The Roles of Magnesium in Biotechnology

Abstract

This review highlights the important roles played by magnesium in the growth and metabolic functions of microbial and animal cells, and therefore assigns a key role for magnesium ions in biotechnology. The fundamental biochemical and physiological actions of magnesium as a regulatory cation are outlined. Such actions are deemed to be relevant in an applied sense, because Mg²⁺ availability in cell culture and fermentation media can dramatically influence growth and metabolism of cells. Manipulation of extracellular and intracellular magnesium ions can thus be envisaged as a relatively simplistic, but nevertheless versatile, means of physiological cell engineering. In addition, biological antagonism between calcium and magnesium at the molecular level may have profound consequences for the optimization of biotechnological processes that exploit cells. In fermentation, for example, it is argued that the efficiency of microbial conversion of substrate to product may be improved by altering Mg:Ca concentration ratios in industrial feedstocks in a way that makes more magnesium available to the cells. With particular respect to yeast-based biotechnologies, magnesium availability is seen as being crucially important in governing central pathways of carbohydrate catabolism, especially ethanolic fermentation. It is proposed that such influences of magnesium ions are expressed at the combined levels of key enzyme activation and cell membrane stabilization. The former ensures optimum flow of substrate to ethanol and the latter acts to protect yeasts from physical and chemical stress.     

The Roles of Phytoestrogens in Primate Ecology and Evolution

Most primates depend heavily on plant foods; thus their chemical composition is key to understanding primate ecology and evolution. One class of plant compounds of strong current interest are phytoestrogens, which have the potential to alter fertility, fecundity, and survival. These plant compounds mimic the activity of vertebrate estrogens, resulting in altered physiology and behavior. Here, we review what is known about phytoestrogens from an ecological and evolutionary perspective. Much of what is known about the effects of phytoestrogens on the endocrine system comes from research on human foods, especially soybeans (Glycine max). Two opposing perspectives have resulted from this research: 1) phytoestrogens provide health benefits, such as cancer prevention, or 2) phytoestrogens act as endocrine disruptors and threaten reproductive health. Studies of wild primates have only recently begun examining the presence of estrogenic plants in the primate diet and the effects of their consumption. Evidence that a number of primate species eat plants containing phytoestrogens and research documenting behavioral and hormonal effects of estrogenic plant consumption for red colobus monkeys (Procolobus rufomitratus) augment captive and laboratory studies to suggest that these compounds promote differential survival and reproduction. Although much debate is currently taking place over the role of phytoestrogens and other endocrine disruptors in human health issues and in threatening biodiversity, we argue that an ecological and evolutionary approach is needed to reach appropriate conclusions.     

Sirtuins家族在DNA损伤修复中的作用

Sirtuins家族蛋白是一类依赖NAD的去乙酰化酶,属于第Ш类去乙酰化酶(HDACs),哺乳动物Sirtuins家族成员共有7个(SIRT1-7),其主要具有去乙酰化酶的活性,可以使多种蛋白发生去乙酰化,进而参与DNA的损伤修复、基因的转录调控、细胞凋亡、代谢及衰老等诸多生物进程。本文主要对Sirtuins家族在DNA损伤修复中的作用及其相关机制进行阐述。     

The Roles of Entropy and Kinetics in Structure Prediction

Background

Here we continue our efforts to use methods developed in the folding mechanism community to both better understand and improve structure prediction. Our previous work demonstrated that Rosetta''s coarse-grained potentials may actually impede accurate structure prediction at full-atom resolution. Based on this work we postulated that it may be time to work completely at full-atom resolution but that doing so may require more careful attention to the kinetics of convergence.

Methodology/Principal Findings

To explore the possibility of working entirely at full-atom resolution, we apply enhanced sampling algorithms and the free energy theory developed in the folding mechanism community to full-atom protein structure prediction with the prominent Rosetta package. We find that Rosetta''s full-atom scoring function is indeed able to recognize diverse protein native states and that there is a strong correlation between score and Cα RMSD to the native state. However, we also show that there is a huge entropic barrier to folding under this potential and the kinetics of folding are extremely slow. We then exploit this new understanding to suggest ways to improve structure prediction.

Conclusions/Significance

Based on this work we hypothesize that structure prediction may be improved by taking a more physical approach, i.e. considering the nature of the model thermodynamics and kinetics which result from structure prediction simulations.     

The Roles of Auxins and Cytokinins in Mycorrhizal Symbioses

Abstract Most land plant species that have been examined exist naturally with a higher fungus living in and around their roots in a symbiotic partnership called a mycorrhiza. Several types of mycorrhizal symbiosis exist, defined by the host/partner combination and the morphology of the symbiotic structures. The arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is ancient and may have co-evolved with land plants. Emerging results from gene expression studies have suggested that subsets of AM genes were co-opted during the evolution of other biotrophic symbioses. Here we compare the roles of phytohormones in AM symbiosis and ectomycorrhizas (EC), a more recent symbiosis. To date, there is little evidence of physiologic overlap between the two symbioses with respect to phytohormone involvement. Research on AM has shown that cytokinin (CK) accumulation is specifically enhanced by symbiosis throughout the plant. We propose a pathway of events linking enhanced CK to development of the AM. Additional and proposed involvement of other phytohormones are also described. The role of auxin in EC symbiosis and recent research advances on the topic are reviewed. We have reflected the literature bias in reporting individual growth regulator effects. However, we consider that gradients and ratios of these molecules are more likely to be the causal agents of morphologic changes resulting from fungal associations. We expect that once the individual roles of these compounds are explained, the subtleties of their function will be more clearly addressed.     

The Roles of p63 in Cancer

p63 plays an important role in skin and limb development. This has been clearly demonstrated using mouse models and from studies on human patients harboring p63 mutations. One question that remains unanswered is whether p63 is a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene. The complexity of the study of p63 is due to the existence of multiple isoforms with opposing functions. The lack of antibodies that distinguish between these isoforms has made the ability to analyze the expression of p63 difficult in human tumors. Many studies have found that p63 is overexpressed in human tumors while other studies have shown a loss of expression of p63. Here, we review the roles of p63 in tumor development and suppression in mouse models and human tumors.     

钙调蛋白在植物发育中的功能

钙调蛋白(CaM)在植物生长和发育中有着多种功能,它参与了一系列的发育过程如细胞分裂、细胞代谢、胁迫、花药和雌蕊以及胚胎的发育等．对钙调蛋白功能的了解将有助于更深入研究钙/钙调蛋白介导的信号网络,为研究植物体内各类代谢的信号转导奠定基础．     

微小RNA在心肌重塑中的作用

微小RNA (microRNA, miRNA)是一类含有约22个核苷酸的内源性非编码RNA, 通过与靶mRNA的3′非翻译区(3′ UTR)互补配对, 抑制翻译或促进靶mRNA的降解介导转录后基因调控,涉及多种生物学过程.目前研究表明,miRNA参与了心脏的发育、病理性心肌肥大等过程,表明miRNA可作为新的治疗心肌肥大的靶向分子.本文就新近有关miRNA在心肌重塑中的研究进展予以综述.     

细胞自噬在个体发育和肿瘤发生中的作用

细胞自噬是一种广泛存在于真核生物细胞中的代谢过程,参与调控胞内物质合成、降解和重新利用之间的代谢平衡。自噬体与溶酶体的有效融合能有效地保障胞内多余物质的降解及其再利用,是真核细胞所特有的一种自我保护机制。细胞自噬近年来受到广泛的关注,其不仅能充当胞内一个合格的质检员,有效地降解胞内受损的蛋白质成分和细胞器,进而阻止细胞损伤和凋亡,也与肿瘤发生、衰老、神经退行性疾病、人体自身免疫性疾病、肥胖症和糖尿病等多种疾病的发生及发展密切相关。本文旨在对细胞自噬过程和其调控机制进行介绍,并侧重对自噬在生长发育和肿瘤发生中的作用进行综述,为预防与治疗多种人类重大疾病提供理论依据。     

The Roles of Competition and Disturbance in a Marine Invasion

Two hypotheses for the decline of native species are the superior exploitation of disturbance by exotic species and the competitive displacement of native species by their exotic counterparts. Theory predicts that functional similarity will increase the intensity of competition between native and invasive species. Ecologically important “foundation” species, Zostera marina and other seagrasses have globally declined during the past century. This study used transplant and vegetation removal experiments to test the hypotheses that disturbance and competitive interactions with an invasive congener (Z. japonica) are contributing to the decline of native Z. marina in the northeastern Pacific. Interspecific competition reduced Z. marina and Z. japonica above-ground biomass by 44 and 96%, respectively, relative to intraspecific competition. Disturbance substantially enhanced Z. japonica productivity and fitness, and concomitantly decreased Z. marina performance, effects that persisted two years following substratum disturbance. These results demonstrate that disturbance and competitive interactions with Z. japonica reduce Z. marina performance, and suggest that Z. japonica’s success as an invasive species stems dually from its ability to persist in competition with Z. marina and its positive response to disturbance. These results highlight the importance of understanding the interconnected roles of species interactions and disturbance in the decline of seagrass habitats, and provide a rationale for amending conservation policy in Washington State. In the interest of conserving native eelgrass populations, the current policy of protecting both native and invasive Zostera spp. should be refined to differentiate between native and invader, and to rescind the protection of invasive eelgrass.     

DNA甲基化对子宫内膜异位症（EMs）的作用及其调控机制

表观遗传通过DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质重塑、以及microRNA等调控方式来实现对基因表达、DNA复制和基因组稳定性的控制。DNA甲基化是目前研究的最为广泛的表观遗传修饰方式之一,可调控真核生物的基因表达。DNA甲基化在哺乳动物发育、肿瘤发生发展及人类其他疾病中均发挥着至关重要的作用。DNA甲基化状态的改变已被视为人类肿瘤细胞的生物标志之一。EMs虽是一种良性妇科疾病,但伴有细胞增殖、侵袭性及远处种植转移等肿瘤的特点。最新研究发现,DNA甲基化可能与子宫内膜异位症（EMs）的发生存在密切的关系并认为EMs从根本上是一种表观遗传学疾病。由于表观遗传修饰都是可逆的过程,这就为EMs的治疗提供了一种新的途径。本文就DNA甲基化在EMs中的发生发展中的作用及其调控的分子机制,以及在诊断治疗中作用的最新研究进展做一综述。     

核磷蛋白的生物学功能及其与肿瘤发生的关系

核磷蛋白(NPM)是一种多功能蛋白质,参与核糖体的生物合成,控制中心体复制,具有分子伴侣作用,并通过多种信号通路调节细胞增殖和凋亡。人体内NPM的突变、其所在的5号染色体发生异位和该染色体上某些部位的缺失与若干种人类肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。     

The Roles of ROS and ABA in Systemic Acquired Acclimation

Systemic responses to environmental stimuli are essential for the survival of multicellular organisms. In plants, they are initiated in response to many different signals including pathogens, wounding, and abiotic stresses. Recent studies highlighted the importance of systemic acquired acclimation to abiotic stresses in plants and identified several different signals involved in this response. These included reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium waves, hydraulic waves, electric signals, and abscisic acid (ABA). Here, we address the interactions between ROS and ABA at the local and systemic tissues of plants subjected to abiotic stress and attempt to propose a model for the involvement of ROS, ABA, and stomata in systemic signaling leading to systemic acquired acclimation.     

The Roles of Neutral Sphingomyelinases in Neurological Pathologies

The neutral sphingomyelinases (N-SMases) are a group of Mg²⁺-dependent enzymes with a pH optimum in the neutral range. N-SMases catalyze the conversion of sphingomyelin to ceramide and have been found particularly enriched in brain tissue. N-SMase activity has been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes affecting the brain and nervous system. In this review, we discuss the proposed functions of N-SMase with a particular emphasis on its role in neurological disorders, such as age-related neurodegeneration, Alzheimer’s disease, HIV-associated dementia, atherosclerosis, ischemia–reperfusion injury, and cancer.     

星形胶质细胞在神经系统疾病中的作用

激活的星形胶质细胞会产生和释放的神经递质、神经营养因子和促炎因子等,对神经元既有保护作用,也有毒性作用,在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森症、癫痫、缺血性脑损伤等多种神经系统疾病的发生发展过程中有着重要作用。对近年来国内外有关星形胶质细胞参与神经系统疾病进程的最新研究进展作了综述,并对今后研究工作进行了展望。     

人工湿地在生态城市建设中的作用

生态城市的建设依赖于科学利用有限资源。随着我国城市化进程加快,水体污染日益严重,加剧了水资源的短缺。人工湿地是利用生物自净功能,低投入、低运行费、低能耗的环保型的污水处理技术。不仅可进行水资源的循环利用,而且美化环境、保护生物多样性。本文分析提出,人工湿地是生态城市建设中水资源利用的最有效模式,应大力发挥人工湿地在我国生态城市建设中的作用。