龙葵腺毛发育的细胞学研究

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜技术,观察了龙葵“四叶一心”期时叶片及茎表皮的腺毛的种类、分布,探究了不同类型腺毛的起源、生长、成熟、分泌、衰老等发育过程的细胞学特征;通过组织化学染色和荧光显微技术,观察了龙葵腺毛成分、分布,为龙葵的进一步开发利用提供参考。结果表明：（1）龙葵腺毛分为单细胞头腺毛和多细胞头腺毛两类,前者主要分布于茎表面和叶上下表皮,后者主要分布于茎表面的单细胞头腺毛之间、叶脉及叶边缘;（2）龙葵腺毛发育起始于表皮细胞突起,单细胞头腺毛行顶端生长,具1-4个柄细胞,四种类型;多细胞头腺毛可再分为一层、两层与三层多细胞头腺毛,另具三种特殊类型;（3）龙葵成熟腺毛具分泌能力,通过皮下空间的物质积累导致腺毛头细胞表面形成突起、包块、破口,最终释放分泌物;而头细胞与柄细胞随即皱缩、衰老。（4）超微结构显示,腺毛头细胞中内质网与高尔基体极为丰富,合成代谢及分泌活动活跃,产生大量包裹嗜锇物质的囊泡,囊泡与细胞壁融合,进而将嗜锇物质转移至细胞壁并积累,随后储存在角质层下的皮下空间直至分泌释放;（5）组织化学染色结果表明,腺毛含有萜类、生物碱、脂类、蛋白质、酚类和多糖。头细胞中主要含有萜类、生物碱、脂类、蛋白质、酚类和中性多糖;柄细胞中主要含有萜类、生物碱、脂类。     

细叶益母草(Leonurus sibiricus)叶表面腺毛多样性及发育形态学研究

本文研究了分布在细叶益母草（Ｌｅｏｎｕｒｕｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓ） 叶表面三种腺毛的发育过程,在此基础上,对２细胞头状腺毛、４细胞头状腺毛和８细胞盾状腺毛的多样性特征进行了讨论     

细叶益母草（Leonurus sibiricus）叶表面腺毛多样性及发育形态学 …

本文研究了分布在细叶益母草（Ｌｅｏｎｕｒｕｓ ｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓ）叶表面三种腺毛的发育过程,在此基础上,对２－细胞头状腺毛、４－细胞头状腺毛和８－细胞盾状腺毛的多样性特征进行了讨论。     

箭叶淫羊藿同质园栽培居群非腺毛多样性及其分类学启示

淫羊藿是国际上多年来重点研究的药用植物.箭叶淫羊藿(Epimedium sagittatum)是淫羊藿属分布最广,也是形态变异最大的物种,箭叶淫羊藿复合群种分类中存在诸多疑点和争议.为了重建淫羊藿属的系统发育,我们利用数码显微摄影技术对10省16个箭叶淫羊藿同质园栽培居群的叶背非腺毛性状进行了比较研究.结果表明,箭叶淫羊藿非腺毛性状的主要特征包括:细胞数、非腺毛长度、是否存在伸长细胞、顶细胞形态及由此导致的顶细胞直径和壁厚差异.不同居群的非腺毛形态和特征存在巨大差异和丰富的多样性,其中项细胞形状是最重要的特征,并与全长、有无伸长细胞、项细胞比例、顶细胞直径和壁厚等多个性状密切关联.聚类分析将16个居群划分为两个类型,即梭形组和剑形组.变异式样的分析表明个体间和居群间整体呈现连续变异,丰富的多样性可能是多型种的表现.但形态上的分化往往来源于关键性状特征的强烈选择作用引起的居群间适应性分化,同质园栽培个体和居群间的形态差异暗示着适应性相关性状的遗传分化,居群间的形态差异应为地方适应性的结果,这种差异可能是物种形成的雏形.     

