藏药独一味的微性状与显微鉴别研究

采用体视显微镜对藏药独一味的根、茎、叶和果实微性状进行观察,利用生物显微镜观察切片组织构造及粉末显微鉴别特征,扫描电镜进一步观察叶片表面结构特征。藏药独一味药材的微性状特征包括根、茎、叶、果实,而茎粗短,果实细小且易脱落,地上部分鉴定特征主要为叶片和果序,叶片表皮细胞中可见气孔、非腺毛和腺鳞等。地上部分粉末鉴定特征包括非腺毛、叶肉细胞、气孔和纤维等,根的鉴别特征包括针晶和导管等。本研究通过对独一味药材不同部位微性状和显微进行系统研究,归纳了独一味药材性状和显微的鉴别要点,可以为独一味药材鉴别提供参考依据。     

毛节缬草的粉末鉴别

目的:研究黑龙江省毛节缬草Valeriana alternifolia Bunge var.stolonifera Bar.et Skv.的粉末鉴别特征.方法:性状鉴别、显微鉴别.结论:毛节缬草根、根茎、茎和叶的粉末均有明显的鉴别特征,可作为鉴别毛节缬草的依据.     

土鳖虫与其混淆品的微性状鉴别研究

为对目前药材市场流通的中药材土鳖虫进行微性状特征研究,探究土鳖虫与其混淆品的区别。实验通过查阅资料,对市场土鳖虫品种进行调查,运用中药微性状鉴定法对土鳖虫的不同部位采用体视显微镜、生物显微镜、扫描仪等仪器进行图像采集,并利用Photoshop CS5软件景深合成高清晰度微性状特征图片来对其进行鉴别研究。实验结果表明,土鳖虫口器、腹背板边缘、肛上板、生殖板、触角、单眼间距与复眼间距比例、单眼、复眼、前足胫节、跗节、爪、尾须、背甲及腹甲刚毛等方面与混淆品有比较明显的区别。     

金钱草及其混淆品的鉴别

金钱草为常用中药,又名铜钱草、对坐草、蜈蚣草、路边黄、遍地黄,因其叶近圆形似钱而得名.<中国药典>2000年及2005年版一部收载,其具有清利湿热、通淋、消肿的功能,用于治疗热淋、砂淋、尿涩作痛、黄疸、尿赤、痈肿疗疮、毒蛇咬伤.市面上常出现地区习用品种及混淆品种,正品与伪品的来源、化学成分及功效均不同,为保证临床用药安全有效,现将正品与其混淆品的鉴别方法介绍如下.     

威灵仙及其伪品升麻须根的鉴别

目的：对中药威灵仙饮片及其伪品升麻须根进行鉴别。方法：运用性状鉴别、显微鉴别及紫外分光光度法对二者进行鉴定学研究。结果：威灵仙饮片与升麻须根在断面性状、显微特征以及紫外吸收方面均存在显著区别。结论：升麻须根不能作为威灵仙饮片正品在市场上销售使用,在实际工作中坚决不能将二者混用。     

龙脷叶茎显微和薄层色谱鉴别的研究

龙脷叶( Sauropus spatulifolius Beille)为大戟科守宫木属植物,主要分布于我国的广西和广东等地,为广西常用壮药,具有润肺止咳、通便之功效,在民间使用广泛。现代研究表明,龙脷叶具有较好的抗炎和镇痛作用。全草均可入药,为国家药典收载品种。但其鉴别方法尚未完全建立,质量标准有待进一步完善。目前其叶与根的显微鉴别已有报道,而茎的鉴别未见有相关报道,因此有必要对龙脷叶茎的鉴别方法进行研究。该研究采用生药学显微鉴别和薄层色谱法对龙脷叶的茎进行了鉴别。结果表明：龙脷叶茎的主要显微特征为木栓层有7~12列细胞,皮层中含有较多淀粉粒,并含有纤维束,韧皮部窄,木质部宽,射线明显,髓部大;粉末可见螺纹、网纹及梯纹导管,伴有草酸钙簇晶,淀粉粒较小,有纤维。薄层色谱采用对照药材进行对照,发现样品斑点与对照药材斑点数量和位置一一对应。上述特征可作为鉴别和制定龙脷叶茎质量标准的参考依据,该研究结果为建立龙脷叶茎的鉴别方法以及进一步建立其质量标准提供了科学依据。     

小叶黑柴胡的显微鉴别研究

为了保证用药的准确性,采用徒手切片法对小叶黑柴胡的根、根茎、茎的横切面结构进行解剖学研究,并详细观察和分析其显微特征.结果表明,小叶黑柴胡的根部维管束为外韧型,木质部呈二元型,导管2～5个相聚或单个分布在薄壁细胞中,韧皮部含大量油管;根茎的木质部分布较多的木纤维,常呈连续或不连续的环状排列,韧皮部可见到明显的叶迹维管束...     

蓝花棘豆的性状与显微鉴别研究

目的：为蓝花棘豆提供科学准确的性状和显微鉴别依据。方法：采用性状及显微鉴定方法对蓝花棘豆的叶轴、叶的内部组织构造及叶的表面特征和粉末特征进行研究。结果：蓝花棘豆密被长柔毛,茎短缩。叶轴细长。蓝花棘豆叶轴横切面圆形,波状起伏,像花瓣一样。维管束外韧型,为16～20个,大小相间隔排列,形成连续的环。髓部宽广,髓细胞常呈类圆形,为较大细胞。小叶主脉维管束为外韧型,近圆形,维管束鞘明显,由一层类圆形薄壁细胞组成。粉末中可见成束的纤维、单细胞的非腺毛、具缘纹孔和螺纹导管、不定式气孔。结论：首次提出蓝花棘豆全草的性状和显微鉴定特征,以期为该品种的鉴定和进一步开发利用提供科学依据。     

菜粉蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫的雌雄形态鉴别

利用体视显微镜观察、测量、记录菜粉蝶不同虫态雌雄个体间的形态特征差异。雌雄菜粉蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫均存在显著的雌雄二型特征,3龄之后雄性幼虫的第6腹节有一对肾型黑斑,雌性幼虫无此斑。雄蛹第9腹节有生殖孔和一条短纵裂缝,裂缝两侧有凹凸不平的半圆形瘤状突起;雌蛹腹部第8、9腹节分别有生殖孔和产卵孔,且两孔之间亦有一条纵裂缝。雌蝶前翅背面有一对上下排列的黑圆斑,其腹部末端外生殖器为圆筒型;雄蝶前翅背面一对黑斑相对较小,颜色较浅,尤其下斑为浅灰色,腹部末端具钳状外生殖器。本研究揭示了菜粉蝶幼虫、蛹及成虫不同虫态的雌雄二型差异,比较研究并提出了便于快速鉴别雌雄个体的典型特征和识别方法。     

宽槽胫叶蝉的形态特征和生物学特性

宽槽胫叶蝉Drabescus ogumaeMatsumura主要危害桑、槐、榆等林木,记述了各虫态形态特征、生物学特性、天敌种类,进行了防治试验。在山东商河1年发生2代,以卵在寄主枝条内越冬;天敌主要有螳螂、蜘蛛等,首次报道双距螯蜂Conatopussp.为其寄生性天敌。     

Diversity of Endophytic Fungal Community in Leaves of Artemisia argyi Based on High-throughput Amplicon Sequencing

To investigate the community structure and diversity of endophytic fungi in the leaves of Artemisia argyi, leaf samples were collected from five A. argyi varieties grown in different cultivation areas in China, namely, Tangyin Beiai in Henan (BA), Qichun Qiai in Hubei (QA), Wanai in Nanyang in Henan (WA), Haiai in Ningbo in Zhejiang (HA), and Anguo Qiai in Anguo in Hebei (AQA), and analyzed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 365,919 pairs of reads were obtained, and the number of operational taxonomic units for each sample was between 165 and 285. The alpha diversity of the QA and BA samples was higher, and a total of two phyla, eight classes, 12 orders, 15 families, and 16 genera were detected. At the genus level, significant differences were noted in the dominant genera among the samples, with three genera being shared in all the samples. The dominant genus in QA was Erythrobasidium, while that in AQA, HA, and BA was Sporobolomyces, and that in WA was Alternaria, reaching a proportion of 16.50%. These results showed that the fungal community structure and diversity in QA and BA were high. The endophytes are of great importance to the plants, especially for protection, phytohormone and other phytochemical production, and nutrition. Therefore, this study may be significant with the industrial perspective of Artemisia species.     

Chemical constituents from Artemisia argyi and their chemotaxonomic significance

Twelve compounds, including one monoterpene (1), two sesquiterpene lactones (2–3), six flavonoids (4–9), one phenolic glycoside (10), one chromone (11) and one phenolic acid (12), were isolated and identified from the leaves of Artemisia argyi. Compounds 1–2, 4 and 6–7 have not been recorded before in this plant. Compounds 3, 9 and 11 were isolated from the genus Artemisia for the first time. This paper is the first report on the presence of compound 10 in species of Asteraceae. In addition, the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was summarized.     

陕西艾叶化学成分的研究

通过硅胶、Sephadex LH-20反复柱层析、纯化,从陕西艾叶Artemisia argyi的80％乙醇提取中分离到3个化合物,利用NMR、IR和MS等方法鉴定其结构分别为：正十六烷酸（1）、5,7,4’-三羟基黄酮（2）、2,3,3’-三羟基喹啉（3）。其中化合物2和3为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Identification of Gibberellin A3 and Abscisic acid from Artemisia capillaris Leaves

The hypocholesterolemic effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus 43121 (43121) and a mixture of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium longum (MIX) were studied in hypercholesterolemia-induced pigs. Serum total cholesterol was decreased by supplementation of either 43121 or MIX, although, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not changed. The hypocholesterolemic effect of 43121 and MIX was mainly due to bile acid dehydroxylation, this effect being supplementation-time dependent.     

艾蒿提取物对菜青虫的生物活性

采用微波辅助提取、溶剂浸提 ,以正己烷、乙醇、正己烷 +乙醇 (体积比 1∶1 )为溶剂从艾蒿ArtemisiaargyiL啨ｖｌ.etVant茎叶得到了提取物。另外 ,还用水蒸气蒸馏法获得了精油。生物活性试验表明 ,它们对菜青虫PierisrapaeL .具有较强的拒食活性和一定的触杀活性。其中 ,正己烷为溶剂的微波辅助提取物的拒食活性和触杀活性最强。     

Bioactivity-based analysis and chemical characterization of hypoglycemic and antioxidant components from Artemisia argyi

Diabetes is one of the metabolic disorders in the world. It is the prime reason of mortality and morbidity owing to hyperglycemia which is link with numerus obstacles. Artemisia argyi is commonly used as an ingredient in healthy foods as well as an herbal medicine in Asian countries. The present research aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of A. argyi and reveal its the potentially active constituents. The chemical composition was identified by HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS, and fractionation was performed by extraction. The fractions were assessed by the blood glucose level, oral glucose tolerance and small intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory tests, and an analysis of the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In our efforts to characterize the compounds responsible for hypoglycemic effect, bioactivity-guided fraction of the MeOH extract and chemical investigation of its active EtOAc fraction led to the successful identification of caffeoylquinic acids, which were elucidated by molecular docking, using the crystal structure of S. cerevisiae isomaltase (PD code: 3AXI). In summary, this bio-guided search revealed that caffeoylquinic acids from A. argyi as potential active constituents displayed with hypoglycemic activity, which provided a basis for further study of pharmacological activity.     

野生艾草黄酮的含量及抗氧化性研究

目的：测定艾草中总黄酮含量,并对其抗氧化性、羟自由基（-OH）的清除能力和过氧化值（POV）进行了研究。方法：有机溶剂提取法从野生艾草中提取黄酮,以芦丁为对照品测定艾草中总黄酮含量。采用邻苯三酚自氧化测定抗氧化性;用新鲜猪油测定过氧化值（POV）。结果：艾草中总黄酮含量高达5．5％,对O2^-抑制率为36．8％,黄酮浓度超过2mg／mL时对羟自由基（-OH）清除能力逐渐增强,0．50％黄酮的POV较强,仅次于0．05％的维生素C,说明艾草黄酮有较好的开发价值。     

Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitory Eudesmane‐Type Sesquiterpenoids from Artemisia argyi

Six new eudesmane‐type sesquiterpene derivatives, artemargyinins A–F were isolated from the leaves of Artemisia argyi. Their structures were elucidated based on the extensive analysis of spectroscopic data. Artemargyinins A–F feature a lactone ring‐opening eudesmane‐type sesquiterpene with an isoprenoid group at C(8). All compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide‐induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Artemargyinins A–F showed more potent NO production inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 7.66±0.53 to 61.19±2.54 μM than the positive control quercetin (IC₅₀=74.34±1.39 μM). Among them, artemargyinins C and D exhibited strong inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 8.08±0.21 and 7.66±0.53 μM, respectively.     

虎耳草炭疽病病原菌鉴定

【目的】从虎耳草炭疽病病斑分离病原菌,并对病原菌进行鉴定。【方法】采用柯赫氏法则对从病斑组织块分离的病原菌进行验证,通过形态学结合多基因分子系统学方法对病原菌进行鉴定。【结果】从虎耳草炭疽病病斑分离到2株菌株(菌株号:LPSU 20120244、LPSU 20120251)。2株菌株孢子均无色,无隔,直、圆柱状,菌株LPSU 20120244孢子(11-25)μm×(5-9)μm,菌株LPSU 20120251孢子(15-25)μm×(5-7)μm。多基因分子系统树中,2株菌株分别与喀斯特炭疽菌(Colletotrichum karstii Y.L.Yang,Zuo Y.Liu,K.D.HydeL.Cai)和江西炭疽菌(C.jiangxiense F.LiuL.Cai)模式菌株聚为一支,支持率均为100%。【结论】形态学及多基因分子系统学分析表明菌株LPSU 20120244为喀斯特炭疽菌,菌株LPSU 20120251为江西炭疽菌。