Lack of Association between Methionine Synthase A2756G Polymorphism and Digestive System Cancer Risk: Evidence from 39327 Subjects

Background

Polymorphisms in genes involved in the metabolism of folate and methyl groups have been implicated with risk of digestive system cancer. Methionine synthase (MTR) plays a central role in folate metabolism, thereby affecting DNA methylation. The association between A2756G polymorphism (rs1805087) in MTR and digestive system cancer susceptibility was inconsistent in previous studies. To investigate this inconsistency, we performed this meta-analysis.

Methods

Databases including Pubmed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched to find relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. Potential sources of heterogeneity were also assessed by subgroup analysis and meta-regression.

Results

A total of 29 articles with 15,368 patients and 23,959 controls were included. We found no association between MTR A2756G polymorphism and digestive system cancer in overall population (G allele: OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.98–1.09, P = 0.25; dominant model: OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.97–1.10, P = 0.33; recessive model: OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.89–1.17, P = 0.79). In the stratified analyses according to cancer type, sample size and genotyping method, no evidence of any gene-disease association was obtained in almost all genetic models. However, marginal significant associations were found for East Asians and hospital-based studies.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis suggests that there is no significant association between the MTR A2756G polymorphism and digestive system cancer risk.     

Legume Consumption and Colorectal Adenoma Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Background

The anticancer effects of legumes have been explored extensively, but evidence from epidemiologic studies on colorectal adenoma is controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to assess these issues.

Methods

A systemic search of several databases was conducted for relevant studies evaluating the relationship between legume intake and adenoma risk, with no language restriction, from January 1, 1966, to April 1, 2013.

Results

Three cohort and eleven case control studies with 8,380 cases and a total of 101,856 participants were included in the analysis; the pooled odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the highest vs. lowest consumption categories was 0.83 (0.75–0.93), with moderate level of heterogeneity (I ² = 25.9% and P = 0.146) based on a random effects model. A decreased risk of adenoma was also observed in most of our subgroup meta-analyses.

Conclusions

Higher intake of legumes significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenoma in our meta-analysis. Nevertheless, due to possible confounders and bias, further investigations are warranted to confirm this relationship.     

Thymidylate Synthase Polymorphism and Microsatellite Instability: Association in Colorectal Cancer

5‐Fluorouracil (5FU) is the main drug used for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and Thymidilate Synthase (TS) is its target enzyme. TS gene has regulatory tandemly repeated sequences in its 5′ and 3′untraslated region (5′–3′ UTR). CRC often shows a kind of genomic instability called Microsatellite Instability (MSI) that is associated with TS levels and survival. Our data show that the genotype 2R/2R (homozygosity for 2 tandem repeat sequences in the 5′UTR) is more frequently associated with MSI + and lower TS levels. More over we did not find any significant association between the 2R/3R (heterozygosity for 2 and 3 tandem repeat sequences in the 5′UTR) and 3R/3R (homozygosity for 3 tandem repeat sequences in the 5′ UTR) genotypes with the MSI + and MSI ?, while these genotypes were associated with a higher TS expression. As a consequence we can hypothesise that patients bearing CRC with the MSI +, the 2R/2R genotype and with low TS levels could have a better prognosis and they could not be drug resistant.     

Association between MCP-1 -2518A/G Polymorphism and Cancer Risk: Evidence from 19 Case-Control Studies

Background

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may affect the development of diseases. The -2518A/G polymorphism in the regulatory region of the monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) gene has been reported to be associated with cancer risk. However, the results of previous studies were inconsistent. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to obtain a more precise estimation of the relationship between the -2518A/G polymorphism and cancer risk.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We performed a meta-analysis, including 4,162 cases and 5,173 controls, to evaluate the strength of the association between the −2518A/G polymorphism and cancer risk. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. Overall, the results indicated that the −2518A/G polymorphism was not statistically associated with cancer risk. However, sub-group analysis revealed that individuals with GG genotypes showed an increased risk of cancer in digestive system compared with carriers of the A allele (GG vs. AA: OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.05–1.96, P_{heterogeneity} = 0.08; GG vs. AG/AA: OR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.02–1.64, P_{heterogeneity} = 0.14). In addition, the increased risk of GG genotype was also observed in Caucasians (GG vs. AG/AA: OR = 1.81, 95%CI = 1.10–2.96, P_{heterogeneity} = 0.02).

