毕赤酵母表达重组人白细胞介素11的纯化与鉴定

报道了毕赤酵母表达人白细胞介素11的下游工艺研究,并对其产物进行了分析鉴定。所用工艺流程为离心收集上清、超滤浓缩脱盐、离子交换层析、疏水层析、凝胶过滤。所得产物经SDSPAGE电泳、RPHPLC分析、N端和C端序列分析、质谱、等电点分析和生物学活性分析,结果表明：产品纯度大于97%,结构和性质与E.coli融合表达的Neumega完全一致。     

Presep: Predicting the Propensity of a Protein Being Secreted into the Supernatant when Expressed in Pichia pastoris

Pichia pastoris is commonly used for the production of recombinant proteins due to its preferential secretion of recombinant proteins, resulting in lower production costs and increased yields of target proteins. However, not all recombinant proteins can be successfully secreted in P. pastoris. A computational method that predicts the likelihood of a protein being secreted into the supernatant would be of considerable value; however, to the best of our knowledge, no such tool has yet been developed. We present a machine-learning approach called Presep to assess the likelihood of a recombinant protein being secreted by P. pastoris based on its pseudo amino acid composition (PseAA). Using a 20-fold cross validation, Presep demonstrated a high degree of accuracy, with Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) and overall accuracy (Q2) scores of 0.78 and 95%, respectively. Computational results were validated experimentally, with six β-galactosidase genes expressed in P. pastoris strain GS115 to verify Presep model predictions. A strong correlation (R² = 0.967) was observed between Presep prediction secretion propensity and the experimental secretion percentage. Together, these results demonstrate the ability of the Presep model for predicting the secretion propensity of P. pastoris for a given protein. This model may serve as a valuable tool for determining the utility of P. pastoris as a host organism prior to initiating biological experiments. The Presep prediction tool can be freely downloaded at http://www.mobioinfor.cn/Presep.     

Identification and Functional Characterization of Glycosylation of Recombinant Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB in Pichia pastoris

Yeast Pichia pastoris is a widely used system for heterologous protein expression. However, post-translational modifications, especially glycosylation, usually impede pharmaceutical application of recombinant proteins because of unexpected alterations in protein structure and function. The aim of this study was to identify glycosylation sites on recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (rhPDGF-BB) secreted by P. pastoris, and investigate possible effects of O-linked glycans on PDGF-BB functional activity. PDGF-BB secreted by P. pastoris is very heterogeneous and contains multiple isoforms. We demonstrated that PDGF-BB was O-glycosylated during the secretion process and detected putative O-glycosylation sites using glycosylation staining and immunoblotting. By site-directed mutagenesis and high-resolution LC/MS analysis, we, for the first time, identified two threonine residues at the C-terminus as the major O-glycosylation sites on rhPDGF-BB produced in P. pastoris. Although O-glycosylation resulted in heterogeneous protein expression, the removal of glycosylation sites did not affect rhPDGF-BB mitogenic activity. In addition, the unglycosylated PDGF-BB^ΔGly mutant exhibited the immunogenicity comparable to that of the wild-type form. Furthermore, antiserum against PDGF-BB^ΔGly also recognized glycosylated PDGF-BB, indicating that protein immunogenicity was unaltered by glycosylation. These findings elucidate the effect of glycosylation on PDGF-BB structure and biological activity, and can potentially contribute to the design and production of homogeneously expressed unglycosylated or human-type glycosylated PDGF-BB in P. pastoris for pharmaceutical applications.     

毕赤酵母工程菌人hepcidin的纯化及部分铁代谢活性研究

采用摇瓶培养重组毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达并分泌重组人hepcidin至胞外,经等电沉淀,凝胶过滤纯化,电泳检测样品纯度,通过Western blot检测小鼠内皮细胞中hepcidin对GFP-FPN1及TfR1表达的影响.研究发现发酵hepcidin产量达150 mg/L,纯化后经Tricine-SDS-PAGE检测为单一条带,分子质量与理论质量一致,具有抗菌活性,转染内皮细胞证实重组hepcidin可影响内皮细胞GFP-FPN1及TfR1的表达,具有调节铁代谢活性,对研究hepcidin与铁代谢的相关分子吸收机制及药物开发应用奠定了基础,对潜在的医学诊断治疗具有重要意义.     

