此基因反向互补序列的1579bp处,在mRNA序列的第5个外显子区域,是水稻的一个叶绿素a氧化酶基因,而且此基因在单一的铵营养下表达减弱,氮饥饿条件下表达增强。利用Tos17未端和插入位点上下游设计引物进行PCR反应,鉴定到3株纯合突变体株,为进一步研究其功能奠定了基础。 相似文献
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Regulation of the cytosolic isozyme of glutamine synthetase (GS(1); EC 6.3.1.2) was studied in leaves of Brassica napus L. Expression and immunodetection studies showed that GS(1) was the only active GS isozyme in senescing leaves. By use of [gamma-(32)P]ATP followed by immunodetection, it was shown that GS(1) is a phospho-protein. GS(1) is regulated post-translationally by reversible phosphorylation catalysed by protein kinases and microcystin-sensitive serine/threonine protein phosphatases. Dephosphorylated GS(1) is much more susceptible to degradation than the phosphorylated form. The phosphorylation status of GS(1) changes during light/dark transitions and depends in vitro on the ATP/AMP ratio. Phosphorylated GS(1) interacts with 14-3-3 proteins as verified by two different methods: a His-tag 14-3-3 protein column affinity method combined with immunodetection, and a far-Western method with overlay of 14-3-3-GFP. The degree of interaction with 14-3-3-proteins could be modified in vitro by decreasing or increasing the phosphorylation status of GS(1). Thus, the results demonstrate that 14-3-3 protein is an activator molecule of cytosolic GS and provide the first evidence of a protein involved in the activation of plant cytosolic GS. The role of post-translational regulation of cytosolic GS and interactions between phosphorylated cytosolic GS and 14-3-3 proteins in senescing leaves is discussed in relation to nitrogen remobilization. 相似文献
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以大田试验获得的大麦氮敏感基因型BI-45为材料,利用溶液培养方法,测定了苗期株高、根长、叶绿素含量、含氮量、谷氨酰胺合成酶和硝酸还原酶活性,以及与氮代谢相关的基因(GSI-GSl-2、GSI-3、GS2、Narl、NRT2.J、NRT2-2、NRT2-3和NRT2-4)的表达。结果表明:相对于正常供氮,氮饥饿胁迫下,BI-45根和叶中的氮素利用率提高,含氮量降低,叶绿素含量减少,根冠比增加;叶片中的谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和硝酸还原酶的活性高于根,但是,与叶中的相比,根中的谷氨酰胺合成酶活性升高及硝酸还原酶活性降低的差异性更显著;与正常供氮相比,氮饥饿处理下,根中基因傩家族,基Narl和硝酸盐转运蛋白基因NRT2家族的相对表达量皆达到显著性差异,其中GSl-I、GSl-2和NRT2-2在苗期大麦氮饥饿处理下表现尤为突出,并且在6h都有上调表达。 相似文献
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CÉLINE MASCLAUX ISABELLE QUILLERÉ RÉ GALLAIS BERTRAND HIREL 《The Annals of applied biology》2001,138(1):69-81
In this article, we discuss the ways in which our understanding of the controls of nitrogen remobilisation in model species and crop plants have been increased through classical physiological studies and the use of transgenic plants or mutants with modified capacities for nitrogen or carbon assimilation and recycling. An improved understanding of the transition between nitrogen assimilation and nitrogen recycling will be vital, if improvements in crop nitrogen use efficiency are to reduce the need for excessive input of fertilisers and improve or stabilise yield. In this review, we present an overall view of past work and more recent studies on this topic, using different plants systems and models depicting the biochemical and molecular events occurring during the transition between sink leaves and source leaves. These models may provide a way to identify the nature of the metabolic or developmental signals triggering in a coordinate manner nitrogen and carbon recycling during leaf senescence. Another way of developing crop varieties with improved nitrogen use efficiency, and identifying key elements controlling the process of nitrogen remobilisation, is the use of quantitative genetics. We present and discuss recent findings on the genetic variability and basis of nitrogen use efficiency in crops in general and in maize in particular. A genetic approach using maize recombinant inbred lines was undertaken allowing the detection of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for morphological traits, grain yield and its components under high nitrogen or low nitrogen input. Co‐mapping was observed between genes encoding enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase) and these Quantitative Trait Loci. All coincidences were consistent with the expected physiological function of the corresponding enzyme activities. This work strongly suggests that in maize, nitrogen use efficiency can be improved both by marker‐assisted selection and genetic engineering. 相似文献