Conclusion

This meta-analysis suggests that the MCP-1 −2518A/G polymorphism may have some relation to digestive system cancer susceptibility or cancer development in Caucasian. Large-scale and well-designed case-control studies are needed to validate the findings.     

Dietary Methionine Intake and Risk of Incident Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 8 Prospective Studies Involving 431,029 Participants

Background

Methionine is one of the key components of one carbon metabolism. Experimental studies indicate that methionine may reduce inflammation-induced colon cancer. However, epidemiologic findings as to whether dietary methionine intake influences colorectal cancer incidence in humans are inconsistent.

Objective

To investigate the relationship between dietary methionine intake and risk of colorectal cancer by performing a meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Methods

Eligible studies were identified by searching PubMed and Embase and by reviewing the bibliographies of the retrieved publications. The summary risk estimates were computed using both a random- effects and a fixed-effects model.

Results

Eight eligible prospective cohort studies involving 431,029 participants and 6,331 colorectal cancer cases were identified. According to the random-effects model, the summary relative risks (RRs) for the highest compared with the lowest intake of methionine were 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77-1.03) for colorectal cancer, 0.77 (95% CI = 0.64 - 0.92) for colon cancer, and 0.88 (95% CI = 0.55-1.42) for rectal cancer. In the stratified analysis, a significant inverse association between dietary methionine intake and risk of colorectal cancer was observed in studies with longer follow-up time (RR=0.81, 95% CI= 0.70- 0.95), in Western studies (RR= 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73 - 0.95) and in men (RR = 0.75, 95% CI= 0.57-0.99). We found no indication of publication bias.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis indicates that dietary methionine intake may be associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer, especially colon cancer. More prospective studies with long follow-up time are needed to confirm these findings.     

Methionine synthase A2756G polymorphism and breast cancer risk: An up-to-date meta-analysis

The methionine synthase (MTR) gene polymorphism A2756G has been linked to the risk of developing breast cancer, but the available results were inconsistent and underpowered. To derive a more precise estimation of the association between A2756G and breast cancer risk, an updated meta-analysis of 16 available studies with 9866 cases and 11,702 controls estimating the association between MTR A2756G and breast cancer risk was conducted. The quality of these studies was generally good except 2 studies with a lowest score 4 according to the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). The results suggested that there is no significant association between A2756G and breast cancer risk in overall results. In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, source of controls (population or hospital-based), Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in controls, sample size (≥ 1000 and < 1000 subjects), and menopausal status, the 2756G allele was associated with a decreased risk in Caucasians, PB (population-based) subgroup, and large studies. But the associations disappeared after removing the studies not in HWE. On the contrary, an increased risk was found in small studies. In conclusion, the findings suggest that MTR A2756G polymorphism is not associated with altered susceptibility to breast cancer, while the observed decreased risk in Caucasians, PB subgroup, and large studies and increased risk in small studies may be due to selection bias or other unknown factors.     

Obesity and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies

Background

Mounting evidence indicates that obesity may be associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). To conduct a systematic review of prospective studies assessing the association of obesity with the risk of CRC using meta-analysis.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Relevant studies were identified by a search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases before January 2012, with no restrictions. We also reviewed reference lists from retrieved articles. We included prospective studies that reported relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between general obesity [measured using body mass index (BMI)] or central obesity [measured using waist circumference (WC)] and the risk of colorectal, colon, or rectal cancer. Approximately 9, 000, 000 participants from several countries were included in this analysis. 41 studies on general obesity and 13 studies on central obesity were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RRs of CRC for the obese vs. normal category of BMI were 1.334 (95% CI, 1.253–1.420), and the highest vs. lowest category of WC were 1.455 (95% CI, 1.327–1.596). There was heterogeneity among studies of BMI (P<0.001) but not among studies of WC (P = 0.323).

Conclusions

Both of general and central obesity were positively associated with the risk of CRC in this meta-analysis.     

