Kallikrein 6 as a Serum Prognostic Marker in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating condition that frequently causes death or significant disabilities. Blood tests to predict possible early complications could be very useful aids for therapy. The aim of this study was to analyze serum levels of kallikrein 6 (KLK6) in individuals with aSAH to determine the relevance of this protease with the outcome of these patients.

Methodology/Principal Findings

A reference interval for KLK6 was established by using serum samples (n = 136) from an adult population. Additionally, serum samples (n = 326) from patients with aSAH (n = 13) were collected for 5 to 14 days, to study the concentration of KLK6 in this disease. The correlation between KLK6 and S100B, an existing brain damage biomarker, was analyzed in 8 of 13 patients. The reference interval for KLK6 was established to be 1.04 to 3.93 ng/mL. The mean levels in patients with aSAH within the first 56 hours ranged from 0.27 to 1.44 ng/mL, with lowest levels found in patients with worse outcome. There were significant differences between patients with good recovery or moderate disability (n = 8) and patients with severe disability or death (n = 5) (mean values of 1.03 ng/mL versus 0.47 ng/mL, respectively) (p<0.01). There was no significant correlation between KLK6 and S100B.

Conclusions/Significance

Decreased serum concentrations of KLK6 are found in patients with aSAH, with the lowest levels in patients who died.     

Whole Blood Gene Expression Profiles of Patients with a Past Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

BackgroundThe pathogenesis of development and rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IA) is largely unknown. Also, screening for IA to prevent aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is inefficient, as disease markers are lacking. We investigated gene expression profiles in blood of previous aSAH patients, who are still at risk for future IA, aiming to gain insight into the pathogenesis of IA and aSAH, and to make a first step towards improvement of aSAH risk prediction.ConclusionsNo gene expression differences were present in blood of previous aSAH patients compared to controls, besides one differentially co-expressed gene network without a clear relevant biological function. Our findings suggest that gene expression profiles, as detected in blood of previous aSAH patients, do not reveal the pathogenesis of IA and aSAH, and cannot be used for aSAH risk prediction.     

Effect of Clazosentan in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background

Cerebral vasospasm is the most important potentially treatable cause of mortality and morbidity following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Clazosentan, a selective endothelinreceptor antagonist, has been suggested to help reduce the incidence of vasospasm in patients with aSAH. However, the results were controversial in previous trials. This meta-analysis attempts to assess the effect of clazosentan in patients with aSAH.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We systematically searched Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from their inception until June, 2012. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effect of clazosentan in aSAH were included. The primary outcomes included the incidence of angiographic vasospasm, new cerebral infarction (NCI), delayed ischemic neurological deficits (DIND), and vasospasm-related morbidity/mortality (M/M); the second outcomes included the occurrence of rescue therapy, all-cause-mortality, and poor outcome. 4 RCTs were included with a total of 2156 patients. The risk of angiographic vasospasm (relative risk [RR] = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.71), DIND (RR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.92), and vasospasm-related M/M (RR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.96) were statistically significantly reduced in the clazosentan group. Patients treated with clazosentan had a reduced occurrence of rescue therapy (RR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.79). However, no statistically significant effects were observed in NCI (RR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.04), mortality (RR = 1.03; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.49), and poor outcome (RR = 1.12; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.30).

Conclusions/Significance

Our pooling data supports that clazosentan is probably effective in preventing the occurrence of angiographic vasospasm, vasospasm-related DIND, vasospasm related M/M, and rescue therapy. However, no evidence lends significant supports to the benefits of clazosentan in decreasing the occurrence of NCI, mortality or improving the functional outcome.     

Impaired Blood Dendritic Cell Numbers and Functions after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Previous Presentation

Portions of this study were presented at the Annual Congress of Société Française d’Anesthésie et de Réanimation in Paris, September 2012.

Background

Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are promising therapy for the prevention of nosocomial infections in critical ill patients. We aimed to analyze the TLR-reactivity of circulating dendritic cells (DC) as assessed by cytokine production after an ex vivo challenge with TLR agonists in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients.