A Mutation within the Extended X Loop Abolished Substrate-induced ATPase Activity of the Human Liver ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter MDR3

The human multidrug resistance protein 3 (MDR3/ABCB4) belongs to the ubiquitous family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and is located in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. There it flops the phospholipids of the phosphatidylcholine (PC) family from the inner to the outer leaflet. Here, we report the characterization of wild type MDR3 and the Q1174E mutant, which was identified previously in a patient with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC-3). We expressed different variants of MDR3 in the yeast Pichia pastoris, purified the proteins via tandem affinity chromatography, and determined MDR3-specific ATPase activity in the presence or absence of phospholipids. The ATPase activity of wild type MDR3 was stimulated 2-fold by liver PC or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine lipids. Furthermore, the cross-linking of MDR3 with a thiol-reactive fluorophore blocked ATP hydrolysis and exhibited no PC stimulation. Similarly, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin lipids did not induce an increase of wild type MDR3 ATPase activity. The phosphate analogues beryllium fluoride and aluminum fluoride led to complete inhibition of ATPase activity, whereas orthovanadate inhibited exclusively the PC-stimulated ATPase activity of MDR3. The Q1174E mutation is located in the nucleotide-binding domain in direct proximity of the leucine of the ABC signature motif and extended the X loop, which is found in ABC exporters. Our data on the Q1174E mutant demonstrated basal ATPase activity, but PC lipids were incapable of stimulating ATPase activity highlighting the role of the extended X loop in the cross-talk of the nucleotide-binding domain and the transmembrane domain.     

Codon Optimization Significantly Improves the Expression Level of a Keratinase Gene in Pichia pastoris

The main keratinase (kerA) gene from the Bacillus licheniformis S90 was optimized by two codon optimization strategies and expressed in Pichia pastoris in order to improve the enzyme production compared to the preparations with the native kerA gene. The results showed that the corresponding mutations (synonymous codons) according to the codon bias in Pichia pastoris were successfully introduced into keratinase gene. The highest keratinase activity produced by P. pastoris pPICZαA-kerAwt, pPICZαA-kerAopti1 and pPICZαA-kerAopti2 was 195 U/ml, 324 U/ml and 293 U/ml respectively. In addition, there was no significant difference in biomass concentration, target gene copy numbers and relative mRNA expression levels of every positive strain. The molecular weight of keratinase secreted by recombinant P. pastori was approx. 39 kDa. It was optimally active at pH 7.5 and 50°C. The recombinant keratinase could efficiently degrade both α-keratin (keratin azure) and β-keratin (chicken feather meal). These properties make the P. pastoris pPICZαA-kerAopti1 a suitable candidate for industrial production of keratinases.     

Partial Optimization of the 5-Terminal Codon Increased a Recombination Porcine Pancreatic Lipase (opPPL) Expression in Pichia pastoris