Polymorphism of the Thymidylate Synthase Gene and Thymidylate Synthase Levels in Colon Cancer Cell Lines and Different Tissues of Colorectal Cancer Patients

In a panel of 18 colon cancer cell lines we found that the thymidylate synthase (TS) genotype was related to TS enzyme activity, but not to TS protein and mRNA levels. In addition, no relation with drug sensitivity was observed. TS genotyping of different tissues from 78 colorectal cancer patients revealed a high level of homology in polymorphic status between normal and malignant tissues and the heterozygous genotype to be the most frequent.     

Association between the PARP1 Val762Ala Polymorphism and Cancer Risk: Evidence from 43 Studies

Background

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) plays critical roles in the detection and repair of damaged DNA, as well as cell proliferation and death. Numerous studies have examined the associations between PARP1 Val762Ala (rs1136410 T>C) polymorphism and cancer susceptibility; nevertheless, the findings from different research groups remain controversial.

Methods

We searched literatures from MEDLINE, EMBASE and CBM pertaining to such associations, and then calculated pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) by using random-effects model. The false-positive report probability (FPRP) analysis was used to confirm the validity of significant findings. Moreover, potential effects of rs1136410 variants on PARP1 mRNA expression were analyzed for three ethnicities by combining data from HapMap (genotype) and SNPexp (mRNA expression).

Results

The final meta-analysis incorporated 43 studies, consisting of 17,351 cases and 22,401 controls. Overall, our results did not suggest significant associations between Ala variant (Ala/Ala or Ala/Val genotype) and cancer risk. However, further stratification analysis showed significantly increased risk for gastric cancer (Ala/Ala vs. Val/Val: OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.01–2.42, Ala/Val vs. Val/Val: OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.14–1.58, dominant model: OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.21–1.65 and Ala vs. Val: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.07–1.55). On the contrary, decreased risk for brain tumor (Ala/Val vs. Val/Val: OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.68–0.87, dominant model: OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.68–0.87 and Ala vs. Val: OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.74–0.91). Additionally, we found that the Ala carriers had a significantly increased risk in all models for Asians. Our mRNA expression data provided further biological evidence to consolidate this finding.

Conclusions

Despite some limitations, this meta-analysis found evidence for an association between the PAPR1 Val762Ala and cancer susceptibility within gastric cancer, brain tumor and Asian subgroups.     

The CXCL12 G801A Polymorphism Is Associated with Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis

Background

CXCL12 is a small chemotactic cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family expressed in various organs. It contributes to the migration, invasion and angiogenesis of cancer cells. Recently, the CXCL12 G801A polymorphism was shown to be associated with an increased risk of various kinds of cancers, but the results were too inconsistent to be conclusive.

Methods

To solve the problem of inadequate statistical power and conflicting results, a meta-analysis of published case-control studies was performed, including 4,435 cancer cases and 6,898 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to determine the strength of association between CXCL12 G801A polymorphism and cancer risk.

Results

A significant association between CXCL12 G801A polymorphism and cancer risk was found under all genetic models. Further, subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity suggested a significant association between CXCL12 G801A polymorphism and cancer risk in the Asian subgroup under all genetic models. However, in the Caucasian subgroup, a significant association was only found under an additive genetic model and a dominant genetic model. The analysis stratified by cancer type found that CXCL12 G801A polymorphism may increase the risk of breast cancer, lung cancer, and “other” cancers. Based on subgroup stratified by source of controls, a significant association was observed in hospital-based studies under all genetic models.

Conclusions

The CXCL12 G801A polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of cancer based on current published data. In the future, large-scale well-designed studies with more information are needed to better estimate possible gene-gene or gene-environment interactions.     

Association between MLH1 -93G>A Polymorphism and Risk of Colorectal Cancer

Background

The -93G>A (rs1800734) polymorphism located in the promoter of mismatch repair gene, MLH1, has been identified as a low-penetrance variant for cancer risk. Many published studies have evaluated the association between the MLH1 -93G>A polymorphism and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, the results remain conflicting rather than conclusive.

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the association between the MLH1 -93G>A polymorphism and the risk of CRC.