羽叶薰衣草表皮毛的发育解剖学研究

对羽叶薰衣草(LavandulapinnataL.)茎和叶上两种表皮毛(腺毛和非腺毛)发育的解剖学观察表明,两者的发生都源于茎或叶的原表皮细胞,但外部形态、发育过程及功能明显不同。腺毛有头状腺毛和盾状腺毛两种类型,均由1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和头部细胞构成。头状腺毛的头部只有1个或2个分泌细胞,盾状腺毛由8个分泌细胞构成头部。非腺毛由3-20个细胞组成,可分为三种类型:单列不分枝、二叉分枝和三叉及三叉以上多分枝的树状分枝。非腺毛的顶部细胞由基部到顶部逐渐变细,先端成尖形。腺毛发育由原表皮细胞经两次平周分裂形成,由于柄细胞和头部细胞所处的分化状态不同而发育成两类腺毛。非腺毛由非腺毛原始细胞经二次或多次平周分裂和不均等分裂,再发育成数个至二十多个子细胞。     

火炬树腺毛的形态结构和发育的研究

研究了火炬树（RhustyphinaTorner．）叶柄腺毛的形态结构和发育过程,结果表明,其腺毛起源于叶柄的表皮细胞,每个腺毛都由1个基细胞、3个柄细胞和分泌细胞组成的头部3部分组成。     

中国虫草一新记录种

【目的】对一个寄生鳞翅目幼虫的虫草标本Dxhir140901进行分类鉴定。【方法】采用形态学比较和基于ITS1-5.8S-ITS2rDNA的系统发育与进化网络分析进行鉴定。【结果】形态学观察：标本的分离菌株形态显示其为典型的被毛孢属真菌,具有两型产孢结构：A型产孢细胞柱状,(1.8?6.3) μm×1.8 μm;B型产孢细胞锥形,基部柱状,向上逐渐变细无明显颈部,基部宽3?3.8 μm,长21?63 μm,颈部宽1.8?2.0 μm,菌丝末端可直接形成产孢细胞;孢子橘瓣形或卵形,(8.1?10.8) μm×(2.7?5.4) μm,具粘液,黏液层厚1.8?2.7 μm。系统发育分析结果显示该菌株与巨针线形虫草Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis聚为一支,支持率为98%,进化网络分析也支持上述结果。【结论】通过与O. macroacicularis的形态比较和分子系统学分析结果,Dxhir140901及其分离株Gzuifr-hir140901为巨针线形虫草Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis S. Ban, T. Sakane & Nakagiri的无性阶段,该种为中国新记录种。     

青藏高原不同海拔高度下全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮特征研究

采用胶带粘取叶表皮法,利用光学显微镜观测不同海拔高度下全缘叶绿绒蒿叶片的表皮毛、气孔及表皮细胞结构特征,探讨全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮特征与海拔高度的关系。结果表明,随着海拔高度增加,全缘叶绿绒蒿叶片上、下表皮毛密度、气孔密度和表皮细胞密度逐渐增加;气孔器及表皮细胞的长度、宽度和面积逐渐减小;表皮细胞的形态随着海拔升高由无规则形向多边形变化,垂周壁由波状向弓形或平直变化。全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮结构在不同海拔高度下表现出的差异,可能是植物长期在高原生态环境下的综合反应,以结构上的变化来适应对高海拔地区的环境特点,为进一步研究高海拔地区植物的适应性提供一定依据。     

紫苏腺毛的形态结构和发育的研究

紫苏（Perillafrutescens（L．）Britton）叶上腺毛的研究表明：叶上腺毛主要有两种类型,一是头状腺毛,二是后状腺毛。两类腺毛都是由1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和由分泌细胞组成的头部构成。头状腺毛的头部由1个、2个或4个分泌细胞构成,其头部呈圆球形或半圆球形。盾状腺毛的头部也由1个、2个、4个或8个分泌细胞构成,其分泌细胞横向扩展使头部呈盾状。分泌盛期,大量分泌物充满角质层下间隙。两类腺毛的原始细胞均起源于叶原基或幼叶的原表皮层细胞,它通过两次平周分裂形成1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和1个头细胞,头细胞不分裂或依次进行1—3次垂周分裂,分别形成单细胞、2细胞、4细胞或8细胞的头部。     

中国东北植物叶毛状体的发育形态学研究：Ⅰ.连钱草毛状体的发育形…

利用连钱草成熟叶和茎尖为材料,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察了三种不同种类的毛状体形态和发生。这三种毛状体是（１）８－细胞盾状腺毛,（２）２－细胞头状腺毛;（３）多细胞单毛。     

Ricerche Citotassonomiche in Artemisia Vulgaris L. Ed Artemisia Verlotorum Lamotte

Abstract

Cytotaxonomical studies in Artemisia vulgaris L. and Artemisia verlotorum Lamotte. — Karyotype analysis of A. vulgaris and A. verlotorum has shown in the first species, in agreement with previous data, a chromosome number of 2n=16 and in the second the chromosome number of 2n=48 which does not agree with previous data. This seems to be the first case of polyploidy observed in Artemisia with basic number eight. A few specimens of A. verlotorum had shown 2n=48 + 2B chromosomes. The comparison of karyotypes has shown that, while the two species have, in some respect, the same degree of symmetry (ΣL%=57; ΣC9% = 43), the quality of their chromosomes is different (see karyotype formulas). We see no explanation for such an unlikely phenomenon.     

