体外法探究不同氨基酸形式酪蛋白水解物对猪小肠微生物的影响

【目的】通过体外法探究猪小肠不同肠段肠腔微生物和肠壁微生物对两种不同氨基酸形式的酪蛋白水解物的发酵特性。【方法】以生长猪的十二指肠、空肠、回肠肠腔食糜或者肠壁微生物为接种物,分别以酸水解酪蛋白(以游离氨基酸为主)和酶水解酪蛋白(以小肽为主)为底物,37°C厌氧培养发酵,于0、3、6、12 h采样,测定微生物蛋白(MCP)以及用real time-PCR进行菌群分析。【结果】(1)肠腔微生物发酵不同酪蛋白水解物:十二指肠和回肠酶水解酪蛋白组MCP的含量显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05)。十二指肠酶水解酪蛋白组总菌、Firmicutes数量显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05)。回肠发酵6 h后,酶水解酪蛋白组Escherichia coli和Firmicutes的数量显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05);发酵12 h后,酶水解酪蛋白组总菌、Lactobacillus、E.coli的数量均显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05)。(2)肠壁微生物发酵不同酪蛋白水解物:发酵12 h后,十二指肠和回肠酶水解酪蛋白组MCP含量显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05)。十二指肠酶水解酪蛋白组Lactobacillus、Firmicutes数量分别极显著、显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组;回肠Firmicutes数量在酶水解酪蛋白组显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05)。【结论】十二指肠和回肠的肠腔和肠壁微生物都能够利用小肽,且在一定程度上对小肽的利用更具优势。     

猪小肠微生物对不同蛋白源的体外发酵特性比较

【目的】采用体外发酵技术比较小肠微生物对不同蛋白源的发酵规律。【方法】以成年猪的十二指肠、空肠和回肠内容物为接种物,以豆粕、菜粕或鱼粉水解物上清液为氮源底物,于发酵的0、4、8、12 h分别测定发酵液p H、微生物蛋白、氨氮和挥发性脂肪酸含量,同时提取细菌DNA并进行定量分析。【结果】添加含氮底物的空肠组和回肠组氨氮浓度和菌体蛋白浓度均相对增加,尤其是酶解菜粕组菌体蛋白合成量较高;十二指肠组菌体蛋白浓度以及氨氮含量不断减少。各发酵组乳酸和挥发酸快速积累,4–8 h积累量最大;8 h后空肠组和回肠组乳酸和挥发酸含量相对稳定,而十二指肠组后期丙酸含量增加约2 mmol/L,并伴随着乳酸含量的相对减少。同时,各组中总细菌、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和乳酸杆菌数量相对增加,且略高于无氮组,但不同蛋白源组间无显著差异。【结论】在体外培养条件下,空肠和回肠微生物具有相似的发酵规律,均能快速利用培养液中的含氮物质合成菌体蛋白;十二指肠微生物具有较强的产挥发酸能力,能够转化乳酸并大量产生丁酸和丙酸,这有利于宿主营养功能和肠道健康。     

微生物酶法合成低聚半乳糖的新进展

低聚半乳糖(GOS)是目前国际上已开发的功能性低聚糖之一,其商业化产品是应用微生物β-半乳糖苷酶以乳糖为原料进行转糖基反应获得,不同来源的酶合成GOS的结构不同,转糖基效率也存在差异.天然酶合成GOS的产量一般为20%～45%,分子改造获得的人工酶能将90%的乳糖底物转化为GOS;采用两相体系或反相胶束可以在一定程度上提高GOS产量.应用填充床反应器、活塞流反应器、膜反应器可规模化合成GOS;采用色谱柱法、酶法、纳滤膜法和微生物发酵法可纯化GOS产品,去除单糖及乳糖组分,扩大其应用范围.     

益生菌及人体肠道菌群对低聚甘露糖的降解

目的研究益生菌及肠道菌群对低聚甘露糖的降解情况。方法(1)将5名志愿者粪便样品,13株纯菌以及7种微生态制剂接种到VI-MO液体培养基中,37℃厌氧培养24或72h,取样并采用TLC(薄层层析)检测降解情况;(2)选取7种微生态制剂中降解能力较强的乐塞益生菌胶囊(LS)中的益生菌作为筛选源,采用VI-MO固体培养基分离纯化低聚甘露糖的单一降解菌;(3)将B.uniformis L8和L.plantarum LS1A同时接种到VI-MO液体培养基中,37℃厌氧培养72h,取样并采用TLC检测降解情况。结果 (1)不同人体肠道菌群和微生态制剂对低聚甘露糖的利用情况存在较大差异,B.uniformis L8和B.xylanisolvens C5可利用大聚合度低聚甘露糖;(2)从微生态制剂中分离得到的L.plantarum LS1A可利用小聚合度低聚甘露糖;(3)B.uniformis L8利用MO产生的小寡糖能被L.plantarum LS1A利用。结论低聚甘露糖被拟杆菌降解释放出的小聚合度寡糖可以被乳酸菌利用,作为益生元很有可能改善肠道菌群的结构。     

猪不同肠段微生物体外培养对蛋氨酸的代谢特性

【目的】旨在通过微生物体外发酵技术,以回肠微生物为参照,研究猪盲肠及结肠微生物对在小肠微生物中代谢率较低的蛋氨酸的代谢特性。【方法】采集4头健康100 kg左右杜×长×大杂交猪的盲肠、结肠与回肠食糜作为接种物,分别接种于10 mmol/L蛋氨酸的培养基中,37°C体外培养24 h。分别设含蛋基酸溶液和含各肠段食糜接种物的空白对照组。【结果】(1)不同肠段微生物以蛋氨酸为底物体外发酵,盲肠组蛋氨酸消失率(21.9%)显著高于结肠组(16.7%)与回肠组(16.3%)(P0.05)。盲肠组总SCFA量显著高于结肠与回肠组(P0.05),伴随着p H值下降程度最高;盲肠组MCP产量也显著高于结肠与回肠组(P0.05);在产气量与NH3-N浓度上,盲肠组与结肠组均显著低于回肠组(P0.05)。(2)以蛋氨酸为底物体外发酵,门水平上,总菌、厚壁菌门含量在各肠段组间无显著差异(P0.05),拟杆菌门含量在盲肠组最高;与不加蛋氨酸底物的对照组比较,三个肠段试验组总菌、厚壁菌门含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),而拟杆菌门含量在试验组与对照组间差异不显著(P0.05)。属水平上,盲肠组和结肠组大肠杆菌属数量显著低于回肠组(P0.05),而柔嫩梭菌属和梭菌XIV属数量在盲肠组和结肠组均高于回肠组;各肠段组间双歧杆菌数量无显著差异(P0.05)。【结论】以蛋氨酸为底物,体外培养猪盲肠微生物对蛋氨酸代谢率高于回肠微生物,伴随着其他发酵参数的变化,并且发酵产生更多的菌体蛋白。相比于回肠微生物发酵,大肠微生物发酵后,柔嫩梭菌属和梭菌XIV属数量较高,而大肠杆菌属数量较低。     

复方薏苡仁方对小鼠肠道菌群及微环境的调节作用

目的观察复方薏苡仁方调节小鼠肠道菌群功能及胃肠运动的效果,并考察复方薏苡仁方对小鼠盲肠内容物pH及肠黏膜结构等肠道内环境的影响。方法参照《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》(2003版)的规定进行调节肠道菌群实验和小肠墨汁推进试验,检测小鼠盲肠内容物pH,并对肠道黏膜结构进行病理形态学观察。结果 (1)与给样前相比,复方薏苡仁方中、高剂量组肠杆菌数和低、高剂量组肠球菌数均明显减少(P<0.05),中、高剂量组乳杆菌数和双歧杆菌数均明显或显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),且高剂量组乳杆菌数和中、高剂量组双歧杆菌数明显高于阳性对照组(P<0.05);(2)复方薏苡仁方各剂量组小鼠盲肠内容物pH值均显著降低(P<0.01),且均低于阳性对照组,其中低、高剂量组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);(3)与正常对照组相比,复方薏苡仁方低、中、高剂量组小鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒毛长度/隐窝深度比值(A/V)均明显或显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),且中、高剂量组十二指肠、空肠及回肠A/V比值明显或显著高于阳性对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);(4)与模型对照组相比,复方薏苡仁方各剂量组小鼠小肠推进率均显著增加(P<0.01),且均高于阳性对照组(P<0.01)。结论复方薏苡仁方对调节肠道菌群及改善肠道微环境具有一定的促进作用。     

江山乌猪肠道黏膜菌群组成及其功能的性别差异

肠道黏膜微生物在调控宿主生理功能方面发挥重要作用,其结构组成受到多种因素影响。性别被认为是塑造肠道微生物的因素之一。然而,性别对肠道黏膜菌群的差异影响还不清楚。【目的】以江山乌猪为研究对象,探究性别差异对其肠道黏膜微生物组成及功能的影响。【方法】选取性成熟的雌性和雄性江山乌猪各8头,利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析回肠和结肠黏膜菌群。【结果】在回肠黏膜中,雄性江山乌猪菌群的Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著高于雌性(P<0.05),在结肠黏膜中,不同性别江山乌猪菌群Chao1指数和Shannon指数无显著差异(P>0.05)。菌群差异分析显示,回肠黏膜中,沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)和埃希氏志贺菌属(Escherichia_Shigella)在雌性组中的相对丰度显著高于雄性组(P<0.05),雄性组中Oscillospiraceae UCG-005、拟普雷沃氏菌属(Alloprevotella)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)和Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group相对丰度显著高于雌性组(P<0.05);结肠黏膜中,雌性组中unclassified_Muribaculaceae、Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group和Prevotellaceae UCG-003相对丰度显著高于雄性组(P<0.05),Oscillospiraceae UCG-005、Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group和unclassified_Lachnospiraceae在雄性组中相对丰度更高(P<0.05)。功能预测发现,雄性乌猪回肠黏膜菌群显著富集了氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和能量代谢等功能途径(P<0.05);结肠黏膜菌群主要富集了膜转运相关的ABC转运蛋白和信号转导相关的双组分系统等功能途径(P<0.05)。【结论】不同性别江山乌猪肠黏膜菌群结构及功能具有明显差异。这些结果揭示了不同性别江山乌猪肠道黏膜菌群的差异特征,为了解和挖掘我国地方畜禽品种肠道微生物资源提供部分参考。     

复方薏苡仁方对小鼠肠道菌群及微环境的调节作用研究

目的 观察复方薏苡仁方调节小鼠肠道菌群功能及胃肠运动的效果,并考察复方薏苡仁方对小鼠盲肠内容物pH及肠黏膜结构等肠道内环境的影响。方法 参照《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》（2003版）的规定进行调节肠道菌群实验和小肠墨汁推进试验,检测小鼠盲肠内容物pH,并对肠道黏膜结构进行病理形态学观察。结果 （1）与给样前相比,复方薏苡仁方中、高剂量组肠杆菌数和低、高剂量组肠球菌数均明显减少（P<0.05）,中、高剂量组乳杆菌数和双歧杆菌数均明显或显著增加（P<0.05或P<0.01）,且高剂量组乳杆菌数和中、高剂量组双歧杆菌数明显高于阳性对照组（P<0.05）;（2）复方薏苡仁方各剂量组小鼠盲肠内容物pH值均显著降低（P<0.01）,且均低于阳性对照组,其中低、高剂量组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）;（3）与正常对照组相比,复方薏苡仁方低、中、高剂量组小鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒毛长度/隐窝深度比值（A/V）均明显或显著增加（P<0.05或P<0.01）,且中、高剂量组十二指肠、空肠及回肠A/V比值明显或显著高于阳性对照组（P<0.05或P<0.01）;（4）与模型对照组相比,复方薏苡仁方各剂量组小鼠小肠推进率均显著增加（P<0.01）,且均高于阳性对照组（P<0.01）。结论 复方薏苡仁方对调节肠道菌群及改善肠道微环境具有一定的促进作用。     

低聚果糖对溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠肠黏膜屏障影响的研究

目的 探讨低聚果糖对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）模型小鼠肠黏膜屏障的调节作用及可能机制。方法 小鼠随机分成3组：正常对照（NC）组、模型（MD）组和低聚果糖（FOS）组,采用葡聚糖硫酸钠制作UC小鼠模型。造模7 d同时给予干预治疗,停用造模药物并后续治疗7 d。采用细菌定量测定法检测肠道菌群,放射免疫法检测肠黏膜sIgA,ELISA法检测小鼠肠黏膜IL-10、TNF-α和IL-6水平。结果 模型组小鼠存在肠道菌群失调（t=2.088,2.036,2.203,2.109,P<0.05）,其TNF-α、IL-6水平高于正常对照组（t=1.734,1.801,P<0.05）,肠黏膜sIgA、IL-10低于正常对照组（t=1.820,1.806,P<0.05）;低聚果糖组肠道菌群失调状况较模型组有所改善,其TNF-α、IL-6水平低于正常对照组（t=1.980,1.816,1.936,1.920,1.969,1.893,P<0.05）,肠黏膜sIgA、IL-10高于正常对照组（t=1.801,1.796,P<0.05）。结论 低聚果糖可改善溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠肠道菌群屏障功能,可以提高肠黏膜sIgA和抗炎细胞因子IL-10的水平并降低致炎细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6的水平,通过调节肠道过度的免疫反应,使免疫屏障功能得到一定恢复。     

不同黏膜佐剂对猪丁型冠状病毒诱导小鼠免疫应答的影响

【目的】旨在为猪丁型冠状病毒(porcine deltacoronavirus,PDCoV)灭活疫苗黏膜免疫筛选理想佐剂,降低疫苗副作用。利用小鼠模型评价不同佐剂制备的PDCoV灭活疫苗对体液免疫、细胞免疫和黏膜免疫应答的影响。【方法】将甘露聚糖肽(PA)、CpGODN2395、单磷酰脂质A(MPLA)佐剂分别与IMS 1313、GEL02佐剂联合制备PDCoV灭活疫苗,经鼻腔免疫BALB/c小鼠;将ISA201佐剂制备的PDCoV灭活疫苗经皮下免疫BALB/c小鼠,将PDCoV灭活抗原经鼻腔免疫BALB/c小鼠作为对照,间隔14 d加强免疫一次。用ELISA方法检测小鼠血清、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的IgG、IgG1、IgG2a、IL-4、IFN-γ及粪便和BALF中sIgA表达水平;用MTT方法检测疫苗免疫后对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响;观察并记录小鼠免疫后的临床表现,HE染色方法观察免疫小鼠主要器官组织的病理学变化,评价疫苗的安全性。【结果】ISA201组小鼠BALF和血清中的抗体(IgG、IgG1)及IL-4表达水平相对较高,但IgG2a、IFN-γ和粪便中sIgA表达水平...     

In vitro mucosal digestion of synthetic gliadin-derived peptides in celiac disease

Two celiac-active synthetic peptides derived from the A-gliadin structure corresponding to residues 8–19 (LQPQNPSQQQPQ) and to 11–19 were digestedin vitro with small intestinal mucosa from children with celiac disease in remission and from normal children. The products of digestion were separated into two fractions on the basis of M_r<400 and M_r>400 by gel permeation chromatography and subjected to amino acid analysis. After digestion of the dodecapeptide with celiac mucosa, 71±14% (molar) of the total digestion products remained in the M_r>400 fraction. Glutamine, proline, serine, and asparagine were the major amino acids present. Glutamine, proline, and leucine were the major amino acids in the M_r<400 fraction. The M_r>400 fraction from the celiac mucosal digestion of the nonapeptide was of similar composition to the corresponding fraction from the dodecapeptide and represented 78±15% of the total products. Digestion of the two peptides with normal mucosa gave lower amounts of products in the M_r>400 fraction, but they were of similar composition to the corresponding fractions from the celiac mucosal digestion. Peptides such as NPSQQQP and QNPSQQQ may be present in the M_r>400 fractions since glutamine and proline are present in the approximate ratio of 21, respectively. The results indicate a defect in the mucosal digestion of peptides which are active in an animal model of celiac disease.     

In vitro propagation of plant virus using different forms of plant tissue culture and modes of culture operation

Plant virus accumulation was investigated in vitro using three different forms of plant tissue culture. Suspended cells, hairy roots and shooty teratomas of Nicotiana benthamiana were infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) using the same initial virus:biomass ratio. Viral infection did not affect tissue growth or morphology in any of the three culture systems. Average maximum virus concentrations in hairy roots and shooty teratomas were similar and about an order of magnitude higher than in suspended cells. Hairy roots were considered the preferred host because of their morphological stability in liquid medium and relative ease of culture. The average maximum virus concentration in the hairy roots was 0.82 ± 0.14 mg g⁻¹ dry weight; viral coat protein represented a maximum of approximately 6% of total soluble protein in the biomass. Virus accumulation in hairy roots was investigated further using different modes of semi-continuous culture operation aimed at prolonging the root growth phase and providing nutrient supplementation; however, virus concentrations in the roots were not enhanced compared with simple batch culture. The relative infectivity of virus in the biomass declined by 80–90% during all the cultures tested, irrespective of the form of plant tissue used or mode of culture operation. Hairy root cultures inoculated with a transgenic TMV-based vector in batch culture accumulated green fluorescent protein (GFP); however, maximum GFP concentrations in the biomass were relatively low at 39 μg g⁻¹ dry weight, probably due to genetic instability of the vector. This work highlights the advantages of using hairy roots for in vitro propagation of TMV compared with shooty teratomas and suspended plant cells, and demonstrates that batch root culture is more effective than semi-continuous operations for accumulation of high virus concentrations in the biomass.     

In vitro investigation of HBV clinical isolates from Chinese patients reveals that genotype C isolates possess higher infectivity than genotype B isolates

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B and C are two major genotypes that are prevalent in Asia and differ in natural history and disease progression. The impact of HBV genotypes on viral replication and protein expression has been explored by the transfection of hepatoma cells with replication-competent HBV DNA, which mimics the later stages of the viral life cycle. However, the influence of HBV genotypes on the early events of viral infection remains undetermined, mainly due to the difficulties in obtaining sufficient infectious viral particles for infection assays. Here, we report that a high-titer HBV inoculum can be generated from the transient transfection-based cell model after optimizing transfection conditions and modifying the HBV-expressing construct. By performing in vitro infection assays using transiently transfected derived viruses, we found that clinical genotype C isolates possessed higher infectivity than genotype B isolates. Moreover, we identified a naturally occurring mutation sL21S in small hepatitis B surface protein, which markedly decreased the infectivity of HBV genotype C isolates, but not that of genotype B isolates. In summary, using infectious viral particles provided by the optimized transient transfection-based cell model, we have been able to investigate a wide range of HBV variants on viral infectivity, which may contribute to our understanding of the reasons for different clinical outcomes in HBV infections and the development of therapeutic drugs targeting the early stages of HBV life cycle.     

The structure and physical properties of glucuronic acid oligomers produced by a Gluconacetobacter hansenii strain using the waste from beer fermentation broth

The aim of this work was to study the chemical structure and physical properties of water-soluble oligosaccharides (WSOS) produced by Gluconacetobacter hansenii PJK using the waste from beer fermentation broth as a basal medium. The analysis of the hydrolyzed products and the spectroscopic studies of the native WSOS showed that it is a mixture of oligomers all having a single sugar -linked glucuronic acid as building blocks with an O-acetyl and O-methyl group, in the terminal unit of the non-reducing end. The thermal studies displayed a progressive degradation of WSOS without a major weight loss throughout a range of temperatures. The melting point and pyrolysis temperature were found to be 130.16 and 275.25 °C, respectively. The optimum concentration of WSOS for a maximum emulsifying ability was found to be 0.10% (w/v). The resulting emulsions, however, did not demonstrate a noteworthy stability.     

Mechanism of action and fate of the fungicide chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) in biological systems: 2. In vitro reactions

The reaction characteristics of chlorothalonil with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), from yeast, (EC 1.2.1.12) were studied in vitro. Enzyme inhibition was related to the amount of [¹⁴C]chlorothalonil bound to the protein. Kinetics of enzyme inhibition was non-competitive for the substrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) (K_i = 0.42 μM). Reversal of enzyme inhibition could not be demonstrated with the low molecular thiol dithiothreitol (DTT), although the thiol did protect the protein against the toxic action of the fungicide. Because 5,5' dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB) reduced the binding of ¹⁴C-labeled fungicide by approximately 90% it is postulated that chlorothalonil affects catalytic activity by reacting with the 4 sulfhydryl sites (cysteine-149) responsible for the binding of GAP. Certain reaction characteristics of the trichloromethyl sulfenyl fungicides with GPDH were found to be similar to those of chlorothalonil. However, chlorothalonil differed from those fungicides in that it did not react with non-thiol groups of either GPDH or -chymotrypsin (CT) and had a slower reaction rate with the GPDH. It is suggested that the differences in reaction rates of the fungicides are due to the molecular size and the chemical nature of the reactive toxiphores.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GS15株NSP2蛋白多位点缺失病毒的拯救与体外生长特性分析

【目的】本实验室前期在高致病性毒株PRRSV/GSWW/2015的感染性克隆上,拯救获得了非结构蛋白(non-structural protein 2, NSP2)第519-565位和第628-747位氨基酸双缺失的工程病毒(rGS15-△2)。本研究旨在在双缺失病毒的感染性克隆上,构建拯救获得NSP2三个位点缺失的工程病毒。【方法】在前期双缺失病毒感染性克隆的基础上,利用融合PCR方法分别构建缺失NSP2第323-364位和第372-433位优势抗原表位的两个3个位点缺失的重组质粒。经脂质体介导,转染Marc-145细胞拯救病毒,通过电子显微镜观察、免疫荧光实验、测定病毒滴度、绘制生长曲线等方法对缺失病毒的生长特性进行分析。【结果】成功获得拯救病毒rGS15-△3-1和rGS15-△3-2。电子显微镜下可以观察到直径大小为50-80 nm的病毒粒子;免疫荧光实验检测表明,拯救病毒与亲本病毒GS15一致,都能检测到PRRSV N蛋白表达;缺失区域RT-PCR扩增鉴定,拯救病毒传至40代缺失标记稳定存在;rGS15-△3-1与rGS15-△3-2病毒滴度分别为2.00×10^6.0 TCID50/mL和2.25×10^5.8 TCID₅₀/mL,与亲本病毒相比病毒滴度差异显著(P<0.05);生长曲线分析表明拯救病毒复制水平低于亲本病毒达到最高滴度的培养时间比亲本病毒延迟24 h。【结论】本研究通过对PRRSV基因2型非结构蛋白NSP2多位点缺失病毒的体外生长特性分析,为研制新型PRRSV标记疫苗奠定了基础,也为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征的防控提供新的策略。     

枸杞L-半乳糖酸内酯脱氢酶基因的克隆及表达分析

以青海枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)为模板,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆枸杞L-半乳糖酸-1,4-内酯脱氢酶(GLDH)基因序列,命名为LbGLDH。LbGLDH基因全长为2 114bp,包含一个开放读码框1 767bp(编码588个氨基酸)、5′末端序列57bp、3′末端序列290bp。LbGLDH基因核苷酸序列与番茄、马铃薯、烟草GLDH基因具有88%~90%的一致性。LbGLDH编码氨基酸序列包含GLDH蛋白酶具备的FAD-binding-4和ALO结构域。qRT-PCR分析结果显示,在枸杞不同组织中LbGLDH基因的表达、抗坏血酸含量和GLDH活性变化趋势相同,表现为在枸杞的花和果实中表达量最高,成熟叶中表达量最少。推测LbGLDH基因表达促进枸杞果实中抗环血酸含量的积累。     

Uptake of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine by brush-border membrane vesicles from mouse small intestine

Using mouse small intestine brush-border membrane vesicles virtually free of xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) and free of uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) the uptake of the purines uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine have been studied. The sodium-dependent overshoot phenomenon shown to exist for the uptake into the vesicles for d-glucose and l-phenylalanine was not observed with the purines. However, the uptake of the three purines in the presence of NaCl or KCl was greater than the uptake in the presence of either NaSCN or mannitol. Although 12.9% of the xanthine uptake and 17.6% of the hypoxanthine uptake was attributed to binding to the membranes, almost all the uric acid uptake was due to transport into an osmotically active space. The apparent intravesicular volume, calculated after 60 min incubation, for the three purines was consistently greater than the values obtained with d-glucose, l-phenylalanine equilibration, suggesting slow continuing penetration of purines associated with swelling or an apparent accumulation of purines within the vesicles associated with normal vesicle volume.     

Changes in growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Ocimum sanctum under growth regulator treatments

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulators on growth characteristics such as root length, shoot length, total leaf area, number of inflorescence per plant, number of flower per inflorescence, whole plant fresh weight and whole plant dry weight. Photosynthetic characteristics were also analyzed based on the same experiment. For this, various photosynthetic pigment contents such as chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin and xanthophyll content were calculated. The conventional growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA) and non-conventional growth regulator triazole compound paclobutrazol (PBZ) were used. Root length increased due to growth regulator treatment, but shoot length decreased. Leaf area was decreased due to growth regulator treatment. The number of inflorescence increased in ABA treated plants, but it was decreased in PBZ treated plants. In ABA treated plants, the number of flowers per inflorescence was increased. In PBZ treated plants the number of inflorescence was reduced. The whole plant fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) were increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants. There was an increase in chlorophyll content in growth regulator treated plants compared to control, and it was more in PBZ treated plants. The carotenoid content was also increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants.