PtrWRKY51基因的克隆及抗旱表达特性分析

为明确毛果杨WRKY家族成员PtrWRKY51基因功能,以Nisqually-1株系毛果杨为模板,克隆得到PtrWRKY51基因CDS序列。通过生物信息学分析,结合酵母自激活验证、亚细胞定位及模拟干旱胁迫下的实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)对PtrWRKY51基因功能进行初步研究。结果表明：PtrWRKY51全长579 bp,编码192 aa。生物信息学分析及亚细胞定位试验结果表明,PtrWRKY51蛋白为非跨膜碱性不稳定亲水蛋白,定位于细胞核,含有WRKY家族特有的保守结构域,是第IIc类WRKY转录因子;酵母自激活验证试验表明PtrWRKY51基因具有自激活活性;qRT-PCR分析表明,8%PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫下,该基因在胁迫12 h后茎部与叶部相对表达量达到最大值,根部则出现在24 h,研究可为PtrWRKY51抗逆及生物学功能进一步研究提供参考。     

蒺藜苜蓿MtbHLH25基因克隆、亚细胞定位及表达分析

【目的】bHLH转录因子数量众多,能够广泛参与植物的生长发育和逆境胁迫等过程。本试验以蒺藜苜蓿R108为材料,初步探讨MtbHLH25基因的功能。【方法】通过PCR扩增技术从蒺藜苜蓿中克隆MtbHLH25基因和启动子,构建酵母表达载体并用LiAc转化法转移到Y2H Gold酵母菌株中进行酵母自激活检测,构建亚细胞定位载体并通过冻融法转入农杆菌EHA105,菌液注射到烟草下表皮细胞后利用SP8激光共聚焦显微镜观察,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术研究MtbHLH25基因的时空表达水平。【结果】（1）从蒺藜苜蓿中成功克隆出MtbHLH25基因和启动子,该基因总长882 bp,共编码293个氨基酸。启动子序列分析发现其包含了ABA、MeJA、GA和SA等响应元件。（2）进化树结果表明MtbHLH25蛋白与蚕豆和长柔毛野豌豆中bHLH蛋白高度同源。（3）亚细胞定位结果显示MtbHLH25蛋白定位于细胞核。（4）酵母自激活检测结果显示MtbHLH25蛋白具有自激活活性。（5）表达分析结果显示,MtbHLH25在蒺藜苜蓿根、茎、叶、花和果实中均有表达,其中在根中表达水平最高;外源SA、MeJA、ABA、GA以及盐胁迫使MtbHLH25基因表达量都呈下降趋势,推测SA、MeJA、ABA、GA以及盐胁迫对MtbHLH25基因的表达起到负调控作用。干旱胁迫能够显著诱导MtbHLH25基因表达量的上升,说明该转录因子可能在干旱胁迫中起到正调控作用。【结论】MtbHLH25基因可能对盐胁迫敏感,在干旱胁迫中可能发挥正调控作用。此外,MtbHLH25蛋白具有自激活活性,对下游启动子调控的报告基因可能具有激活作用。     

辣椒MADS-box转录因子CaRIN基因克隆、表达与功能分析

【目的】为探究MADS-box家族基因RIN的表达特征和功能,解析其对辣椒类胡萝卜素代谢的影响。【方法】基于辣椒果实发育转录组,通过RT-PCR克隆辣椒MADS-box转录因子CaRIN基因CDS全长,对其进行生物信息学、表达模式、亚细胞定位、转录活性等分析,并探讨VIGS诱导CaRIN基因沉默对类胡萝卜素代谢的影响。【结果】（1）CaRIN基因CDS全长732 bp,编码243个氨基酸,蛋白分子量为27.95 kD,等电点（pI）为7.06,其编码蛋白具有典型的MEF2_like MADS结构域,属MICK-type型转录因子;（2）CaRIN基因主要在花和果实中表达,具有组织特异性;CaRIN定位在细胞核,并且具有转录激活活性。（3）CaRIN基因启动子具有ABRE等多个激素应答元件,外源脱落酸和乙烯利均能加速果实转红,诱导CaRIN及相关基因高表达;（4）VIGS诱导沉默CaRIN基因后,类胡萝卜素代谢途径基因PSY1、CCS、PDS、CRTZ、LCYB和NCED1表达水平降低为对照组的0.27-0.59倍,且果实总类胡萝卜素含量（0.379 mg/g）较对照（0.650 mg/g）显著降低。【结论】CaRIN可能是辣椒果实类胡萝卜素代谢过程的重要调控因子。     