Pancreatic lipase plays a key role in intestinal digestion of feed fat, and is often deficient in young animals such as weaning piglets. The objective of this study was to express and characterize a partial codon optimized porcine pancreatic lipase (opPPL). A 537 bp cDNA fragment encoding N-terminus amino acid residue of the mature porcine pancreatic lipase was synthesized according to the codon bias of Pichia pastoris and ligated to the full-length porcine pancreatic lipase cDNA fragment. The codon optimized PPL was cloned into the pPICZαA (Invitrogen, Beijing, China) vector. After the resultant opPPL/pPICZαΑ plasmid was transformed into P.pastoris, the over-expressed extracellular opPPL containing a His-tag to the C terminus was purified using Ni Sepharose affinity column (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA), and was characterized against the native enzyme (commercial PPL from porcine pancreas, Sigma). The opPPL exhibited a molecular mass of approximately 52 kDa, and showed optimal temperature (40°C), optimal pH (8.0), K_m (0.041 mM), and V_max (2.008 µmol.mg protein ⁻¹.min⁻¹) similar to those of the commercial enzyme with p-NPP as the substrate. The recombinant enzyme was stable at 60°C, but lost 80% (P<0.05) of its activity after exposure to heat ≥60°C for 20 min. The codon optimization increased opPPL yield for ca 4 folds (146 mg.L⁻¹ vs 36 mg.L⁻¹) and total enzyme activity increased about 5 folds (1900 IU.L⁻¹ vs 367 IU.L⁻¹) compared with those native naPPL/pPICZαΑ tranformant. Comparison of gene copies and mRNA profiles between the two strains indicated the increased rePPL yields may partly be ascribed to the increased protein translational efficiency after codon optimization. In conclusion, we successfully optimized 5-terminal of porcine pancreatic lipase encoding gene and over-expressed the gene in P. pastoris as an extracellular, functional enzyme. The recombination enzyme demonstrates a potential for future use as an animal feed additive for animal improvement.     

Development and Characterization of a Novel Fusion Protein of a Mutated Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Human Serum Albumin in Pichia pastoris

The purpose of the present work was to develop a novel, long-acting and potent human serum albumin/granulocyte colony stimulating factor (HSA/G-CSF) therapeutic fusion protein. The novel fusion protein, called HMG, was constructed by genetically fusing mutated human derived G-CSF (mG-CSF) to the C-terminal of HSA and then prepared in Pichia pastoris. The molecular mass of HMG was about 85 kDa and the isoelectric point was 5.3. Circular dichroism spectroscopy suggested that mG-CSF retained nearly all of its native secondary structure, regardless of fusion. The binding capabilities of mG-CSF moiety to G-CSF receptor and HSA moiety to warfarin showed very little change after fusing. The bioactivity of HMG (11.0×10⁶ IU/mg) was more than twice that of rHSA/G-CSF (4.6×10⁶ IU/mg). A mutation was made at the 718^th amino acid of HMG, substituting Ala for Thr, to investigate the glycosylation of HMG expressed in P. pastoris. Data indicated that HMG was modified at Thr718, speculatively with the addition of a mannose chain. In conclusion, a novel HSA/G-CSF fusion protein was successfully constructed based on a mutated G-CSF. This protein showed more potent bioactivity than rHSA/G-CSF and thus may be a suitable long-acting G-CSF.     

巴斯德毕赤酵母表达的突变型人白细胞介素-2的发酵条件与纯化研究

在以前的研究中,通过蛋白质工程技术获得了三突变体白细胞介素_2基因(编码125位半胱氨酸→丙氨酸;18位亮氨酸→蛋氨酸;19位亮氨酸→丝氨酸) ,并在毕赤酵母中加以表达。进一步优化表达条件,其最适诱导条件:80 %以上的通气,诱导2d ,初始pH60 ,甲醇终浓度为10%。在上述条件下表达量占菌体总蛋白的30%以上,大约200mg L。建立了一套从毕赤酵母表达上清中分离纯化分泌型表达蛋白IL_2的方法,经离心,超滤浓缩,强阳离子交换S柱和分子筛层析得到纯化的突变型和野生型IL-2 ;其得率为27% ,纯度达电泳纯并且HPLC检测只有一个峰。纯化的突变蛋白对CTLL-2细胞具有刺激性;与野生型IL-2相比,在各种温度条件下储存的突变蛋白保留有更高的活性;突变型IL-2的活力是野生型的4～5倍,具有更高的利用价值。     

A Dual-Mode Surface Display System for the Maturation and Production of Monoclonal Antibodies in Glyco-Engineered Pichia pastoris

State-of-the-art monoclonal antibody (mAb) discovery methods that utilize surface display techniques in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells require multiple steps of reformatting and switching of hosts to transition from display to expression. This results in a separation between antibody affinity maturation and full-length mAb production platforms. Here, we report for the first time, a method in Glyco-engineered Pichia pastoris that enables simultaneous surface display and secretion of full-length mAb molecules with human-like N-glycans using the same yeast cell. This paradigm takes advantage of homo-dimerization of the Fc portion of an IgG molecule to a surface-anchored "bait" Fc, which results in targeting functional “half” IgGs to the cell wall of Pichia pastoris without interfering with the secretion of full length mAb. We show the utility of this method in isolating high affinity, well-expressed anti-PCSK9 leads from a designed library that was created by mating yeasts containing either light chain or heavy chain IgG libraries. Coupled with Glyco-engineered Pichia pastoris , this method provides a powerful tool for the discovery and production of therapeutic human mAbs in the same host thus improving drug developability and potentially shortening the discovery time cycle.     

Human ABC transporter isoform B6 (ABCB6) localizes primarily in the Golgi apparatus

Human ATP-binding cassette transporter isoform B6 (ABCB6) has been proposed to be situated in both the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria. These inconsistent observations of submitochondrial localization have led to conflicting interpretation in view of directions of transport facilitated by ABCB6. We show here that ABCB6 has an N-terminal hydrophobic region of 220 residues that functions as a primary determinant of co-translational targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but it does not have any known features of a mitochondrial targeting sequence. We defined the potential role of this hydrophobic extension of ABCB6 by glycosylation site mapping experiments, and demonstrated that the first hydrophobic segment acts as a type I signal-anchor sequence, which mediates N-terminal translocation through the ER membrane. Laser scanning microscopic observation revealed that ABCB6 did not co-localize with mitochondrial staining. Rather, it localized in the ER-derived and brefeldin A-sensitive perinuclear compartments, mainly in the Golgi apparatus.     

毕赤酵母发酵液的脱色和重组水蛭素的分离

用毕赤酵母表达重组水蛭素的发酵液中含有大量色素和一些杂蛋白。本文对发酵上清的脱色和重组水蛭素的分离进行了探讨。鉴于水蛭素的稳定性 ,用加热法预处理发酵上清取得了满意的效果。对离子交换、疏水层析、凝胶过滤、羟基磷灰石吸附层析以及它们的优化组合进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,阳离子交换层析、凝胶过滤和阴离子交换层析的组合对发酵上清的脱色和重组水蛭素的分离是有效的。     

人血清白蛋白-睫状神经营养因子突变体融合蛋白基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及表达产物的纯化和活性鉴定

为了延长人睫状神经营养因子突变体的体内半衰期 ,将人血清白蛋白 (HAS)的C 末端和人睫状神经营养因子突变体AX15 (R13K)的N 末端通过一个 11个氨基酸的连接肽融合在一起 ,构建了融合蛋白HAS-AX15 (R13K)。HAS-AX15 (R13K)融合蛋白基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中进行表达后通过阳离子交换层析、反向层析和凝胶过滤对表达产物进行了分离纯化。体外TF 1细胞存活实验表明与HAS融合并未影响AX15 (R13K)的生物学活性。体内动物实验表明HAS-AX15 (R13K)融合蛋白的疗效比AX15 (R13K)更为持久 :每 3天注射一次 4 8mg/kg的HAS-AX15 (R13K)融合蛋白的治疗效果优于每天注射一次 1 6mg/kg的AX15 (R13K)的治疗效果。HAS-AX15(R13K)融合蛋白不但可以减少用药次数 ,提高病人的顺应性 ,而且还可以减少用药量和血药浓度的波动 ,从而降低副反应 ,在临床应用上具有一定的优势。     

Pharmacokinetic Resistance to Imatinib Mesylate: Role of the ABC Drug Pumps ABCG2 (BCRP) and ABCB1 (MDR1) in the Oral Bioavailability of Imatinib

Imatinib mesylate is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is successfully used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemias and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. The drug is taken orally on a daily basis in order to suppress tumour growth. Unfortunately, the vast majority of patients will eventually progress while on therapy. It is generally thought that this acquired unresponsiveness is due to gene amplification or somatic mutations in the drug’s target genes. However, we have now evidence, based on several in vitro and in vivo observations suggesting that pharmacokinetic resistance may also play a definitive role in the ultimate resistance of patients on chronic imatinib. Our findings may have serious implications for the chronic imatinib treatment of cancer patients.     