Methods and Findings

A single-center prospective observational study took place in one intensive care unit of a teaching hospital. Blood samples were harvested on days 2, 5 and 10 in 21 severe SAH patients requiring mechanical ventilation and 17 healthy controls. DC production of cytokines (Tumour Necrosis Factor, TNF-α; Interleukin, IL-12; and Interferon, IFN-α) was assessed by intracellular immunostaining on TLR-3, 4, 7/8 and 9 stimulations. SAH patients had decreased numbers of blood myeloid (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) on days 2, 5 and 10. Compared with the healthy controls, the frequency of mDCs producing TNF-α after TLR-3 stimulation was decreased in the SAH patients. The frequency of myeloid DCs producing IL-12 after TLR-3 and 4 stimulations was also decreased in the SAH patients. In contrast, the mDCs response to TLR-7/8 was not impaired in the SAH patients. The frequency of pDCs producing TNF-α⁺ and IFN-α⁺ on TLR-7/8 stimulation were reduced at all of the tested times in the SAH patients, whereas reactivity to TLR-9 was preserved. On day 2, the pDCs from non-survivor patients (n = 8) had a decreased ability to produce IFN-α on TLR-9 stimulation compared with the survivors.

Conclusions

These data suggest functional abnormalities of circulating pDCs and mDCs that could be important for immunomodulation after SAH.     

Copeptin as a Marker for Severity and Prognosis of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background

Grading of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is often confounded by seizure, hydrocephalus or sedation and the prediction of prognosis remains difficult. Recently, copeptin has been identified as a serum marker for outcomes in acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated whether copeptin might serve as a marker for severity and prognosis in aSAH.

Methods

Eighteen consecutive patients with aSAH had plasma copeptin levels measured with a validated chemiluminescence sandwich immunoassay. The primary endpoint was the association of copeptin levels at admission with the World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) grade score after resuscitation. Levels of copeptin were compared across clinical and radiological scores as well as between patients with ICH, intraventricular hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, vasospasm and ischemia.

Results

Copeptin levels were significantly associated with the severity of aSAH measured by WFNS grade (P = 0.006), the amount of subarachnoid blood (P = 0.03) and the occurrence of ICH (P = 0.02). There was also a trend between copeptin levels and functional clinical outcome at 6-months (P = 0.054). No other clinical outcomes showed any statistically significant association.

Conclusions

Copeptin may indicate clinical severity of the initial bleeding and may therefore help in guiding treatment decisions in the setting of aSAH. These initial results show that copeptin might also have prognostic value for clinical outcome in aSAH.     

The Impact of Insurance Status on the Outcomes after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Investigation into the association of insurance status with the outcomes of patients undergoing neurosurgical intervention has been limited: this is the first nationwide study to analyze the impact of primary payer on the outcomes of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who underwent endovascular coiling or microsurgical clipping. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2001–2010) was utilized to identify patients; those with both an ICD-9 diagnosis codes for subarachnoid hemorrhage and a procedure code for aneurysm repair (either via an endovascular or surgical approach) were included. Hierarchical multivariate regression analyses were utilized to evaluate the impact of primary payer on in-hospital mortality, hospital discharge disposition, and length of hospital stay with hospital as the random effects variable. Models were adjusted for patient age, sex, race, comorbidities, socioeconomic status, hospital region, location (urban versus rural), and teaching status, procedural volume, year of admission, and the proportion of patients who underwent ventriculostomy. Subsequent models were also adjusted for time to aneurysm repair and time to ventriculostomy; subgroup analyses evaluated for those who underwent endovascular and surgical procedures separately. 15,557 hospitalizations were included. In the initial model, the adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality were higher for Medicare (OR 1.23, p<0.001), Medicaid (OR 1.23, p<0.001), and uninsured patients (OR 1.49, p<0.001) compared to those with private insurance. After also adjusting for timing of intervention, Medicaid and uninsured patients had a reduced odds of non-routine discharge (OR 0.75, p<0.001 and OR 0.42, p<0.001) despite longer hospital stays (by 8.35 days, p<0.001 and 2.45 days, p = 0.005). Variations in outcomes by primary payer–including in-hospital post-procedural mortality–were more pronounced for patients of all insurance types who underwent microsurgical clipping. The observed differences by primary payer are likely multifactorial, attributable to varied socioeconomic factors and the complexities of the American healthcare delivery system.     

Difference in Aneurysm Characteristics between Patients with Familial and Sporadic Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

ObjectPatients with familial intracranial aneurysms (IA) have a higher risk of rupture than patients with sporadic IA. We compared geometric and morphological risk factors for aneurysmal rupture between patients with familial and sporadic aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) to analyse if these risk factors contribute to the increased rupture rate of familial IA.MethodsGeometric and morphological aneurysm characteristics were studied on CT-angiography in a prospectively collected series of patients with familial and sporadic aSAH, admitted between September 2006 and September 2009, and additional patients with familial aSAH retrieved from the prospectively collected database of familial IA patients of our center. Odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to compare the aneurysm characteristics between patients with familial and sporadic aSAH.ResultsWe studied 67 patients with familial and 184 with sporadic aSAH. OR’s for familial compared with sporadic aSAH were for oval shape 1.16(95%CI:0.65–2.09), oblong shape 0.26(95%CI:0.03–2.13), irregular shape 0.83(95%CI:0.47–1.49), aspect ratio ≥ 1.6 0.94(95%CI:0.54–1.66), contact with the perianeurysmal environment (PAE) 1.15(95%CI:0.56–2.40), deformation by the PAE 1.05(95%CI:0.47–2.35) and for dominance of the posterior communicating artery (PCoA) in case of PCoA aneurysms 1.97(95% CI:0.50–7.83).ConclusionsThe geometric and morphological risk factors for aneurysm rupture do not have a higher prevalence in familial than in sporadic aSAH and thus do not explain the increased risk of IA rupture in patients with familial IA. We recommend further search for other potential risk factors for rupture of familial IA, such as genetic factors.     

Circulating microRNA 132-3p and 324-3p Profiles in Patients after Acute Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a highly morbid and fatal condition with high rate of cognitive impairment and negative impact in quality of life among survivors. Delayed cerebral infarction (DCI) is one the major factors for these negative outcomes. In this study we compared the circulating microRNA profiles of SAH patients and healthy individuals, and the circulating microRNA profiles of SAH patients with and without DCI.

Methods

Peripheral blood samples on Day 7 after the onset of SAH were subjected to microarray analysis with Affymetrix miRNA 3.0 array and quantitative PCR analysis. SAH patients with (N = 20) and without DCI (N = 20) and Healthy controls (N = 20) were included for analyses.

Results

We demonstrated that 99 miRNAs were found to be dysregulated in the SAH patient group with DCI. 81 miRNAs were upregulated and 18 were downregulated. Findings from KEGG pathway analysis showed that miRNAs and target genes for axon guidance and TGF-beta signaling were involved, implying that the resulted differential miRNA expression pattern reflect the results of SAH instead of etiology of the disease. miR-132-3p and miR-324-3p showed distinctive upregulations in qPCR [miR-132: 9.5 fold (95%CI: 2.3 to 16.7) in DCI group and 3.4 fold (95%CI: 1.0 to 5.8) in Non-DCI group; miR-324: 4924 fold (95%CI: 2620 to 7228) in DCI group and 4545 fold (95%CI: 2408 to 6683) in non-DCI group]. However, there were no significant differences in fold changes between SAH patients with and without DCI [fold change ratios (mean+/-SD): 2.7+/-4.2 and 1.1+/-1.1 for miRNA-132 and miRNA-324].

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that as compared to healthy control, miR-132 and miR-324 showed a upregulation in both SAH DCI and Non-DCI groups. However, the differences between the SAH DCI and non-DCI groups were not statistically significant.     

The Association between Meteorological Parameters and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Nationwide Analysis

Prior research has suggested that regional weather patterns impact the risk of rupture of cerebral aneurysms, but the findings in the literature have been inconsistent. Furthermore, no nationwide analysis to date has examined the association between meteorological factors and the post-procedural outcomes of patients after the treatment for ruptured cerebral aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to use a nationwide sample to analyze the association between specific meteorological parameters—temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and humidity—and hospital admission rate for and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Patients were identified using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2001–2010): Those with an ICD-9 diagnosis code for subarachnoid hemorrhage and a procedural code for aneurysm repair were included. Climate data were obtained from the State of the Climate Report 2010 released by the National Climatic Data Center. Multivariate regression models were constructed to analyze the association between average state monthly temperature, precipitation, and percent possible sunlight, as well as relative morning humidity and both monthly hospital admission rate, adjusted for annual state population in millions, and in-hospital mortality. 16,970 admissions were included from 723 hospitals across 41 states. Decreased daily sunlight and lower relative humidity were associated with an increased rate of admission for ruptured cerebral aneurysms (p<0.001), but had no association with differential inpatient mortality. No significant changes in these observed associations were seen when multivariate analyses were constructed. This is the first nationwide study to suggest that decreased sunlight and lower relative humidity are associated with admission for ruptured cerebral aneurysms. While it has been postulated that external atmospheric factors may cause hormonal and homeostatic changes that impact the risk of rupture of cerebral aneurysms, additional research is needed to confirm and further understand these relationships.     

尼莫地平对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管痉挛的临床疗效研究

目的:观察尼莫地平对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管痉挛的临床疗效及安全性,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:对我院2010年2月~2013年2月期间收治的92例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者进行随机分为观察组和对照组,每组46例。两组患者入院后均进行常规治疗,绝对卧床休息、镇静、给予氨甲环酸止血、脱水降颅压、防治感染及对症治疗。观察组在上述治疗基础上给予尼莫地平(德国拜尔公司)持续微泵静脉注射20 mg·d-1,连用14 d,后改为口服尼莫地平片40 mg,qid,至第21天,根据监测血压调整剂量。观察两组患者1个月内脑血管发病情况、CT评价情况,并进行对比分析。结果:两组患者治疗后,观察组有效率91.3%;对照组有效率73.91%。两组比较差异明显,观察组疗效明显优于对照组,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者在治疗期间,观察组发生脑血管痉挛4例,占8.7%;对照组发生脑血管痉挛26例,占56.52%,两组比较差异明显,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:尼莫地平能够显著降低动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管痉挛的发生率,对脑血管再出血具有积极防治作用,建议推广应用。     

Clinical Study of the Role of 64-Slice CT Cerebra Angiography in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

The objective of this study is to assess the clinical role of computed tomography angiography (CTA) in determining the etiology of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASAH) and selecting the treatment options. A total of 452 patients with ASAH underwent a 64-slice CTA examination to determine the etiology and select the treatment strategies. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or clipping operation confirmed the detection from the CTA. The CTA results of 452 patients with ASAH were confirmed through the DSA or clipping operation and the CTA results of 451 cases were consistent with what were seen during the DSA or clipping operation. The treatment choices for 451 patients (99.8 %) were based on the CTA results. A total of 90 cases (19.9 %) underwent endovascular embolization and 362 cases (80.1 %) underwent clipping operation. The other one patient underwent endovascular embolization after the DSA examination due to insufficient information from the CTA. Also, there was one patient who was misdiagnosed in the CTA. In conclusion, a 64-slice CTA can accurately detect intracranial aneurysms and is helpful in choosing the best treatment option.     

终板造瘘对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后慢性脑积水的影响

目的:探讨终板造瘘对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后慢性脑积水的影响。方法:回顾性分析201例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料,将所有患者按动脉瘤夹闭术中是否进行终板造瘘分为两组,随访6个月以上,评价其慢性脑积水的发生率。结果:所有患者慢性脑积水的总发生率为17.4%,终板造瘘组慢性脑积水的发生率7.8%,而单独夹闭组慢性脑积水的发生率为28.1%,显著高于终板造瘘组(P0.05)。在FisherⅠ-Ⅱ级中,终板造瘘组与单独夹闭组慢性脑积水的发生率分别为5.0%、7.7%,两组比较无统计学差异(P0.05);FisherⅢ-Ⅳ级中,终板造瘘组与单独夹闭组慢性脑积水的发生率分别为10.8%、40.3%,单独夹闭组显著高于终板造瘘组(P0.05);而Hunt-HessⅠ-Ⅱ级中,终板造瘘组与单独夹闭组慢性脑积水的发生率分别为7.0%、9.4%,两组比较无统计学差异(P0.05),Hunt-HessⅢ-Ⅳ级中终板造瘘与单独夹闭组慢性脑积水的发生率分别为11.3%、46.5%,单独夹闭组显著高于终板造瘘组(P0.05)。结论:终板造瘘可明显降低Hunt-HessⅢ-Ⅳ级、FisherⅢ、Ⅳ级动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后患者慢性脑积水的发生率,而对Hunt-HessⅠ-Ⅱ级、FisherⅠ-Ⅱ级的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后患者慢性脑积水的发生率影响不明显。     

老年蛛网膜下腔出血的治疗方法和预后分析

目的:探讨70岁以上老年蛛网膜下腔出血患者的治疗方法和预后。方法:回顾性分析我院2006-2012年收治的49例老年蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料及其预后。结果:49例患者入院时Hunt-Hess分级:Ⅰ级14例,Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅳ级6例,Ⅴ级15例,其中14例采用开颅动脉瘤夹闭术,10例采用血管内介入栓塞术,25例采用内科保守治疗。治疗后6月,根据ADL量表评价预后(ADL≥60分为预后良好):内科保守治疗者仅3例预后良好,手术及栓塞术者17例预后良好。结论:对于老年蛛网膜下腔出血患者而言,影响患者预后的原因主要是出血导致的脑损伤和症状性脑血管痉挛,通过手术或栓塞术积极治疗破裂动脉瘤是预后良好的重要因素。     

SNAP-25在大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血后脑组织中的表达研究

目的:观察蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后突触小体相关蛋白(SNAP-25)在大鼠脑组织中的表达变化.方法:42只成年健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分为正常组、对照组、SAH后1、3、5、7、14天共7组,经大鼠自体股动脉(尾动脉)非肝素化动脉血注入视交叉池致蛛网膜下腔出血模型.蛛网膜下腔出血后1、3、5、7、14天后处死大鼠,取颞叶皮层、海马、小脑做标本,Western blot及免疫组化测定SNAP-25,采用SPSS16.0软件分析.结果:与正常组相比,对照组无明显差异(P＞0.05);SAH组中SAH后1天的SNAP-25蛋白水平降低明显(P＜0.05);SAH后3天蛋白水平达到最低值(P＜0.01);SAH后5、7天的SNAP-2蛋白水平虽降低但呈逐渐上升趋势(P＜0.05);SAH后14天的SNAP-2蛋白水平与正常组相比无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:SNAP-2在SAH后72小时明显下降,后逐渐上升,至14天时基本恢复正常.     

Ocular Ultrasound as an Easy Applicable Tool for Detection of Terson's Syndrome after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Introduction

Intraocular hemorrhage in patients suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is known as Terson''s syndrome and is an underestimated but common pathology. We therefore designed a prospective single-blinded study to evaluate the validity of ocular ultrasound compared to the gold standard indirect funduscopy in the diagnosis of Terson''s syndrome.

Material and Methods

Fifty-two patients (104 eyes in total) suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were enrolled in this study. Two investigators independently performed a single-blinded ocular ultrasound using a standard intensive care ultrasound system to detect an intraocular hemorrhage. Indirect funduscopy following iatrogenic mydriasis served as the gold standard for confirmation or exclusion of an intraocular hemorrhage. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the method as well as the learning curve of ocular ultrasound.

Results

Indirect funduscopy detected Terson''s syndrome in 11 of 52 (21.2%) respectively in 21 of 104 (20.2%) eyes in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Sensitivity and specificity increased with the number of ocular ultrasound examinations for both investigators, reaching 81.8% and 100% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were different for both investigators (63.6% vs. 100% positive and 100% vs. 95.7% negative) but were both correlated to the amount of intraocular hemorrhage. A low Glasgow Coma scale (p = 0.015) and high Hunt & Hess grade (p = 0.003) was associated with a higher rate of Terson''s syndrome.

Conclusions

Ocular ultrasound using standard ultrasound equipment has been confirmed as a reliable, easy-to-handle bedside screening tool for detecting Terson''s syndrome. Nevertheless funduscopy remains the gold standard to detect Terson''s syndrome.     

Soluble Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Acute Hydrocephalus following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

BackgroundToll-like receptor (TLR) signalling begins early in subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), and plays a key role in inflammation following cerebral aneurysm rupture. Available studies suggest significance of endogenous first-line blockers of a TLR pathway—soluble TLR2 and 4.MethodsEighteen patients with SAH and acute hydrocephalus underwent endovascular coiling and ventriculostomy; sTLR2 and 4 levels were assayed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected on post-SAH days 0–3, 5, and 10–12. Release kinetics were defined. CSF levels of sTLR2 and 4 were compared with a control group and correlated with the clinical status on admission, the findings on imaging, the degree of systemic inflammation and the outcome following treatment.ResultsNone of study group showed detectable levels of sTLR2 and 4 on post-SAH day 0–3. 13 patients showed increased levels in subsequent samples. In five SAH patients sTLR2 and 4 levels remained undetectable; no distinctive features of this group were found. On post-SAH day 5 the strongest correlation was found between sTLR2 level and haemoglobin level on admission (cc = -0.498, P = 0.037). On post-SAH day 10–12 the strongest correlation was revealed between sTLR2 and treatment outcome (cc = -0.501, P = 0.076). Remaining correlations with treatment outcome, status at admission, imaging findings and inflammatory markers on post-SAH day 5 and 10–12 were negligible or low (-0.5 ≤ cc ≤ 0.5).ConclusionsIn the majority of cases, rupture of a cerebral aneurysm leads to delayed release of soluble TLR forms into CSF. sTLR2 and 4 seem to have minor role in human post-SAH inflammation due to delayed release kinetics and low levels of these protein.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后持续腰大池引流的时机探讨及分流依赖性脑积水的危险因素分析

摘要 目的：研究对比动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）后不同时机开展持续腰大池引流的效果,并对分流依赖性脑积水（SDHC）的危险因素进行分析。方法：本院于2017年1月～2020年12月期间诊治的aSAH患者171例,将其纳入研究。将其按照持续腰大池引流时机不同分为A组（＜24 h）50例、B组（24～72h）84例以及C组（＞72 h）37例。观察三组头痛持续时间,双侧大脑中动脉（MAC）血流流速以及SDHC发生率,对aSAH后持续腰大池引流术后并发SDHC的影响因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果：C组头痛持续时间长于A组和B组,MAC血流流速快于A组和B组,SDHC发生率高于A组和B组（均P＜0.05）;而A组和B组上述指标对比差异均不明显（均P＞0.05）,但是A组SDHC发生率更低。经单因素分析可得：aSAH持续腰大池引流术后并发SDHC和年龄、病变部位、中枢神经系统感染、改良Fisher分级及Hunt-Hess评分有关（均P＜0.05）。经多因素Logistic回归分析可得：年龄≥60岁、病变部位后循环、中枢神经系统感染、改良Fisher分级Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、Hunt-Hess评分Ⅲ～Ⅳ级及持续腰大池引流≥24 h均是aSAH持续腰大池引流术后并发SDHC的危险因素（均OR＞1,P＜0.05）。结论：以aSAH后＜24 h为时机开展持续腰大池引流术的效果较佳,SDHC发生率更低,其中年龄、病变部位、中枢神经系统感染、改良Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess评分、持续腰大池引流时机与aSAH持续腰大池引流术后并发SDHC的风险有关,临床工作中应针对上述因素制定相关措施,以期达到降低SDHC发生风险的目的。     

尼莫地平联合丁基苯酞对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑微循环的影响

目的:探究尼莫地平联合丁基苯酞对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑微循环的影响。方法:选取我院外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者36例,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组18例。对照组给予尼莫地平治疗,实验组给予尼莫地平联合丁基苯酞治疗。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后脑微循环的变化情况。结果:实验组总有效率(88.9%)高于对照组(61.1%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与治疗前相比,两组脑血容量(CBV)、脑血流量(CBF)水平均增高,平均通过时间(MTT)水平降低(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组CBV和CBF水平较高,MTT较低(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GOS)评分较高、临床并发症发生率较低、6个月病死率较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:尼莫地平联合丁基苯酞可有效改善外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的脑微循环,提高患者的生存率。     

Association between S100B Levels and Long-Term Outcome after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis

S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), a well-studied marker for neurologic injury, has been suggested as a candidate for predicting outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. We performed a pooled analysis summarizing the associations between S100B protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with radiographic vasospasm, delayed ischemic neurologic deficit (DIND), delayed cerebral infarction, and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) outcome. A literature search using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the EMBASE databases was performed to identify relevant studies published up to May 2015. The weighted Stouffer’s Z method was used to perform a pooled analysis of outcome measures with greater than three studies. A total of 13 studies were included in this review. Higher serum S100B level was found to be associated with cerebral infarction as diagnosed by CT (p_adj = 3.1 x 10⁻⁴) and worse GOS outcome (p_adj = 5.5 x 10⁻¹¹). There was no association found between serum and CSF S100B with radiographic vasospasm or DIND. S100B is a potential prognostic marker for aSAH outcome.