埃博拉出血热及埃博拉病毒的研究进展

埃博拉病毒可以引起一种人畜共患烈性传染病,即埃博拉出血热,此病于1976年始发于埃博拉河流域,并且于该区域严重流行,故而得名。人类一旦感染埃博拉病毒,死亡率可高达88%,从而引起医学界的广泛关注,世界卫生组织已将埃博拉病毒列为对人类危害最为严重的病毒之一。深入地了解埃博拉出血热及埃博拉病毒,及其致病机理,对于埃博拉出血热的预防和控制具有非常重要的意义。     

疾病综述：埃博拉出血热

埃博拉出血热是一种严重的出血性疾病,由某一种埃博拉病毒（EBOV）感染引起,其对赤道非洲地区的公共健康构成了很大威胁。对埃博拉病毒的分类、传播方式、致病机制、风险因子、流行病学、诊断、预防、治疗、新药研发管线及治疗靶标进行综述。     

埃博拉出血热动物模型研究进展

埃博拉出血热是由埃博拉病毒引起的一种急性出血性传染病,具有极高的传染性,致死率高达50%～88%,目前对埃博拉出血热的预防还极为困难,暂无有效的抗病毒药物和疫苗。构建埃博拉出血热的动物模型,对于病毒致病机理的了解和深入研究,以及治疗药物及疫苗的研发具有至关重要的作用。     

流行性出血热病毒的细胞融合作用

我们的实验结果揭示流行性出血热病毒(EHFV)在酸性条件下可导致感染细胞发生融合,细胞间隙消失,细胞界限不清,细胞和细胞连在一起,形成多核的巨细胞体,姬姆薩染色比未融合细胞浅。融合液(Eagle’s基础培养液,含0.2％BSA,20mmol/L HEPES),用1.0NNaOH调pH至5.0—6.0时,细胞融合最甚,几乎所有的感染细胞都     

A Novel Rhabdovirus Associated with Acute Hemorrhagic Fever in Central Africa

Deep sequencing was used to discover a novel rhabdovirus (Bas-Congo virus, or BASV) associated with a 2009 outbreak of 3 human cases of acute hemorrhagic fever in Mangala village, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Africa. The cases, presenting over a 3-week period, were characterized by abrupt disease onset, high fever, mucosal hemorrhage, and, in two patients, death within 3 days. BASV was detected in an acute serum sample from the lone survivor at a concentration of 1.09×10⁶ RNA copies/mL, and 98.2% of the genome was subsequently de novo assembled from ∼140 million sequence reads. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BASV is highly divergent and shares less than 34% amino acid identity with any other rhabdovirus. High convalescent neutralizing antibody titers of >1∶1000 were detected in the survivor and an asymptomatic nurse directly caring for him, both of whom were health care workers, suggesting the potential for human-to-human transmission of BASV. The natural animal reservoir host or arthropod vector and precise mode of transmission for the virus remain unclear. BASV is an emerging human pathogen associated with acute hemorrhagic fever in Africa.     

Bayesian Phylogeography of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Europe

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonosis mainly transmitted by ticks that causes severe hemorrhagic fever and has a mortality rate of 5-60%. The first outbreak of CCHF occurred in the Crimean peninsula in 1944-45 and it has recently emerged in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. In order to reconstruct the origin and pathway of the worldwide dispersion of the virus at global and regional (eastern European) level, we investigated the phylogeography of the infection by analysing 121 publicly available CCHFV S gene sequences including two recently characterised Albanian isolates. The spatial and temporal phylogeny was reconstructed using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, which estimated a mean evolutionary rate of 2.96 x 10^-4 (95%HPD=1.6 and 4.7 x 10^-4) substitutions/site/year for the analysed fragment. All of the isolates segregated into seven highly significant clades that correspond to the known geographical clades: in particular the two new isolates from northern Albania clustered significantly within the Europe 1 clade. Our phylogeographical reconstruction suggests that the global CCHFV clades originated about one thousand years ago from a common ancestor probably located in Africa. The virus then spread to Asia in the XV century and entered Europe on at least two occasions: the first in the early 1800s, when a still circulating but less or non-pathogenic virus emerged in Greece and Turkey, and the second in the early 1900s, when a pathogenic CCHFV strain began to spread in eastern Europe. The most probable location for the origin of this European clade 1 was Russia, but Turkey played a central role in spreading the virus throughout Europe. Given the close proximity of the infected areas, our data suggest that the movement of wild and domestic ungulates from endemic areas was probably the main cause of the dissemination of the virus in eastern Europe.     

Molecular Epidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Kosovo

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a zoonotic agent that causes severe, life-threatening disease, with a case fatality rate of 10–50%. It is the most widespread tick-borne virus in the world, with cases reported in Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe. CCHFV is a genetically diverse virus. Its genetic diversity is often correlated to its geographical origin. Genetic variability of CCHFV was determined within few endemic areas, however limited data is available for Kosovo. Furthermore, there is little information about the spatiotemporal genetic changes of CCHFV in endemic areas. Kosovo is an important endemic area for CCHFV. Cases were reported each year and the case-fatality rate is significantly higher compared to nearby regions. In this study, we wanted to examine the genetic variability of CCHFV obtained directly from CCHF-confirmed patients, hospitalized in Kosovo from 1991 to 2013. We sequenced partial S segment CCHFV nucleotide sequences from 89 patients. Our results show that several viral variants are present in Kosovo and that the genetic diversity is high in relation to the studied area. We also show that variants are mostly uniformly distributed throughout Kosovo and that limited evolutionary changes have occurred in 22 years. Our results also suggest the presence of a new distinct lineage within the European CCHF phylogenetic clade. Our study provide the largest number of CCHFV nucleotide sequences from patients in 22 year span in one endemic area.     

流行性出血热病毒对乳鼠致病特点的观察

本文观察了两株从病人体内新分离的流行性出血热(EHF)病毒114株和435株对乳鼠的致病特点,并在感染的乳鼠脑内找到了EHF病毒。免疫荧光检查发现,病毒抗原广泛存在于感染鼠的脑、肺、肝、肾等脏器。脑内和腹腔两条感染途径的比较发现,病毒抗原在上述脏器中的分布基本一致,但前者脑内的病毒感染滴度较后者高一个对数单位。对病毒的动态观察发现,EHF病毒首先在乳鼠腹腔感染6小时后的腹腔巨噬细胞(Mφ)中分离到、并持续阳性;病毒血症出现在感染后2天,随之在脑、肺、肝、肾和脾脏中查到。以上结果表明:EHF病毒对乳鼠具有广泛的嗜性,脑内感染途径能获得较高滴度的感染性病毒。提示EHF病毒在鼠mφ中增殖并携带至全身播散,可能是造成乳鼠全身性弥漫性感染的主要原因。     

斑点杂交检测肾综合征出血热病毒核酸的研究

本研究用非放射性标记物—地高辛碱性磷酸酶标记肾综合征出血热病毒（ＨＦＲＳＶ）ｃＤＮＡ制备探针,检测恙螨、鼠肺中ＨＦＲＳＶＲＮＡ的ＲＴＰＣＲ扩增产物中目的片段。结果表明：ＨＦＲＳＶ抗原阳性鼠体螨５０只组、１０只组,游离螨５０只组、１０只组,ＨＦＲＳＶ抗原阳性鼠肺１０００ｍｇ、５００ｍｇ,抗原阴性鼠肺１０００ｍｇ检测结果为阳性,呈现明显紫褐色斑点,而ＲＴＰＣＲ检测时未能扩增出ＨＦＲＳＶ抗原阴性鼠肺１０００ｍｇ和游离螨１０只组中的目的条带。实验结果说明,斑点杂交检测方法比ＲＴＰＣＲ敏感。     

新疆出血热病毒糖蛋白基因的克隆与表达

新疆出血热(Xinjiang hemorrhagic fever,XHF)在国际上称克里米亚-刚果出血热(Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever,CCHF),是由经蜱传播的克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒(CCHFV)引起的烈性传染性疾病,流行于中国新疆南部、俄罗斯北部、中东、南部欧亚大陆及非洲撒哈拉地区,平均病死率在20%～70%[1-4].中国的CCHF于1965年第一次诊断于新疆南部的巴楚县(病死率高达90%),时称巴楚出血热[5];后因在北疆地区亦查出抗体,故改称为新疆出血热(XHF),并在国内广泛沿用[6].     

人源性流行性出血热病毒的形态特征

本文报道流行性出血热病毒(汉坦病毒)H-114株的电镜形态。发现形态发生以内质网膜和胞浆膜芽生为主。病毒颗粒为圆形或卵圆形。具有双层膜结构,大小为90～120nm。提出了汉坦病毒形态发生的理论观点。     

应用逆转录酶链反应对我国流行性出血热病毒分型

针对我国流行性出血热病毒的S片段核蛋白 (NP)编码基因保守核苷酸序列 ,合成了一对引物 ,扩增出编码核蛋白的 5 90bp碱基。扩增的II型产物存在限制性内切酶PstI的酶切位点 ,而I型产物不存在。因此 ,用酶切扩增产物的方法达到病毒分型的目的。试验提取 8份鼠脑传代毒种 ,1份细胞培养物和 2 5份病人血清中的出血热病毒RNA ,同时做 6份正常人血清对照 ,经逆转录PCR酶切分型。试验结果同间接免疫荧光技术 (IFA)分型结果相一致 ,可特异地对我国流行性出血热病毒进行分型。     

应用病毒感染细胞酶联免疫吸附试验检测肾综合征出血热病毒抗原和抗体

应用病毒感染细胞酶联免疫吸附试验(VIC-ELISA)检测肾综合征出血热病毒(HFRSV)感染性滴度比双抗体间接ELISA和间接免疫荧光法(IFA)分别敏感10倍和100倍。VIC-ELISA检测兔抗HFRSV抗体的滴度比双抗体间接夹心ELISA和IFA分别敏感1.6倍和8倍。VIC-ELISA能敏感、快速、有效地检测HFRSV抗原和抗体。     

肾综合征出血热病毒基因部份酶切片段的亚克隆

在用微机对肾综合征出血热病毒76／118株（即汉坦病毒）S与M基因片段进行系统分析的基础上,分别利用质粒pXZ62和pUC18亚克隆了S与M基因中的部份酶争片段,以便为亚克隆基因探针的应用和基因改造与多途径表达奠定基础。同时亦进一步证实了Xy1E基因－邻苯二酚2,3－双加氧酶（CqtO2ase)这一显色标记系统在基因工程中的实用价值。