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水稻谷氨酰胺合成酶同工酶免疫学性质比较研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
用纯化的水后(Oryza sativa L.)根部存在的两种谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)同工酶GSra和CSrb分别免疫兔子,得到相应的抗体。免疫扩散和免疫印迹实验表明,CSra、GSrb的抗体对GS及其同工酶是的。免疫沉淀试验表明,GSra、GSrb不仅识别它的相应的抗原,而且也能很好地识别彼此的抗原。这两种抗体也能较好地识别水稻叶片胞液型的GST,但对水稻叶片和菠菜(Spinacia olerace 相似文献
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Muhitch MJ 《Journal of plant physiology》2003,160(6):601-605
In maize (Zea mays L.), GSp1, the predominant GS isozyme of the developing kernel, is abundant in the pedicel and pericarp, but absent from the endosperm and embryo. Determinations of GSp1 tissue distribution in vegetative tissues have been limited thus far to root and leaves, where the isozyme is absent. However, the promoter from the gene encoding GSp1 has been shown to drive reporter gene expression not only in the maternal seed-associated tissues in transgenic maize plants, but also in the anthers, husks and pollen (Muhitch et al. 2002, Plant Sci 163: 865-872). Here we report chromatographic evidence that GSp1 resides in immature tassels, dehiscing anthers, kernel glumes, ear husks, cobs and stalks of maize plants, but not in mature, shedding pollen grains. RNA blot analysis confirmed these biochemical data. In stalks, GSp1 increased in the later stages of ear development, suggesting that it plays a role in nitrogen remobilization during grain fill. 相似文献
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In a previous article, we highlighted the latest developments in the isolation and characterisation of genes involved in the uptake of nitrogen from the soil, which might be used to improve the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crop plants. In this article, we have concentrated on the genes controlling the enzymes of amino acid metabolism that may be involved in transferring nitrogen to the protein in the grain. Evidence is now accumulating from the use of knockout mutants, of the role of individual isoenzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, which are encoded by specific genes that are often members of a multigene family. In addition, a significant number of overexpressing plant lines have been obtained, which have increased activities of cytosol located, glutamine synthetase, asparagine synthetase and alanine aminotransferase that appear to have improved NUE. 相似文献
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Ana Rita Seabra Helena Carvalho Pedro Jos Barbosa Pereira 《Acta Crystallographica. Section F, Structural Biology Communications》2009,65(12):1309-1312
The condensation of ammonium and glutamate into glutamine catalyzed by glutamine synthetase (GS) is a fundamental step in nitrogen metabolism in all kingdoms of life. In plants, this is preceded by the reduction of inorganic nitrogen to an ammonium ion and therefore effectively articulates nitrogen fixation and metabolism. Although the three‐dimensional structure of the dodecameric bacterial GS was determined quite some time ago, the quaternary architecture of the plant enzyme has long been assumed to be octameric, mostly on the basis of low‐resolution electron‐microscopy studies. Recently, the crystallographic structure of a monocotyledonous plant GS was reported that revealed a homodecameric organization. In order to unambiguously establish the quaternary architecture of GS from dicotyledonous plants, GS1a from the model legume Medicago truncatula was overexpressed, purified and crystallized. The collection of synchrotron diffraction data to 2.35 Å resolution allowed the determination of the three‐dimensional structure of this enzyme by molecular replacement. 相似文献