即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造在保留乳头乳晕复合体乳癌术后的运用分析

目的：探讨分析即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造在保留乳头乳晕复合体乳癌术后的运用。方法：回顾性分析我院2008年2月-2012年4月收治的乳腺癌术后患者106例,采用乳癌术即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造保留乳头乳晕复合体,观察手术效果以及满意度。结果：术后患者乳房美容优良率为88．68％明显大于对照组的47．17％,并且术后6个月治疗组生活质量评价总分明显大于对照组总分术后6个月患者生活质量评价总分明显大于术前评价总分,差异具有条件下意义（P〈0．05）,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造在保留乳头乳晕复合体乳癌术后患者乳房美容效果较好,提高患者生活质量高,值得在临床上推广,但在手术后需积极处理可能存在的并发症情况。     

Feasibility of Breast Cancer Screening by PIXE Analysis of Hair

To reveal the role of key elements present in the hair of breast cancer patients on cancer development, the levels of a number of elements in scalp hair samples of 82 people including healthy individuals, people suffering from benign breast disease, and breast cancer patients were measured by PIXE analysis. Pellets of hair samples were prepared and bombarded by 2.2 MeV proton beam of a 3-MV Van de Graaff accelerator. The number of incident ions hitting the sample was indirectly measured using the RBS spectrum of a thin Ag film placed in the beam path. The concentrations of S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, and Cu in the hair of healthy individuals were in agreement with those observed in the hair of hyperplasia and cancer patients within standard deviations. However, a lower average level of zinc was found in samples from hyperplasia and breast cancer patients. Strong positive correlations were found between iron and potassium as well as between calcium and potassium in the cancer patients. These results could be of significance in the screening for breast cancer.     

Pancreatic Cancer Surgical Resection Margins: Molecular Assessment by Mass Spectrometry Imaging

BackgroundSurgical resection with microscopically negative margins remains the main curative option for pancreatic cancer; however, in practice intraoperative delineation of resection margins is challenging. Ambient mass spectrometry imaging has emerged as a powerful technique for chemical imaging and real-time diagnosis of tissue samples. We applied an approach combining desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) statistical method to diagnose pancreatic tissue sections and prospectively evaluate surgical resection margins from pancreatic cancer surgery.ConclusionsOur findings provide evidence that the molecular information obtained by DESI-MSI/Lasso from pancreatic tissue samples has the potential to transform the evaluation of surgical specimens. With further development, we believe the described methodology could be routinely used for intraoperative surgical margin assessment of pancreatic cancer.     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗的临床研究

目的:通过对早期乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗的研究,探讨其远期疗效及瘤床加量照射和放化疗顺序等问题。方法:84例早期乳腺癌患者行保乳手术,术后行三维适形放疗,50Gy/25次,1次/天,5次/周,瘤床局部加量10～16Gy/5～8次。化疗采用蒽环类为主的方案,65例肿瘤直径>1cm者先化疗3个周期后放疗,然后再化疗1～3周期,13例肿瘤直径≤1cm者在术后3～6周放疗,然后化疗4～6个周期。ER/PR阳性者均行内分泌治疗。结果:全组病人5年生存率100%,5年无瘤生存率91.4%。3例乳腺局部复发,3例分别出现肺、肝和骨转移,其中2例死于肿瘤转移。总复发率7.1%。瘤床加量组局部复发率低于未加量组(P=0.04)。放化疗顺序对肿瘤复发率无影响(P=0.15)。美容效果优良率94%,一般者3.6%,差者2.4%。结论:放射治疗是早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的重要组成部分,瘤床加量照射可降低局部复发率。放化疗顺序对于局部复发率影响不大。     

The Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients after Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction: A Meta-Analysis