The monoterpenes of Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula and Artemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis.

Monoterpenes from three different members of the Anthemideae family, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula and Artemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis were isolated and their structures determined using spectroscopic techniques. A total of 26 irregular and regular monoterpenes were identified. Among these, 20 had previously been identified in the Anthemideae family. Of the remaining six, four were known, but previously unidentified in this family. 2,2-Dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-2H-pyran, 2,3-dimethyl-6-isopropyl-4H-pyran and 2-isopropenyl-5-methylhexa-trans-3,5-diene-1-ol were isolated from both A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana and A. cana ssp. viscidula. The irregular monoterpene 2,2-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-2H-pyran has a carbon skeleton analogous to the biologically important triterpene squalene. Two additional irregular monoterpenes, artemisia triene and trans-chrysanthemal were isolated from A. cana ssp. viscidula and lavandulol was isolated from A. tridentata ssp. spiciformis. This is the first time a compound possessing a lavandulyl-skeletal type has been found in the Anthemideae family.     

Eudesmanolides from Artemisia judaica

The aerial parts of Artemisia judaica afforded in addition to known compounds a hydroperoxide corresponding to vulgarin as well as an isomer of the latter. The configurations of these lactones have been established by NOE difference spectroscopy.     

Biosynthesis of Artemisia Ketone

MEVALONIC acid (MVA) is generally believed to be converted in higher plants into isopentenyl and 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphates which in turn condense to form geranyl and neryl pyrophosphates, the presumed precursors of acyclic and cyclic monoterpenes respectively. Some of the individual steps have been demonstrated^1–3; radioactive MVA has been incorporated without scrambling of tracer into several monoterpenes^4–6; and the various classes of monoterpenes are thought to be biosynthesized from geranyl and neryl pyrophosphates by routes outlined by Ruzicka et al.⁷.     

Artemisia absinthium × laxa

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Volatile components of Artemisia monosperma and Artemisia judaica growing in the Egyptian deserts

Volatile components of Artemisia monosperma and of Artemisia judaica obtained by steam distillation of the fresh plants were analysed by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Volatile oil of A. monosperma was found to be made up primarily of highly unsaturated hydrocarbons and aromatic acetylenic compounds with 3-methyl-3-phenyl-1,4-pentadiyne being the major component. Volatile oil of A. judaica, on the other hand, was found to be a mixture of esters, ketones and aldehydes in which pipertone is the major component.     

Alkamides from Artemisia dracunculus.

From the aerial parts of Artemisia dracunculus, one known alkamide, pellitorine, two new alkamides neopellitorine A and neopellitorine B, and one known coumarin herniarine were isolated. Structures were elucidated by means of UV, IR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR. These compounds showed insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica at 200 microg/ml concentrations.     

Chloroplast genome sequences of Artemisia maritima and Artemisia absinthium: Comparative analyses,mutational hotspots in genus Artemisia and phylogeny in family Asteraceae

Artemisia L. is a complex genus of medicinal importance. Publicly available chloroplast genomes of few Artemisia species are insufficient to resolve taxonomic discrepancies at species level. We report chloroplast genome sequences of two further Artemisia species: A. maritima (151,061 bp) and A. absinthium (151,193 bp). Both genomes possess typical quadripartite structure comprising of a large single copy, a small single copy and a pair of long inverted repeats. The two genomes exhibited high similarities in genome sizes, gene synteny, GC content, synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions, codon usage, amino acids frequencies, RNA editing sites, microsatellites, and oligonucleotide repeats. Transition to transversion ratio was <1. Maximum likelihood tree showed Artemisia a monophyletic genus, sister to genus Chrysanthemum. We also identified 20 highly polymorphic regions including rpoC2-rps2, trnR-UCU-trnG-UCC, rps18-rpl20, and trnL-UAG-rpl32 that could be used to develop authentic and cost-effective markers to resolve taxonomic discrepancies and infer phylogenetic relationships among Artemisia species.