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1.
Qiang He Dan Ma Wei Li Longsheng Xing Hongyu Zhang Yu Wang Cailian Du Xuanzhao Li Zheng Jia Xiuxiu Li Jianan Liu Ze Liu Yuqing Miao Rui Feng Yang Lv Meijia Wang Hongwei Lu Xiaochen Li Yao Xiao Ruyu Wang Hanfei Liang Qinghong Zhou Lijun Zhang Chengzhi Liang Huilong Du 《植物学报(英文版)》2023,65(6):1423-1441
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), the two most widely cultivated buckwheat species, differ greatly in flavonoid content and reproductive mode. Here, we report the first high-quality and chromosome-level genome assembly of common buckwheat with 1.2 Gb. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that common buckwheat underwent a burst of long terminal repeat retrotransposons insertion accompanied by numerous large chromosome rearrangements after divergence from Tartary buckwheat. Moreover, multiple gene families involved in stress tolerance and flavonoid biosynthesis such as multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) and chalcone synthase (CHS) underwent significant expansion in buckwheat, especially in common buckwheat. Integrated multi-omics analysis identified high expression of catechin biosynthesis-related genes in flower and seed in common buckwheat and high expression of rutin biosynthesis-related genes in seed in Tartary buckwheat as being important for the differences in flavonoid type and content between these buckwheat species. We also identified a candidate key rutin-degrading enzyme gene (Ft8.2377) that was highly expressed in Tartary buckwheat seed. In addition, we identified a haplotype-resolved candidate locus containing many genes reportedly associated with the development of flower and pollen, which was potentially related to self-incompatibility in common buckwheat. Our study provides important resources facilitating future functional genomics-related research of flavonoid biosynthesis and self-incompatibility in buckwheat. 相似文献
2.
Jianglin Zhao Dabing Xiang Lianxin Peng Liang Zou Yuehua Wang 《Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology》2013,43(8):782-794
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is a potentially important source of rutin, a natural bioactive flavonoid with antihyperglycemic, antioxidative, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study examines the effects of endophytic fungi on rutin production in the hairy root cultures of F. tataricum. Without obvious changes in the appearance of the hairy roots, the exogenous fungal mycelia elicitors efficiently stimulated the hairy root growth and rutin biosynthesis, and the stimulation effect was mainly dependent on the mycelia elicitor species, as well as its treatment dose. Two endophytic fungal isolates Fat9 (Fusarium oxysporum) and Fat15 (Alternaria sp.) were screened as promising candidates for promoting F. tataricum hairy root growth and rutin production. With application of polysaccharide (PS) of endophyte Fat9 (200 mg/L), and PS of endophyte Fat15 (100 mg/L) to the hairy root cultures on day 25, the rutin yield was increased to 45.9 mg/L and 47.2 mg/L, respectively. That was about 3.1- to 3.2-fold in comparison with the control level of 14.6 mg/L. Moreover, the present study revealed that the accumulation of rutin resulted from the stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway by mycelia PS treatments. This may be an efficient strategy for enhancing rutin production in F. tataricum hairy root culture provided with its endophytic mycelia elicitors. 相似文献
3.
Pham Anh Tuan Young Seon Kim Yeji Kim Aye Aye Thwe Xiaohua Li Chang Ha Park Sook Young Lee Sang Un Park 《Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences》2018,25(8)
Scutellaria lateriflora is well known for its medical applications because of the presence of flavanoids and alkaloids. The present study aimed to explore the molecular aspects and regulations of flavanoids. Five partial cDNAs encoding genes that are involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway: phenylalanine ammonia lyase (SlPAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (SlC4H), 4-coumaroyl CoA ligase (Sl4CL), chalcone synthase (SlCHS), and chalcone isomerase (SlCHI) were isolated from S. lateriflora. Organ expression analysis showed that these genes were expressed in all organs analyzed with the highest levels correlating with the richest accumulation of wogonin in the roots. Baicalin and baicalein differentially accumulated in S. lateriflora plants, with the highest concentration of baicalin and baicalein detected in the leaves and stems, respectively. Exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) significantly enhanced the expression of SlCHS and SlCHI, and accumulation of baicalin (22.54 mg/g), baicalein (1.24 mg/g), and wogonin (5.39 mg/g) in S. lateriflora hairy roots. In addition, maximum production of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin in hairy roots treated with MeJA was approximately 7.44-, 2.38-, and 2.12-fold, respectively. Light condition increased the expression level of SlCHS, the first committed step in flavonoid biosynthesis in hairy roots of S. lateriflora after 3 and 4 weeks of development compared to the dark condition. Dark-grown hairy roots contained a higher content of baicalin and baicalein than light-grown hairy roots, while light-grown hairy roots accumulated more wogonin than dark-grown hairy roots. These results may helpful for the metabolic engineering of flavonoids biosynthesis in S. lateriflora. 相似文献
4.
Bo Wang Jianjun He Yang Bai Xiuming Yu Jiefa Li Caixi Zhang Wenping Xu Xianjin Bai Xiongjun Cao Shiping Wang 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2013,35(7):2205-2217
Root restriction was applied to ‘Summer black’ grape (Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L.) to investigate its effect on anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berry during development. Anthocyanin composition and expression patterns of 16 genes in anthocyanin pathway were thus analyzed. The results showed that the anthocyanin levels in berry skin were significantly increased and the anthocyanin profile was enriched. Gene expression pattern revealed that the increased anthocyanins coincide with the up-regulated expression of all 16 genes investigated, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase, chalcone synthase 1, chalcone synthase 2, chalcone synthase 3, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase 1, flavanone 3-hydroxylase 2, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), di-hydroflavonol 4-reductase, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, O-methyltransferases (OMT), UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl-transferase (3GT), UDP-glucose:flavonoid 5-O-glucosyl-transferase (5GT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The increased total anthocyanins predominantly resulted from the increase of tri-hydroxylated, methoxylated and mono-glycosylated rather than di-hydroxylated, non-methoxylated, and di-glycosylated forms, which might be due to the differential regulation of F3′5′H/F3′H, OMT and 3GT, respectively. 相似文献
5.
6.
Activation of flavonoid biosynthesis by solar radiation in bilberry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vaccinium myrtillus</Emphasis> L.) leaves 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effect of solar radiation on flavonoid biosynthesis was studied in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) leaves. Expression of flavonoid pathway genes of bilberry was studied in the upper leaves of bilberry, exposed to direct sunlight, in the shaded leaves growing lower in the same plants and in fruits. Bilberry-specific digoxigenin–dUTP-labeled cDNA fragments of five genes from the general phenylpropanoid pathway coding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and from the flavonoid pathway coding chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, and anthocyanidin synthase were used as probes in gene expression analysis. Anthocyanins, catechins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids from the leaves and fruits were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector. An increase in the expression of the studied flavonoid pathway genes was observed in leaves growing under direct sun exposure. Also, the concentrations of anthocyanins, catechins, flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids were higher in the leaves exposed to direct sunlight. However, the concentration of polymeric procyanidins was lower in sun-exposed leaves, whereas that of prodelphinidins was slightly increased. The results give further support for the protective role of flavonoids and hydroxy cinnamic acids against high solar radiation in plants. Also, the roles of different flavonoid compounds as a defense against stress caused by sun exposure is discussed.Abbreviations
ANS
Anthocyanidin synthase
-
CHS
Chalcone synthase
-
DFR
Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
-
F3H
Flavanone 3-hydroxylase
-
GPD
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
-
PAL
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 相似文献
7.
Thilo C. Fischer Christian Gosch Judith Pfeiffer Heidrun Halbwirth Christian Halle Karl Stich Gert Forkmann 《Trees - Structure and Function》2007,21(5):521-529
Pear (Pyrus sp.) is a major fruit crop of temperate regions with increasing extent of cultivation. Pear flavonoids contribute to its fruit
color, pathogen defense, and are health beneficial ingredients of the fruits. Comparative Southern analyses with apple (Malus x domestica) cDNAs showed comparable genomic organization of flavonoid genes of both related genera. A homology-based cloning approach
was used to obtain the cDNAs of most enzymes of the main flavonoid pathway of Pyrus: phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3β-hydroxylase, flavonol synthase, dihydroflavonol
4-reductase, leucoanthocyanidin reductase 1 and 2, anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin reductase, and UDP-glucose : flavonoid
7-O-glucosyltransferase. The substrate specificities of the recombinant enzymes expressed in yeast were determined for physiological
and non-physiological substrates and found to be in general agreement with the characteristic pear flavonoid metabolite pattern
of mainly B-ring dihydroxylated anthocyanins, flavonols, catechins, and flavanones. Furthermore, significant differences in
substrate specificities and gene copy numbers in comparison to Malus were identified. Cloning of the cDNAs and studying the enzymes of the Pyrus flavonoid pathway is an essential task toward a comprehensive knowledge of Pyrus polyphenol metabolism. It also elucidates evolutionary patterns of flavonoid/polyphenol pathways in the Rosaceae, which allocate
several important crop plants. 相似文献
8.
Aye Aye Thwe Jae Kwang Kim Xiaohua Li Yeon Bok Kim Md Romij Uddin Sun Ju Kim Tatsuro Suzuki Nam Il Park Sang Un Park 《PloS one》2013,8(6)
Buckwheat, Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn., is an important medicinal plant, which contains several phenolic compounds, including one of the highest content of rutin, a phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory properties. An experiment was conducted to investigate the level of expression of various genes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway to analyze in vitro production of anthocyanin and phenolic compounds from hairy root cultures derived from 2 cultivars of tartary buckwheat (Hokkai T8 and T10). A total of 47 metabolites were identified by gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) in order to fully distinguish between Hokkai T8 and T10 hairy roots. The expression levels of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway genes, through qRT-PCR, showed higher expression for almost all the genes in T10 than T8 hairy root except for FtF3’H-2 and FtFLS-2. Rutin, quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 2 anthocyanin compounds were identified in Hokkai T8 and T10 hairy roots. The concentration of rutin and anthocyanin in Hokkai T10 hairy roots of tartary buckwheat was several-fold higher compared with that obtained from Hokkai T8 hairy root. This study provides useful information on the molecular and physiological dynamic processes that are correlated with phenylpropanoid biosynthetic gene expression and phenolic compound content in F. tataricum species. 相似文献
9.
Miyahisa I Funa N Ohnishi Y Martens S Moriguchi T Horinouchi S 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2006,71(1):53-58
(2S)-Flavanones (naringenin and pinocembrin) are key intermediates in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in plants. Recombinant Escherichia coli cells containing four genes for a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate/coumarate:CoA ligase, chalcone synthase, and chalcone isomerase, in addition to the acetyl-CoA carboxylase, have been established for efficient production of (2S)-naringenin from tyrosine and (2S)-pinocembrin from phenylalanine. Further introduction of the flavone synthase I gene from Petroselinum crispum under the control of the T7 promoter and the synthetic ribosome-binding sequence in pACYCDuet-1 caused the E. coli cells to produce flavones: apigenin (13 mg/l) from tyrosine and chrysin (9.4 mg/l) from phenylalanine. Introduction into the E. coli cells of the flavanone 3β-hydroxylase and flavonol synthase genes from the plant Citrus species led to production of flavonols: kaempferol (15.1 mg/l) from tyrosine and galangin (1.1 mg/l) from phenylalanine. The combinatorial biosynthesis of the flavones and flavonols in E. coli is promising for the construction of a library of various flavonoid compounds and un-natural flavonoids in bacteria. 相似文献
10.
Saijie Zhu Junjun Wu Guocheng Du Jingwen Zhou Jian Chen 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2014,80(10):3072-3080
The health benefits of flavonoids for humans are increasingly attracting attention. Because the extraction of high-purity flavonoids from plants presents a major obstacle, interest has emerged in biosynthesizing them using microbial hosts. Eriodictyol is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Its efficient synthesis has been hampered by two factors: the poor expression of cytochrome P450 and the low intracellular malonyl coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) concentration in Escherichia coli. To address these issues, a truncated plant P450 flavonoid, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (tF3′H), was functionally expressed as a fusion protein with a truncated P450 reductase (tCPR) in E. coli. This allowed the engineered E. coli to produce eriodictyol from l-tyrosine by simultaneously coexpressing the fusion protein with tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and chalcone isomerase (CHI). In addition, metabolic engineering was employed to enhance the availability of malonyl-CoA so as to achieve a new metabolic balance and rebalance the relative expression of genes to enhance eriodictyol accumulation. This approach made the production of eriodictyol 203% higher than that in the control strain. By using these strategies, the production of eriodictyol from l-tyrosine reached 107 mg/liter. The present work offers an approach to the efficient synthesis of other hydroxylated flavonoids from l-tyrosine or even glucose in E. coli. 相似文献
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Choi O Wu CZ Kang SY Ahn JS Uhm TB Hong YS 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2011,38(10):1657-1665
Biological synthesis of plant secondary metabolites has attracted increasing attention due to their proven or assumed beneficial
properties and health-promoting effects. Phenylpropanoids are the precursors to a range of important plant metabolites such
as the secondary metabolites belonging to the flavonoid/stilbenoid class of compounds. In this study, engineered Escherichia coli containing artificial phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways utilizing tyrosine as the initial precursor were established
for production of plant-specific metabolites such as ferulic acid, naringenin, and resveratrol. The construction of the artificial
pathway utilized tyrosine ammonia lyase and 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase from Saccharothrix espanaensis, cinnamate/4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase from Streptomyces coelicolor, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase and chalcone synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana, and stilbene synthase from Arachis hypogaea. 相似文献
13.
Rice is a model system for monocot but the molecular features of rice flavonoid biosynthesis have not been extensively characterized.
Rice structural gene homologs encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid
3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were identified by homology searches.
Unique differential expression of OsF3H, OsDFR, and OsANS1 controlled by the Pl
w
locus, which contains the R/B-type regulatory genes OSB1 and OSB2, was demonstrated during light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in T65-Plw seedlings. Previously, F3H genes were often considered
as early genes co-regulated with CHS and CHI genes in other plants. In selected non-pigmented rice lines, OSB2 is not expressed following illumination while their expressed OSB1sequences all contain the same nucleotide change leading to the T64 M substitution within the conserved N-terminal interacting domain. Furthermore, the biochemical roles of the expressed rice
structural genes (OsCHS1, OsCHI, OsF3H, and OsF3′H) were established in planta for the first time by complementation in the appropriate Arabidopsis transparent testa mutants. Using yeast two-hybrid analysis, OsCHS1 was demonstrated to interact physically with OsF3H, OsF3′H, OsDFR, and OsANS1,
suggesting the existence of a macromolecular complex for anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice. Finally, flavones were identified
as the major flavonoid class in the non-pigmented T65 seedlings in which the single-copy OsF3H gene was not expressed. Competition between flavone and anthocyanin pathways was evidenced by the significant reduction of
tricin accumulation in the T65-Plw seedlings.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
14.
15.
S. -M. Chen C. -H. Li X. -R. Zhu Y. -M. Deng W. Sun L. -S. Wang F. -D. Chen Z. Zhang 《Biologia Plantarum》2012,56(3):458-464
In order to provide additional information on the coloration of chrysanthemum flowers, the flavonoid composition and the expression
of six structural genes involved in anthocyanin pathway in the ray florets of a pink flowering (cv. H5) and two white flowering
(cvs. Keikai and Jinba) Chrysanthemum grandiflorum cultivars were examined. HPLCDAD/ESI-MSn analysis showed that cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-malonylglucoside) and cyanidin 3-O-(3″,6″-O-dimalonylglucoside) were the two major flavonoids presented in H5, while white flowering cultivars contained flavones instead
of anthocyanins. Nine flavone derivatives were detected in the three cultivars, the amount of each flavone varied upon cultivars,
and seven of these were identified as luteolin 7-O-arabinosylglucuronide, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-malonylglucoside, apigenin 7-O-malonylglucoside, chrysoeriol 7-O-malonylglucoside, acacetin 7-O-rutinoside and acacetin 7-O-malonylglucoside. The two white flowering cultivars showed similar total flavonoid content, which was about two fold higher
than that in H5. A high expression of the genes encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and 3-O-glucosyltransferase was detected only in H5 but not in Keikai or Jinba. Chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavanone
3-hydroxylase, and flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase were expressed in all flowers, suggesting that the lack of anthocyanin in white
flowering cultivars cannot be due to any blockage of their expression. 相似文献
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17.
Partial reconstruction of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis in yeast using soybean type I and type II chalcone isomerases 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4 下载免费PDF全文
Flavonoids and isoflavonoids are major plant secondary metabolites that mediate diverse biological functions and exert significant ecological impacts. These compounds play important roles in many essential physiological processes. In addition, flavonoids and isoflavonoids have direct but complex effects on human health, ranging from reducing cholesterol levels and preventing certain cancers to improving women's health. In this study, we cloned and functionally characterized five soybean (Glycine max) chalcone isomerases (CHIs), key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway that produces flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Gene expression and kinetics analysis suggest that the soybean type I CHI, which uses naringenin chalcone as substrate, is coordinately regulated with other flavonoid-specific genes, while the type II CHIs, which use a variety of chalcone substrates, are coordinately regulated with an isoflavonoid-specific gene and specifically activated by nodulation signals. Furthermore, we found that some of the newly identified soybean CHIs do not require the 4′-hydroxy moiety on the substrate for high enzyme activity. We then engineered yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to produce flavonoid and isoflavonoid compounds. When one of the type II CHIs was coexpressed with an isoflavone synthase, the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step of isoflavonoid biosynthesis, various chalcone substrates added to the culture media were converted to an assortment of isoflavanones and isoflavones. We also reconstructed the flavonoid pathway by coexpressing CHI with either flavanone 3β-hydroxylase or flavone synthase II. The in vivo reconstruction of the flavonoid and isoflavonoid pathways in yeast provides a unique platform to study enzyme interactions and metabolic flux. 相似文献
18.
Induction of Flavonoid Synthesizing Enzymes by Light in Etiolated Pea (Pisum sativum cv. Midfreezer) Seedlings 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Etiolated pea (Pisum sativum cv. Midfreezer) seedlings respond to illumination with white light by changes in the activity of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid synthesizing enzymes. Unlike in cell cultures, changes in enzyme activity in pea seedlings are not concerted. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) activity peaked approximately 18 hours after onset of illumination. The phenylacetate path did not interfere with the measurement of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. Activity of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.11) showed an early peak after 8 hours illumination, declined thereafter sharply, then gradually increased during the remainder of the experiment. Activities of chalcone synthase and UDP glucose:flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.91) increased steadily and reached a plateau after approximately 70 hours illumination time. Activity of 4-hydroxycinnamate:coenzyme A ligase (EC 6.2.1.12) remained relatively unchanged, whereas that of chalcone isomerase (EC 5.5.1.6) declined steadily during the course of the experiment. The relative in vitro enzyme activities suggest that the rate-limiting step for the phenylpropanoid path is the cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, that of the flavonoid pathway is the chalcone synthase. Integration of enzyme activity curves, however, show that only the curve deriving from phenylanine ammonia-lyase activity matches closely the production of the flavonol glycosides. 相似文献
19.
Cytochrome P450s in flavonoid metabolism 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this review, cytochrome P450s characterized at the molecular level catalyzing aromatic hydroxylations, aliphatic hydroxylations and skeleton formation in the flavonoid metabolism are surveyed. They are involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin pigments and condensed tannin (CYP75, flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase and 3′-hydroxylase), flavones [CYP93B, (2S)-flavanone 2-hydroxylase and flavone synthase II], and leguminous isoflavonoid phytoalexins [CYP71D9, flavonoid 6-hydroxylase; CYP81E, isoflavone 2′-hydroxylase and 3′-hydroxylase; CYP93A, 3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan 6a-hydroxylase; CYP93C, 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase (IFS)]. Other P450s of the flavonoid metabolism include methylenedioxy bridge forming enzyme, cyclases producing glyceollins, flavonol 6-hydroxylase and 8-dimethylallylnaringenin 2′-hydroxylase. Mechanistic studies on the unusual aryl migration by CYP93C, regulation of IFS expression in plant organs and its biotechnological applications are introduced, and flavonoid metabolisms by non-plant P450s are also briefly discussed. 相似文献
20.
Hai-Chao Zhang Jing-Mei Liu Hai-Min Chen Chun-Chun Gao Hong-Yu Lu Hua Zhou Yi Li Shan-Lin Gao 《Molecular biotechnology》2011,47(1):50-56
We evaluated the effect of Tween 80 as elicitor on licochalcone A from hairy root cultures of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. After a 15-days treatment with 2% Tween 80, hairy roots still grew well and produced higher levels of licochalcone
A and total flavonoids than the control (without treatment). Licochalcone A content and total flavonoid content were 3.103
and 127.095 mg per flask (9- and 11-fold higher), respectively, compared with controls. Secretion of licochalcone A and total
flavonoids into the culture medium was remarkably high, up to 98 and 94% of the total production, respectively. The enhanced
flavonoid production was associated with elevated mRNA levels and enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL),
4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL), and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H). These results clearly demonstrated that Tween 80 treatment
permeabilized the roots to enhance secretion, but also acted as an efficient elicitor of licochalcone A and total flavonoid
production in hairy roots of G. uralensis Fisch. 相似文献