BackgroundAn increasing number of patients with breast cancer are being offered immediate breast reconstruction (IBR). The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of IBR on the prognosis of patients with breast cancer.MethodsWe searched the electronic databases of Medline (Pubmed), ISI Web of Knowledge, Embase, and Google Scholar databases for studies reporting the overall recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) of patients after mastectomy only and mastectomy with IBR. With these data, we conducted a meta-analysis of the clinical outcomes.ResultsFourteen studies, including 3641 cases and 9462 controls, matched our criteria. Relevant information was extracted from these 14 studies. There was no significant heterogeneity (P for Q-statistic > 0.10 and I² < 25%). Patients who underwent IBR showed no increased risk of overall recurrence of breast cancer (RR = 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75, 1.04; P = 0.14). Furthermore, patients receiving IBR had similar DFS (RR = 1.04; 95%CI: 0.99, 1.08); P = 0.10) and OS (RR = 1.02; 95%CI: 0.99, 1.05; P = 0.24)) as those of control patients.ConclusionThis meta-analysis provides evidence that IBR does not have an adverse effect on prognosis. These data suggest that IBR is an appropriate and safe choice for patients with breast cancer.     

Analysis of Detection Processes for Breast Cancer

Most existing records of detection processes for breast cancer are in the form of cancer registries or are results of large clinical trials. Statistical modelling can be applied to these data sets to study various properties of breast cancer. In particular we estimate the probability of cure given the size of the tumour at detection, the distribution of tumour growth rates and the distribution of the size of the tumour at detection. There has been a strong recent interest in early detection methods. These consist of giving regular examinations, called screenings. The effect of screening design on the probability of cure is considered. The results of an existing screening trial are used to derive another estimate of the tumour growth rate distribution which agrees well both with our earlier estimate and the most widely used empirical estimate in the literature. The calculation of lead time, which is the time gained in detection when screenings are given, is also discussed.     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治手术的临床效果比较

目的：比较早期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治手术的临床效果,探讨治疗早期乳腺癌的最佳手术方案。方法：选择早期乳腺癌患者138例,根据自愿的原则,分为保乳组（Bcs）和根治组（MRS）,保乳组采取保乳手术方案,根治组采用改良根治手术方案,比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、住院时间、术后并发症、美容效果满意率及患者预后情况。结果：两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、住院时间、术后并发症、美容效果满意率比较,差异具有（高度）统计学意义（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）;术后12个月、18个月和24个月复发或死亡例数比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：早期乳腺癌患者外科手术治疗时,应首选保乳手术方式治疗。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治手术的临床效果比较

目的:比较早期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治手术的临床效果,探讨治疗早期乳腺癌的最佳手术方案。方法:选择早期乳腺癌患者138例,根据自愿的原则,分为保乳组(BCS)和根治组(MRS),保乳组采取保乳手术方案,根治组采用改良根治手术方案,比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、住院时间、术后并发症、美容效果满意率及患者预后情况。结果:两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、住院时间、术后并发症、美容效果满意率比较,差异具有(高度)统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05);术后12个月、18个月和24个月复发或死亡例数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:早期乳腺癌患者外科手术治疗时,应首选保乳手术方式治疗。     

腹腔镜直肠癌切除术与开腹根治术的远期疗效对比

目的:比较腹腔镜直肠癌切除术与开腹根治术的远期疗效。方法:选取在我院治疗的直肠癌患者84例,随机分为观察组(腹腔镜切除术)和对照组(开腹根治术)各42例。对比两组患者的术后临床效果及1年、3年的局部复发率、远处转移率及生存率。结果:观察组术后出血量、肠功能恢复时间、保肛率、下床活动时间、术后住院天数及术后并发症均优于观察组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组手术时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者淋巴结清扫个数、标本长度及远切端距离比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组手术1年和3年后局部复发率、远处转移率及生存率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:直肠癌采取腹腔镜切除术与开腹根治术有同样的远期治疗效果,临床上可根据患者情况优先选用。     