重组人MBD4蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及活性分析

为获得重组人MBD4蛋白,将编码MBD4的开放式阅读框（ORF）插入原核表达载体pGEX6P1 GST基因下游的多克隆位点（MCS）.将获得的表达质粒转化入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) 菌株扩大培养并用IPTG诱导融合蛋白的表达.用谷胱甘肽琼脂糖凝胶 4B亲和介质从菌体裂解液中纯化了GST-MBD4融合蛋白.经过Prescision protease专一性裂解成功去除了融合蛋白上的GST标签.通过Mono Q阴离子交换层析获得了纯度达94%以上的MBD4蛋白,该蛋白具有甲基化DNA结合和糖苷酶生物活性.     

重组hIL-10质粒构建及其在毕赤酵母SMD1168中的表达和纯化

构建重组hIL-10真核表达载体,探索在毕赤酵母中的表达,为进一步研究hIL-10生物学功能及临床应用奠定基础。PCR扩增目的基因hIL-10cDNA,经EcoRI/XbaI双酶切后,将其亚克隆至同样双酶切的载体pPICZaA中,构建表达质粒pPICZaA-hIL-10;电转化法,将其转入毕赤酵母SMD1168,甲醇诱导Mut+型转化子基因表达;对目的蛋白进行检测及纯化。扩增出了目的基因hIL-10cDNA,重组质粒pPICZaA-hIL-10经酶切鉴定和序列测定正确;表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析在42.0kD处可见较浓染条带,Westernblotting分析可见特异条带;ELISA检测72h上清液中目的蛋白浓度可达1.973mg/L;纯化后目的蛋白纯度达67.0%。实现了重组hIL-10在毕赤酵母SMD1168中的成功表达和初步纯化。     

Targeting, import, and dimerization of a mammalian mitochondrial ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter, ABCB10 (ABC-me)

ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a diverse superfamily of energy-dependent membrane translocases. Although responsible for the majority of transmembrane transport in bacteria, they are relatively uncommon in eukaryotic mitochondria. Organellar trafficking and import, in addition to quaternary structure assembly, of mitochondrial ABC transporters is poorly understood and may offer explanations for the paucity of their diversity. Here we examine these processes in ABCB10 (ABC-me), a mitochondrial inner membrane erythroid transporter involved in heme biosynthesis. We report that ABCB10 possesses an unusually long 105-amino acid mitochondrial targeting presequence (mTP). The central subdomain of the mTP (amino acids (aa) 36-70) is sufficient for mitochondrial import of enhanced green fluorescent protein. The N-terminal subdomain (aa 1-35) of the mTP, although not necessary for the trafficking of ABCB10 to mitochondria, participates in the proper import of the molecule into the inner membrane. We performed a series of amino acid mutations aimed at changing specific properties of the mTP. The mTP requires neither arginine residues nor predictable alpha-helices for efficient mitochondrial targeting. Disruption of its hydrophobic character by the mutation L46Q/I47Q, however, greatly diminishes its efficacy. This mutation can be rescued by cryptic downstream (aa 106-715) mitochondrial targeting signals, highlighting the redundancy of this protein's targeting qualities. Mass spectrometry analysis of chemically cross-linked, immunoprecipitated ABCB10 indicates that ABCB10 embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane homodimerizes and homo-oligomerizes. A deletion mutant of ABCB10 that lacks its mTP efficiently targets to the endoplasmic reticulum. Quaternary structure assembly of ABCB10 in the ER appears to be similar to that in the mitochondria.