Methods

To derive a more precise estimation of the association, a meta-analysis of six studies (17,791 cases and 13,782 controls) was performed. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the strength of the association. Four of these published studies were performed on subjects of known microsatellite instability (MSI) status. An additional analysis including 742 cases and 10,895 controls was used to assess the association between the MLH1 -93G>A polymorphism and the risk of MSI-CRC.

Results

The overall results indicated that the variant genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of CRC (AG versus GG: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.01–1.11; AA/AG versus GG: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.01–1.11). This increased risk was also found during stratified analysis of MSI status (AA versus GG: OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.94–3.28; AG versus GG: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10–1.52; AA/AG versus GG: OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.24–1.68; AA versus AG/GG: OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.78–2.96). Egger’s test did not show any evidence of publication bias.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the MLH1 -93G>A polymorphism may contribute to individual susceptibility to CRC and act as a risk factor for MSI-CRC.     

Meta-Analysis of Cytochrome P-450 2C9 Polymorphism and Colorectal Cancer Risk

Background

CYP2C9 encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes which play a central role in activating and detoxifying many carcinogens and endogenous compounds thought to be involved in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). In the past decade, the relationship between CYP2C9 common polymorphisms (R144C and I359L) and CRC has been reported in various ethnic groups; however, these studies have yielded contradictory results. To investigate this inconsistency, we performed this meta-analysis.

Methods

Databases including Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched to find relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association.

Results

A total of 13 articles involving 9,463 cases and 11,416 controls were included. Overall, the summary odds ratio of CRC was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.89−1.06) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.87−1.14) for CYP2C9 144C and 359L alleles, respectively. No significant results were observed using dominant or recessive genetic model for these polymorphisms. In the stratified analyses according to ethnicity and sex, no evidence of any gene-disease association was obtained.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis suggests that the CYP2C9 may not be associated with colorectal cancer development.     

Quantitative Assessment of the Association Between MS Gene Polymorphism and Colorectal Cancer Risk

Accumulating genetic association studies have investigated the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in relation to MS gene polymorphism with uncertain conclusions. In the current study, we sought to assess the association between MS gene and CRC. We performed an updated meta-analysis including 18 case-control studies with a total of 10, 303 CRC patients and 15, 389 CRC-free controls to estimate the strength of the association using odds ratios with the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals. Overall, no CRC risk associated with the genotypes of MS gene polymorphism was indicated in our meta-analysis. Similarly, the stratified analysis according to ethnicity and control source did not show any evident association either. The results of our updated meta-analysis suggest that MS gene polymorphism may not serve as a biomarker for the CRC risk. Future large-scale and well-designed studies are required to clarify the association identified in the present meta-analysis.     

Alcohol Consumption-Related Metabolites in Relation to Colorectal Cancer and Adenoma: Two Case-Control Studies Using Serum Biomarkers

Alcohol is a known carcinogen that may be associated with colorectal cancer. However, most epidemiologic studies assess alcoholic beverage consumption using self-reported data, leading to potential exposure misclassification. Biomarkers of alcohol consumption may provide an alternative, complementary approach that reduces misclassification and incorporates individual differences in alcohol metabolism. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between previously identified alcohol consumption-related metabolites and colorectal cancer and adenoma using serum metabolomics data from two studies. Data on colorectal cancer were obtained from a nested case-control study of 502 US adults (252 cases, 250 controls) within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Data on colorectal adenoma were obtained from a case-control study of 197 US adults (120 cases, 77 controls) from the Navy Colon Adenoma Study. Unconditional multivariable logistic regression models were fit to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for eight alcohol consumption-related metabolites identified in a previous analysis: ethyl glucuronide; 4-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate 1; 5-alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate; 16-hydroxypalmitate; bilirubin (E,Z or Z,E); cyclo (-leu-pro); dihomo-linoleate (20:2n6); and palmitoleate (16:1n7). We found no clear association between these alcohol consumption-related metabolites and either endpoint. However, we did observe an inverse association between cyclo (-leu-pro) and colorectal adenoma that was only observed in the highest metabolite quantile (OR _{4th vs. 1st Quantile} = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12–0.78; P-trend = 0.047), but no association for colorectal cancer. In conclusion, there were no adverse associations between alcohol consumption-related metabolites and colorectal cancer or adenoma.     