枸杞WRKY_3基因克隆及组织表达分析

以枸杞为材料,采用PCR及RACE方法,克隆了枸杞WRKY转录因子基因cDNA序列,命名为Lb WRKY3,GenBank登录号为KX196192。在生物信息学分析的基础上,进行亚细胞定位、基因表达分析。结果显示:(1)Lb WRKY3开放阅读框ORF长度为1 068bp,编码356个氨基酸。(2)生物信息学分析显示,Lb WRKY3编码蛋白具有一个WRKY结构域,二级结构中不规则卷曲结构所占比例最大(58.67%),延伸链结构次之(18.88%),α螺旋比例为15.82%,β转角最少,仅为6.63%;Lb WRKY3蛋白与案头菊WRKY蛋白、黄花蒿WRKY蛋白相似性较高。(3)亚细胞定位显示,Lb WRKY3蛋白定位于细胞核。(4)实时定量PCR分析表明,Lb WRKY3在根中表达量最高,在花中表达量最低;在枸杞果实发育过程中Lb WRKY3均有表达,表达量随果实成熟逐渐升高,并于35d达到峰值;Lb WRKY3基因在果实中的表达具有组织特异性表达特性(果肉果皮种子)。研究表明,Lb WRKY3基因参与了枸杞果实生长发育调控。     

水曲柳FmWRKY44基因克隆及表达分析

克隆水曲柳FmWRKY44基因,探究其在非生物胁迫和激素胁迫中的作用。利用水曲柳干旱转录组序列设计特异引物,克隆FmWRKY44基因的完整ORF序列,并对该序列及其编码产物进行生物信息学分析,采用qRT-PCR技术分析FmWRKY44表达模式。克隆了一个水曲柳WKRY基因,编码区长1383bp,编码460氨基酸。对其编码蛋白分析发现其为稳定亲水蛋白,亚细胞定位预测主要在细胞核,进行保守域及同源性分析分析,属于WRKYⅠ类家族,命名为FmWRKY44。qRT-PCR分析发现,FmWRKY44在种子中高度表达,并不同程度响应低温、高温、盐和干旱4种非生物胁迫。同时发现FmWRKY44与NAA、ABA、GA3、JA植物激素响应,水曲柳FmWRKY44基因积极响应低温、高温胁迫。     

斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒ⅡORF146基因的克隆、表达与启动子活性分析

【目的】研究斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒II ORF146基因的结构与功能。【方法】根据SpltMNPV IIORF146基因序列设计引物,经PCR扩增克隆ORF146基因。在生物信息学分析基础上进行启动子活性分析和转录时相分析。构建ORF146片段的原核表达载体,表达并纯化融合蛋白后制备多克隆抗体。【结果】核苷酸序列分析表明,读码框含1383 bp,编码460个氨基酸的蛋白质,推定分子量为50.4 kDa。启动子活性分析和转录时相分析都表明该基因是个早、晚期都表达的基因,在病毒感染8 h和18 h有两个转录峰,24 h以后转录水平略有下降,但趋于稳定。pET-28a-ORF13原核表达的融合蛋白经纯化后制备的多克隆抗体特异性高,效价可达1∶3200以上。【结论】SpltMNPV II ORF146基因是一个早期和晚期都表达的病毒组成型结构蛋白基因。推测ORF146基因可能与SpltMNPV II病毒感染宿主细胞后病毒DNA复制有关。制备的多克隆抗体可用于深入研究该蛋白的生物学特性与功能。     

柱花草WRKY转录因子在低磷胁迫下的克隆与分析

该研究依据生物信息学分析,采用RT-PCR方法从格拉姆柱花草[Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.)]中克隆出1个WRKY转录因子基因,命名为StWRKY45。该基因最大开放阅读框(ORF)为924bp,编码307个氨基酸,分子量为35.62kD,等电点为9.81。系统进化树分析表明,StWRKY45属于WRKY转录因子第Ⅱ类WRKY基因,与拟南芥AtWRKY45、AtWRKY57亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,在非磷胁迫下(对照),StWRKY45基因在柱花草幼苗的根、茎、叶中都有表达,但表达量均相对较低;在低磷胁迫下,StWRKY45基因在格拉姆柱花草根、茎、叶中的表达基本随胁迫时间的延长逐渐升高,且均在叶中的表达量最高;在低磷胁迫96h时叶、茎中的相对表达量均达到最高,分别是对照的20.47倍、9.38倍,但在低磷胁迫72h时根中的相对表达量达到最高,为对照的9.29倍。研究表明,StWRKY45基因受低磷胁迫诱导高表达,推测StWRKY45基因可能参与柱花草对低磷胁迫的响应。     

蒙古冰草AmWRKY1-like基因克隆及表达分析

基于转录组测序数据,该研究采用PCR扩增方法从蒙古冰草中克隆AmWRKY1-like的全长cDNA,并对其进行了生物信息学和亚细胞定位分析,为深入研究AmWRKY1-like在蒙古冰草干旱胁迫响应中的调控作用提供理论基础。结果发现:成功克隆得到了AmWRKY1-like基因,其开放阅读边框(ORF)为1 182 bp、编码393个氨基酸,含有典型的WRKY转录因子保守结构域;qRT-PCR表明,在自然干旱和15%PEG-6000模拟干旱下,蒙古冰草叶片中AmWRKY1-like均可诱导表达,较对照呈下调表达趋势;亚细胞定位表明,AmWRKY1-like基因在细胞核中特异表达。     

硅对辣椒CaWRKY41基因温度胁迫下表达分析

WRKY转录因子是植物界中存在的一类较大的基因家族,参与植物在生物和非生物逆境胁迫中的多种应答。为了研究在低温和高温等非生物胁迫对辣椒CaWRKY41基因表达的影响,以豫椒101为实验材料,在对辣椒CaWRKY41基因克隆的基础上,利用生物软件对其编码蛋白进行分析和构建进化树。结果表明,同源扩增获得的序列含有一个990 bp完整ORF框;对其编码蛋白分析发现,只含有一个WRKY结构域,属于WRKY41家族。亚细胞定位在细胞核中,分子进化树表明与茄属亲缘关系最近,相似性达到92%。荧光定量分析表明,与对照相比,低温、高温胁迫都能诱导CaWRKY41基因表达,表明CaWRKY41基因在应对低温和高温胁迫方面具有重要作用。     

白番红花CrCBF1基因的克隆及功能分析

该研究选取新疆地区耐寒植物白番红花为研究材料,采用RT-PCR方法,从白番红花中克隆得到白番红花CBF1的全长cDNA序列,命名为CrCBF1(GenBank登录号MF681787)。结果表明,CrCBF1基因完整开放阅读框ORF长642bp,编码213个氨基酸,分子量为23.8kD,理论等电点为4.99,具有CBF家族典型的AP2保守结构域;亚细胞定位分析显示,CrCBF1基因编码的蛋白定位于细胞核;酵母自激活分析显示,CrCBF1转录因子具有转录激活活性;酵母功能验证分析显示,过表达CrCBF1基因可以明显提高酵母的抗寒性。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.