三阴乳腺癌保乳术联合前哨淋巴结活检的临床疗效分析

目的：探讨三阴乳腺癌保乳术联合前哨淋巴结活检对三阴乳腺癌的临床疗效的影响。方法：选取我院外科收治的三阴乳腺 癌患者92 例,随机数字表达法分为两组,其中对照组46 例,予全乳切除及腋窝淋巴结清扫术;实验组46 例,予保乳术联合前哨 淋巴结活检术。统计术中手术时间、术中出血量、术后生活质量、术后乳房美容效果及术后复发和转移率。结果：①实验组术中手 术时间和术中出血量明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;②术后复发率和转移率实验组和对照相比,差异无统计学意 义（P＞ 0.05）;③实验组术后生活质量中的社会功能、角色功能及身体健康状况明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）;而 躯体功能和情绪功能两组相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞ 0.05）。结论：三阴乳腺癌保乳术联合前哨淋巴结活检能够明显缩短手术时 间,减少术中出血量,明显改善生活质量,提高乳房美容效果,且对局部复发和远处转移无影响,值得临床推广应用。     

Wavelength Optimization for Quantitative Spectral Imaging of Breast Tumor Margins

A wavelength selection method that combines an inverse Monte Carlo model of reflectance and a genetic algorithm for global optimization was developed for the application of spectral imaging of breast tumor margins. The selection of wavelengths impacts system design in cost, size, and accuracy of tissue quantitation. The minimum number of wavelengths required for the accurate quantitation of tissue optical properties is 8, with diminishing gains for additional wavelengths. The resulting wavelength choices for the specific probe geometry used for the breast tumor margin spectral imaging application were tested in an independent pathology-confirmed ex vivo breast tissue data set and in tissue-mimicking phantoms. In breast tissue, the optical endpoints (hemoglobin, β-carotene, and scattering) that provide the contrast between normal and malignant tissue specimens are extracted with the optimized 8-wavelength set with <9% error compared to the full spectrum (450–600 nm). A multi-absorber liquid phantom study was also performed to show the improved extraction accuracy with optimization and without optimization. This technique for selecting wavelengths can be used for designing spectral imaging systems for other clinical applications.     

新辅助化疗配合手术治疗中晚期乳腺癌的临床效果分析

目的:观察新辅助化疗配合手术治疗中晚期乳腺癌的临床效果,为临床研究提供参考。方法:选取我院2009年5月-2011年4月收治的中晚期乳腺癌患者107例,根据治疗方法的不同,将患者分为新辅助化疗组和对照组。新辅助化疗组采取术前辅助化疗,而对照组术前不接受化疗。观察新辅助化疗组患者的近期临床疗效、毒副反应发生率;比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量等;术后随访三年,记录两组患者的肿瘤局部复发率及远处转移率。结果:新辅助化疗组患者治疗的总有效率为79.66%,毒副反应的发生率为33.89%;新辅助化疗组的平均手术时间、术中出血量均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。新辅助化疗组患者的局部复发率为5.08%,远处转移率为6.78%;对照组患者局部复发率为12.50%,远处转移率为18.75%。新辅助化疗组患者的肿瘤复发转移率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在中晚期乳腺癌的临床治疗中,术前对患者实施新辅助化疗具有明显的效果,患者近期疗效良好,毒副反应可耐受,且手术后的复发转移率相对较低,值得推广应用。     

Current Trends in and Indications for Endoscopy-Assisted Breast Surgery for Breast Cancer: Results from a Six-Year Study Conducted by the Taiwan Endoscopic Breast Surgery Cooperative Group

Background

Endoscopy-assisted breast surgery (EABS) performed through minimal axillary and/or periareolar incisions is a possible alternative to open surgery for certain patients with breast cancer. In this study, we report the early results of an EABS program in Taiwan.

Methods

The medical records of patients who underwent EABS for breast cancer during the period May 2009 to December 2014 were collected from the Taiwan Endoscopic Breast Surgery Cooperative Group database. Data on clinicopathologic characteristics, type of surgery, method of breast reconstruction, complications and recurrence were analyzed to determine the effectiveness and oncologic safety of EABS in Taiwan.

Results

A total of 315 EABS procedures were performed in 292 patients with breast cancer, including 23 (7.8%) patients with bilateral disease. The number of breast cancer patients who underwent EABS increased initially from 2009 to 2012 and then stabilized during the period 2012–2014. The most commonly performed EABS was endoscopy-assisted total mastectomy (EATM) (85.4%) followed by endoscopy-assisted partial mastectomy (EAPM) (14.6%). Approximately 74% of the EATM procedures involved breast reconstruction, with the most common types of reconstruction being implant insertion and autologous pedicled TRAM flap surgery. During the six-year study period, there was an increasing trend in the performance of EABS for the management of breast cancer when total mastectomy was indicated. The positive surgical margin rate was 1.9%. Overall, the rate of complications associated with EABS was 15.2% and all were minor and wound-related. During a median follow-up of 26.8 (3.3–68.6) months, there were 3 (1%) cases of local recurrence, 1 (0.3%) case of distant metastasis and 1 (0.3%) death.

Conclusion

The preliminary results from the EABS program in Taiwan show that EABS is a safe procedure and results in acceptable cosmetic outcome. These findings could help to promote this under-used surgical technique in the field of breast cancer.     

超声刀在乳腺癌手术教学中的应用体会

目前,超声刀因其手术效率高、术中创伤小、术后并发症少等优势已在乳腺外科手术中得到广泛使用。近几年来通过对超声刀在乳腺外科手术教学中的应用进行探索,我们发现超声刀在乳腺癌手术教学中的应用具有实践性、直观性的优势。借助超声刀行乳腺癌手术的临床教学方式可激发临床实习和见习学员学习的积极性,增强其对临床乳腺外科学习的兴趣。临床实习和见习学员在乳腺癌手术中学习并掌握超声刀的使用原理与操作方法可提高学员对乳腺外科手术的直观认识,有助于提高外科临床带教的效率和质量。本文结合超声刀在乳腺外科手术中的特点,重点分析了应用超声刀在乳腺癌手术教学中的主要优势与现存问题,对借助超声刀进行乳腺癌手术的教学进行了几点思考。     

Cloud-Based Service Information System for Evaluating Quality of Life after Breast Cancer Surgery

Objective

Although recent studies have improved understanding of quality of life (QOL) outcomes of breast conserving surgery, few have used longitudinal data for more than two time points, and few have examined predictors of QOL over two years. Additionally, the longitudinal data analyses in such studies rarely apply the appropriate statistical methodology to control for censoring and inter-correlations arising from repeated measures obtained from the same patient pool. This study evaluated an internet-based system for measuring longitudinal changes in QOL and developed a cloud-based system for managing patients after breast conserving surgery.

Methods

This prospective study analyzed 657 breast cancer patients treated at three tertiary academic hospitals. Related hospital personnel such as surgeons and other healthcare professionals were also interviewed to determine the requirements for an effective cloud-based system for surveying QOL in breast cancer patients. All patients completed the SF-36, Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and its supplementary breast cancer measure (QLQ-BR23) at baseline, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively. The 95% confidence intervals for differences in responsiveness estimates were derived by bootstrap estimation. Scores derived by these instruments were interpreted by generalized estimating equation before and after surgery.

Results

All breast cancer surgery patients had significantly improved QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 subscale scores throughout the 2-year follow-up period (p<0.05). During the study period, QOL generally had a negative association with advanced age, high Charlson comorbidity index score, tumor stage III or IV, previous chemotherapy, and long post-operative LOS. Conversely, QOL was positively associated with previous radiotherapy and hormone therapy. Additionally, patients with high scores for preoperative QOL tended to have high scores for QLQ-C30, QLQ-BR23 and SF-36 subscales. Based on the results of usability testing, the five constructs were rated on a Likert scale from 1–7 as follows: system usefulness (5.6±1.8), ease of use (5.6±1.5), information quality (5.4±1.4), interface quality (5.5±1.4), and overall satisfaction (5.5±1.6).

Conclusions

The current trend in clinical medicine is applying therapies and interventions that improve QOL. Therefore, a potentially vast amount of internet-based QOL data is available for use in defining patient populations that may benefit from therapeutic intervention. Additionally, before undergoing breast conserving surgery, patients should be advised that their postoperative QOL depends not only on the success of the surgery, but also on their preoperative functional status.