Hsa-miR-499 rs3746444 Polymorphism Contributes to Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of 12 Studies

Background

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) occurred in pre-microRNAs or targets of microRNAs (miRs) may contribute to cancer risks. Since 2007, many studies have investigated the association between common SNPs located on hsa-miR-499 (rs3746444) and cancer risks; however, the results were inconclusive.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We conducted a meta-analysis of 12 studies that included 5765 cases and 7076 controls to identify the strength of association. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to assess the strength of association. Overall, individuals with the variant AG (OR = 1.215, 95% CI: 1.027, 1.437; P_{heterogeneity}<0.01) and AG/GG (OR = 1.227, 95% CI: 1.046, 1.439; P_{heterogeneity}<0.01) genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer than those with wild AA genotype. Sub-group analysis revealed that the variant AG (OR = 1.411, 95% CI: 1.142, 1.745; P_{heterogeneity} = 0.01) and AG/GG (OR = 1.413, 95% CI: 1.163, 1.717, P_{heterogeneity} = 0.01) genotypes still showed an increased risk of cancer in Asians; however, a trend of reduced risk of cancer was observed in Caucasians (AG vs. AA: OR = 0.948, 955 CI: 0.851, 1.057, P_{heterogeneity} = 0.12; AG/GG vs. AA: OR = 0.959, 95% CI: 0.865, 1.064; P_{heterogeneity} = 0.19). Meta-regression showed that ethnicity (p = 0.048) and sample size (p = 0.02) but not cancer types (p = 0.89) or source of control (p = 0.97) were the sources of heterogeneity.

Conclusions

These meta-analysis results suggest that hsa-miR-499 polymorphism rs3746444 is associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer, especially in Asian populations.     

The 677C>T (rs1801133) Polymorphism in the MTHFR Gene Contributes to Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis Based on 71 Research Studies

Background

The 677C>T polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene is considered to have a significant effect on colorectal cancer susceptibility, but the results are inconsistent. In order to investigate the association between the MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer, a meta-analysis was held based on 71 published studies.

Methods

Eligible studies were identified through searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature database (CBM) and CNKI database. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association. The statistical heterogeneity across studies was examined with x²-based Q-test. Begg''s and Egger''s test were also carried out to evaluate publication bias. Sensitive and subgroup analysis were also held in this meta-analysis.

Results

Overall, 71 publications including 31,572 cases and 44,066 controls were identified. The MTHFR 677 C>T variant genotypes are significantly associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, significantly increased risks were also found among Caucasians for CC vs TT (OR = 1.076; 95%CI =  1.008–1.150; I² = 52.3%), CT vs TT (OR = 1.102; 95%CI = 1.032–1.177; I² = 51.4%) and dominant model (OR = 1.086; 95%CI = 1.021–1.156; I² = 53.6%). Asians for CC vs TT (OR  = 1.226; 95%CI  = 1.116–1.346; I²  = 55.3%), CT vs TT (OR  = 1.180; 95%CI  = 1.079–1.291; I²  = 36.2%), recessive (OR  = 1.069; 95%CI  = 1.003-1.140; I²  = 30.9%) and dominant model (OR  = 1.198; 95%CI  = 1.101-1.303; I²  = 52.4%), and Mixed populations for CT vs TT (OR  = 1.142; 95%CI  = 1.005-1.296; I²  = 0.0%). However, no associations were found in Africans for all genetic models.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis suggests that the MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism increases the risk for developing colorectal cancer, while there is no association among Africans found in subgroup analysis by ethnicity.     

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene G894T Polymorphism and Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis of 34 Studies Involving 21068 Subjects

Background

Researches have revealed that the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene G894T polymorphism is associated with the risk of Myocardial infarction (MI), but the results remain conflicting.

Objective and Methods

A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the association between eNOS G894T polymorphism and MI. Published studies from PubMed, Embase, CNKI and CBM databases were retrieved. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) for the association between eNOS G894T polymorphism and MI and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using the random- or fixed- effect model.

