猪肠道乳杆菌的筛选及其生物学特性研究

目的从健康仔猪肠道中筛选到用于研制微生态制剂的优良乳杆菌株。方法本研究选用乳杆菌选择培养基LBS、MRS从健康仔猪肠道分离到67株乳杆菌,对其染色镜检、生化试验和耐酸、耐胆汁、耐高温、抑菌活性及动物安全性等生物学特性进行初步研究。结果从其中筛选到3株嗜酸乳杆菌,均能耐受pH3．0的酸度、0．8％～1．0％的牛胆盐和60℃的高温,其代谢产物对猪肠道致病性大肠埃希菌和猪沙门菌具有抑制作用,且对小白鼠无致病性。结论3株嗜酸乳杆菌符合益生菌的要求,可作为猪用益生素制剂的候选菌株。     

产淀粉酶益生乳杆菌的筛选及鉴定

目的以健康仔猪肠道及粪便样品为基础,从中筛选产淀粉酶的乳杆菌菌株,并评价其作为益生菌候选菌株潜力。方法用MRS培养基分别从仔猪新鲜粪便和小肠黏膜上分离到乳酸菌,采用改良的产淀粉酶选择性培养基初筛得到能降解淀粉活性的菌株,并研究菌株的淀粉水解活性、抗逆能力、粘附特性及对抗生素的敏感性。结果从备选的485株乳酸菌中筛选得到具有初步淀粉酶活性的菌株25株（占总筛选数量的5.2%）,复筛选育得到具有较强淀粉酶活性的乳杆菌3株。进一步研究了这3株乳杆菌的抗逆能力、粘附特性以及对抗生素的耐药性,并对最终选育得到的菌株进行生理生化及16S rRNA分子鉴定。经选育鉴定的罗伊乳杆菌G8-5淀粉降解能力最强,并能耐受pH 3.0的酸度、1.0%的胆盐浓度,在小肠上皮细胞上的粘附效率超过15个以上,并对常用的抗生素具有较高的敏感率。结论罗伊乳杆菌G8-5符合安全益生菌的要求,可以作为产淀粉酶的益生乳杆菌优良的候选菌株。     

益生乳杆菌的筛选及特性研究

根据对优良益生菌的要求,从健康乳猪肠道中分离筛选到13株乳杆菌,其中嗜酸乳杆菌3株、干酪乳杆菌1株、链状乳杆菌1株、发酵乳杆菌8株。所选菌株能耐受1.0％的牛胆盐,对 pH3.0的酸度有较强的抵抗力,并能抑制常见致病菌,对小白鼠安全无毒,是制备益生素的优良菌种。     

高对映选择性环氧化物水解酶产生菌的筛选及特性研究

从土壤中分离的芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium ECU1001所产五氧化物水解酶能高对映选择性水解缩水甘油苯基醚（对映选择率E值可达47.8）,当转化率为55.9%时,剩余的（S）－缩水甘油苯基醚的光学纯度（对映体过量值,ee）可达99.5%;当底物浓度提高到60mmol/L时,光学纯（S）－缩水基油苯基醚的收率达到25.6%。     

乳酸菌的分离、鉴定及其生长特性

从动物粪便中分离乳酸菌,得到产酸快、代谢物抑菌活性强的乳酸菌菌株共６株。其中Ｏ－２菌株的产酸、抑菌、耐酸、耐胆盐和生长性能都优于其他菌株,是一株有潜质的有益菌菌性,经鉴定表明为乳杆菌。不同的营养配比的液体培养基进行发酵实验表明,Ｒ２培养基配料简单,成本低,发酵２４ｈ产生的菌体总数多,４８ｈ培养液的抑菌活性强,且其抑菌活性具有一定的热稳定性。     

从实际应用特点出发筛选益生乳杆菌菌株

正众所周知,在人的体内和体表生活着大量的各类共生微生物。后者的总数量可达人体自身细胞数量的10-100倍,编码的基因数量可达人体自身的300多倍,被称为人体的"第二基因组",对保障人体的健康具[1]有重要意义。研发各种益生菌制剂来维持、调整、完善人体,特别是肠道的正常菌群结构,近年来一直[2]是备受关注的热点和前沿。乳杆菌作为公认的益生菌,可有效改善宿主的肠道环境、抑制有害菌的生长、     

一株降解生木薯淀粉的曲霉菌株的筛选、鉴定及其淀粉降解特性

本研究利用以生木薯淀粉为唯一碳源的筛选培养基,从腐烂木薯渣中分离筛选出一株可以降解生木薯淀粉的真菌菌株RSDF-7.根据RSDF-7形态和18S rDNA与28S rDNA之间的内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)序列分析的结果,初步认定该菌株为曲霉属.菌株RSDF-7的粗酶液对多种不同的生淀粉底物均有水解效果;在以大米和玉米淀粉为底物时,其生淀粉分解活力比较高,分别为42%和40%.菌株RSDF-7的粗酶液具有良好的低pH稳定性,对生木薯淀粉的最适作用温度为50℃,最适作用pH为4.5.在30 min的吸附后,RSDF-7的粗酶液对生木薯淀粉的吸附力高达60%.使用HPLC对粗酶液的酶解产物进行检测,结果发现酶解产物中仅存在葡萄糖,表明菌株RSDF-7所产的生淀粉降解酶主要为糖化酶.扫描电镜观察结果发现,经RSDF-7粗酶液酶解后的生木薯粉颗粒破裂,形成空洞,说明RSDF-7粗酶液对生淀粉有较强的水解作用.可以预见,经纯化后的曲霉菌株RSDF-7生淀粉酶将来可以用于基于酶解的木薯淀粉转化.     

豆豉中高产乳酸乳酸菌的筛选及其产酸条件的优化研究

目的 从云南传统发酵豆豉中分离并筛选得到一株高产乳酸的乳酸菌菌株,并对其产酸培养基组成及条件进行优化探讨.方法 运用紫外分光光度法,对豆豉由来高产有机酸菌株YM-4-3的碳源进行优化.结果 分子生物学鉴定结果表明该乳酸菌菌株属于植物乳杆菌,并将之命名为Lactobacillus plantarum YM-4-3,碳源优化结果表明,乳糖是L.plantarum YM-4-3 菌株生物合成乳酸的最佳碳源,而果糖则是最利于各种主要有机酸合成的碳源,由于此时各常见有机酸的含量均高于其他碳源时的含量,且其总酸含量高达9696.32 mg/L.结论 云南传统发酵豆豉可以成为功能性乳酸菌筛选的菌种资源库,所分离得到的L plantarum YM-4-3产酸能力较强,它可被应用于有机酸发酵及豆豉发酵的酸化处理.     

产糖乳酸菌的筛选、鉴定及其产糖条件的优化

微生物胞外多糖是一类由微生物产生的,有一定加工性能和/或人体健康增益效果的高分子聚合物。为了筛选胞外多糖高产的菌株并提高其多糖产量,以多糖含量为衡量指标,首先通过比较实验筛选目标菌株,然后采用生理生化和分子生物学的方法对该菌株进行菌种鉴定,最后运用单因素分析和响应面实验确定该菌株发酵脱脂乳产糖的最佳条件。结果表明,菌株B6的产糖能力显著高于其他常规乳酸菌,经鉴定为鼠李糖乳杆菌（CGMCC No.13310）。该菌株最优的产糖条件为发酵时间41 h,发酵温度39 ℃,脱脂乳浓度91 mg/mL,接种量5%（体积分数）。在此条件下获得的发酵乳中多糖含量可达354.5 mg/L,比优化前提高35.8%。     

Antifungal activity of strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from a semolina ecosystem against Penicillium roqueforti, Aspergillus niger and Endomyces fibuliger contaminating bakery products

Thirty samples of Italian durum wheat semolina and whole durum wheat semolina, generally used for the production of Southern Italy's traditional breads, were subjected to microbiological analysis in order to explore their lactic acid bacteria (LAB) diversity and to find strains with antifungal activity. A total of 125 presumptive LAB isolates (Gram-positive and catalase-negative) were characterized by repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (REP-PCR) and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, leading to the identification of the following species: Weissella confusa, Weissella cibaria, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus rossiae and Lactobacillus plantarum. The REP-PCR results delineated 17 different patterns whose cluster analysis clearly differentiated W. cibaria from W. confusa isolates. Seventeen strains, each characterized by a different REP-PCR pattern, were screened for their antifungal properties. They were grown in a flour-based medium, comparable to a real food system, and the resulting fermentation products (FPs) were tested against fungal species generally contaminating bakery products, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium roqueforti and Endomyces fibuliger. The results of the study indicated a strong inhibitory activity – comparable to that obtained with the common preservative calcium propionate (0.3% w/v) – of ten LAB strains against the most widespread contaminant of bakery products, P. roqueforti. The screening also highlighted the unexplored antifungal activity of L. citreum, L. rossiae and W. cibaria (1 strain), which inhibited all fungal strains to the same or a higher extent compared with calcium propionate. The fermentation products of these three strains were characterized by low pH values, and a high content of lactic and acetic acids.     

Comparative studies of lactic acid dehydrogenases in lactic acid bacteria

The stability, pH-dependence and kinetic properties of the Mn²⁺ and FDP-activated NAD-dependent lactic acid dehydrogenases from Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei (ATCC 393) and L. curvatus (DSM) 20010) were studied after the enzymes were purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Both enzymes are virtually unidirectional, catalysing efficiently only the reduction of pyruvate. They are similar with respect to the effector requirement and pH-optimum. They differ, however, in their electrophoretic mobility, heat stability, pH-dependence of the Mn²⁺ requirement and several kinetic properties. It is suggested that most of these differences are caused by differences of the negative charges in the vicinity of the FDP-binding site or the site responsible for the interaction of the subunits of the enzymatically active oligomeres.Abbreviations l-LDH l-Lactic acid dehydrogenase - FDP Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - DTE Dithioerythrol AddendumIn the case of the L. casei-LDH the shape of the NADH saturation curve is not changed by omitting the effectors FDP and Mn 2⁺. The K _M under these conditions is 3 fold higher (10.10 ^–5 M).     

Probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi

Aims: The present work was aimed at identifying strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from kimchi, with properties suitable for use as starter cultures in yogurt fermentation. Methods and Results: A total of 2344 LAB strains were obtained from two different sources, one group consisted of commercial LAB strains from kimchi, and the second group consisted of those strains isolated from various types of kimchi. The LAB strains from both groups were screened for resistance to biological barriers (acid and bile salts), and the four most promising strains were selected. Further analysis revealed that KFRI342 of the four selected strains displayed the greatest ability to reduce the growth of the cancer cells, SNU‐C4. The in vivo efficacy of strains in quinone reductase induction assay was evaluated, and the extent of DNA strand breakage in individual cells was investigated using the comet assay. Strain KFRI342 was identified as Lactobacillus acidophilus by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, showed protection against tumour initiation and imparted immunostimulation as well as protection against DNA damage. Conclusions: Strain KFRI342, which showed probiotic characteristics reducing cancer cell growth, could be a suitable starter culture for yogurt fermentation because of its strong acid production and high acid tolerance. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first report to describe a bacterium, isolated from kimchi, Lact. acidophilus KFRI342 which has the probiotic characteristics and the acid tolerance needed for its use as a starter culture in yogurt fermentation.     

蛇足石杉内生细菌多样性北大核心CSCD

【目的】探索国家二级保护野生药用植物蛇足石杉内生细菌的物种和生理活性多样性,发现并收集药用植物内生菌资源。【方法】分别从四川和福建等不同生态环境采集蛇足石杉植株,运用纯培养手段,对经过表面消毒处理的蛇足石杉样品进行内生菌的分离、培养;根据菌株16S r RNA基因信息,计算从蛇足石杉不同区系分离获得的内生细菌间的Jaccard指数、多样性指数、优势度指数与均匀度指数等,分析内生菌物种多样性;应用6种筛选模型对分离得到的内生菌进行生理活性测定,初步评价蛇足石杉内生细菌的生理活性多样性和药用价值。【结果】从12份蛇足石杉植物样品中分离获得356株内生菌菌株,菌株16S r RNA基因序列信息显示,分离得到的蛇足石杉内生细菌隶属于放线菌门、厚壁菌门和变形菌门等3个门的26个科、41个属,来源于蛇足石杉地上和地下部位的菌株数目、多样性指数等无明显差异。从中发现了分属于拟无枝酸菌属(Amycolatopsis)、Angustibacter、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)、Frondihabitans、Glaciihabitans、Jatrophihabitans、Luteimicrobium、Massilia、Naumannella和Tardiphaga等11个属的11个潜在新物种,以及皮生球菌科(Dermacoccaceae)的1个新属。在抗菌活性筛选中,356株纯培养物抗粪肠球菌、抗肺炎克雷伯菌、抗耻垢分枝杆菌以及抗水稻白叶枯病菌的阳性率分别是9.0%、1.4%、2.2%、0.8%;抑制SS04生长的降血脂药物筛选模型上的阳性率是8.1%;抗HIV-1的初筛阳性率为4.5%。共计74株菌在一个或多个筛选模型中显示出活性,初筛总阳性率为20.8%。【结论】蛇足石杉内生细菌具有丰富的物种多样性和生理活性多样性,是进一步发掘新型天然产物的理想菌种资源。     

Domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia australis and Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha isolated from North Chile

The morphology and toxicity of the four ubiquitous species belonging to the genus Pseudo-nitzschia found in mixed blooms of phytoplankton from northern Chilean waters were studied. The phytoplankton samples and cultures obtained were identified by scanning electron microscopy, revealing the presence of Pseudo-nitzschia australis, P. calliantha, P. pseudodelicatissima and P. subfraudulenta. This is the first report of P. calliantha in northern Chile. Toxin analyses using the LC–MS method confirmed the presence of domoic acid in P. australis and P. calliantha. Domoic acid was not detected in cultures of P. subfraudulenta. This study therefore confirms P. australis and P. calliantha as an unequivocal source of domoic acid in Chilean waters. P. australis is probably the most important producer of amnesic shellfish toxin in view of its domoic acid content. However, more research is needed to evaluate the potential for toxin production in P. pseudodelicatissima.     

Comparative and functional analysis of the rRNA-operons and their tRNA gene complement in different lactic acid bacteria

The complete genome sequences of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, and Lactobacillus johnsonii were used to compare location, sequence, organisation, and regulation of the ribosomal RNA (rrn) operons. All rrn operons of the examined LAB diverge from the origin of replication, which is compatible with their efficient expression. All operons show a common organisation of 5'-16S-23S-5S-3' structure, but differ in the number, location and specificity of the tRNA genes. In the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region, two of the five rrn operons of Lb. plantarum and three of the six of Lb. johnsonii contain tRNA-ala and tRNA-ile genes, while L. lactis has a tRNA-ala gene in all six operons. The number of tRNA genes following the 5S rRNA gene ranges up to 14, 16, and 21 for L. lactis, Lb. johnsonii and Lb. plantarum, respectively. The tRNA gene complements are similar to each other and to those of other bacteria. Micro-heterogeneity was found within the rRNA structural genes and spacer regions of each strain. In the rrn operon promoter regions of Lb. plantarum and L. lactis marked differences were found, while the promoter regions of Lb. johnsonii showed a similar tandem promoter structure in all operons. The rrn promoters of L. lactis show either a single or a tandem promoter structure. All promoters of Lb. plantarum contain two or three -10 and -35 regions, of which either zero to two were followed by an UP-element. The Lb. plantarum rrnA, rrnB, and rrnC promoter regions display similarity to the rrn promoter structure of Esherichia coli. Differences in regulation between the five Lb. plantarum promoters were studied using a low copy promoter-probe plasmid. Taking copy number and growth rate into account, a differential expression over time was shown. Although all five Lb. plantarum rrn promoters are significantly different, this study shows that their activity was very similar under the circumstances tested. An active promoter was also identified within the Lb. plantarum rrnC operon preceding a cluster of 17 tRNA genes.     

alpha-Chitinase activity among lactic acid bacteria

Chitin is a polysaccharide widely distributed in nature. Among 115 strains from 29 species of lactic acid bacteria only strains belonging to Carnobacterium divergens and Carnobacterium maltaromaticum hydrolyzed alpha-chitin. This activity was not affected by temperature (10 degrees C versus 30 degrees C) and in most cases not subject to glucose catabolite repression.     

短乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌的发酵特性

【背景】目前对于酸菜发酵的研究主要关注点是植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum),有关短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)在酸菜方面的研究报道很少。【目的】为了挖掘短乳杆菌的发酵性能并开发酸菜发酵剂,将2株短乳杆菌分别与1株植物乳杆菌进行组合并发酵酸菜,分析短乳杆菌对酸菜发酵品质的影响。【方法】分别测定短乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌的单菌株生长产酸性能、耐酸性及亚硝酸盐降解力,并将两菌种组合后发酵酸菜,分析1-7d内酸度、乳酸菌活菌数、亚硝酸盐含量及酸菜质构特性的变化趋势。【结果】相较于短乳杆菌Lb-9-2,短乳杆菌Lb-5-3的生长和产酸速率较慢、酸耐受力较弱,但其亚硝酸盐降解力较强。两株短乳杆菌分别与植物乳杆菌Lp-9-1组合后产酸力显著增强,并在3 d时达到最低pH值(约3.10);植物乳杆菌Lp-9-1的添加使酸菜中总体乳酸菌生长延迟,在5 d时达到最高活菌数;组合菌种的样品中亚硝酸盐含量在1-7 d内变化较为平缓,前5天内两个组合之间差异不显著;接种乳酸菌会降低酸菜硬度和弹性,发酵3d时Lb-5-3/Lp-9-1组合的硬度最大,感官评价得分最高。【...     

Effects of pressure on cell morphology and cell division of lactic acid bacteria

The effect of pressure and temperature on the growth of the mesophilic lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis was studied. Both strains were piezosensitive. Lb. sanfranciscensis failed to grow at 50 MPa and the growth rate of Lc. lactis at 50 MPa was less than 30% of that at atmospheric pressure. An increase of growth temperature did not improve the piezotolerance of either organism. During growth under high-pressure conditions, the cell morphology was changed, and the cells were elongated as cell division was inhibited. At atmospheric pressure, temperatures above the optimal temperature for growth caused a similar effect on cell morphology and cell division in both bacteria as that observed under high-pressure conditions. The segregation and condensation of chromosomal DNA were observed by DAPI staining and occurred normally at high-pressure conditions independent of changes in cell morphology. Immunofluorescence microscopy of Lc. lactis cells demonstrated an inhibitory effect of high pressure on the formation of the FtsZ ring and this inhibition of the FtsZ ring formation is suggested to contribute to the altered cell morphology and growth inhibition induced by high pressure.Communicated by K. Horikoshi