Results

A total of 34 studies including 8229 cases and 12839 controls were identified for the meta-analysis. The eNOS G894T polymorphism was significantly associated with MI under a homozygous genetic model (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.08–1.84; P = 0.012), a recessive genetic model (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.06–1.70; P = 0.014), a dominant genetic model (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.04–1.34; P = 0.009). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity (non-Asian and Asian), no significant association was observed between eNOS G894T polymorphism and MI risk among non-Asians (P>0.05), but a positive significant association was found among Asians (P<0.05).

Conclusions

The eNOS G894T polymorphism is associated with increased MI risk in Asians. The results indicate that ethnicity plays important roles in the association between eNOS G894T polymorphism and MI.     

Age at Menarche and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Various observational studies have focused on the relationship between menarcheal age and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the association is still controversial because of inconsistent results. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to assess this issue from epidemiological studies.

Methods

After a literature search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies of menarcheal age and CRC risk published through the end of January 2013, we pooled the relative risks (RRs) from included studies using a fixed- or random-effects model and performed heterogeneity and publication bias analyses. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results

Eleven case-control and 11 cohort studies were eligible for inclusion in our analysis. The random-effects pooled RR for oldest versus youngest menarcheal age was 0.95 [95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 0.85–1.06], with significant heterogeneity (Q = 61.03, P<0.001, I ² = 65.6%). When separately analyzed, case-control (RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.75–1.21) and cohort studies (RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.90–1.04) yielded similar results. Moreover, similar results were also observed among the subgroup analyses by study quality, population, exposure assessment, anatomic cancer site, subsite of colon cancer, and several potential important confounders and risk factors. There was no evidence of publication bias and significant heterogeneity between subgroups detected by meta-regression analyses.

Conclusions

Findings from this meta-analysis demonstrated that menarcheal age was not associated with the risk of CRC in humans. Further studies are warranted to stratify results by the subsite of colon cancer and menopause status in the future.     

Quantitative Assessment of the Influence of Cytochrome P450 1A2 Gene Polymorphism and Colorectal Cancer Risk

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes, which play a central role in activating and detoxifying many carcinogens and endogenous compounds thought to be involved in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The CYP1A2*C (rs2069514) and CYP1A2*F (rs762551) polymorphism are two of the most commonly studied polymorphisms of the gene for their association with risk of CRC, but the results are conflicting. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship between CYP1A2 and genetic risk of CRC, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis which included 7088 cases and 7568 controls from 12 published case-control studies. In a combined analysis, the summary per-allele odds ratio for CRC was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83–1.00, P = 0.04), and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.68–1.22, P = 0.53), for CYP1A2 *F and *C allele, respectively. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significant associations were found in Asians for CYP1A2*F and CYP1A2*C, while no significant associations were detected among Caucasian populations. Similar results were also observed using dominant genetic model. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. No significant heterogeneity was detected in most of comparisons. This meta-analysis suggests that the CYP1A2 *F and *C polymorphism is a protective factor against CRC among Asians.     

Tumor Necrosis Factor-A Polymorphisms and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis

Background and Objectives

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) was related to inflammation and involved in the development of colorectal cancer. Polymorphisms located in TNF-a promoter region, such as 308G/A and 238G/A, could affect the risk of various types of cancer by regulating TNF-a production. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to investigate the association between common polymorphisms of TNF-a promoter region and colorectal cancer susceptibility.

Methods

Searching of several databases was performed for all publications on the association between TNF-a polymorphisms and colorectal cancer. Summary odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. Stratified analyses based on ethnicity and control population source were also conducted.

Results

Overall, TNF-a 308A polymorphism showed a significant association with increased risk of colorectal cancer in worldwide populations under homozygote comparison [AA vs. GG, OR (95% CI) = 1.46 (1.07–1.97)] other than heterozygote comparison [AG vs. GG, OR (95% CI) = 1.05 (0.93–1.19)]. TNF-a 238A was not associated with colorectal cancer risk under homozygote or heterozygote comparisons. In stratified analysis, significant association was observed only in Western populations [AA vs. GG, OR (95% CI) = 1.39 (1.01–1.91)] other than in Eastern populations under homozygote comparison. No significant difference was observed between population-based subgroup and hospital-based subgroup.

Conclusions

TNF-a 308A was moderately associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in Western populations, and TNF-a 238A polymorphism was not significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk.