‘西伯利亚’百合LiCMK基因克隆及功能分析

4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶（CMK）是萜类花香合成甲基赤藓糖醇磷酸（MEP）途径的关键酶,为揭示其对百合花香的调控作用,从‘西伯利亚’百合（Lilium ‘Siberia’）中克隆LiCMK基因,进行生物信息学分析,利用亚细胞定位确定蛋白位置,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测基因时空表达模式,并运用病毒诱导基因沉默（VIGS）方法瞬时沉默LiCMK,验证其功能。结果显示,LiCMK全长1 200 bp,编码399个氨基酸,属于IspE家族,与油棕（Elaeis guineensis）中的CMK相似度最高。LiCMK的表达随花期呈现先上升后降低的规律,在盛花期的表达量达到峰值,在花器官中的表达量明显高于茎、叶中的表达量。LiCMK蛋白定位于叶绿体中。LiCMK在百合中瞬时沉默后,LiCMK表达水平下降了约84%,主要的单萜合成基因表达量明显下降,月桂烯合酶基因（MYS）、罗勒烯合酶基因（OCS）和芳樟醇合酶基因（LIS）分别降低了57%、59%和63%,主要的单萜类化合物月桂烯、罗勒烯和芳樟醇释放量显著下降。结果表明,LiCMK基因对‘西伯利亚’百合单萜化合物的合成与花香释放有重要...     

紫丁香花香成分鉴定及关键TPS基因的功能分析

萜烯合成酶（TPS,terpene synthase）基因是萜类化合物生物合成途径中的关键基因,其在植物萜烯代谢中起到重要的作用。本研究以紫丁香（Syringa oblata Lindl. ex Carr.）花瓣为材料,在优化固相微萃取花香化合物条件的基础上,对4个不同花发育时期（花蕾期、初开期、盛开期和衰败期）的花香化合物进行鉴定分析;结合基因组和转录组数据筛选到了SoTPS2和SoTPS3关键候选基因,并对其进行克隆和功能研究。结果表明：（1）最适的萃取条件为30℃萃取40 min;4个花发育时期的花香总释放量呈先升高后下降的趋势,盛花期达到最高;4个时期中萜烯类化合物的释放量占花香总释放量的比例均最高,其中以单萜罗勒烯的释放量最高。（2）SoTPS2和SoTPS3基因编码区长度分别为1731 bp和1779 bp,编码氨基酸分别为576个和592个,编码的蛋白具有Terpene＿cyclase＿plant＿C1保守结构域,属于Isoprenoid＿Biosyn＿C1超家族;实时荧光定量表明2个基因均在花瓣中表达量最高,在不同花发育时期表达量均呈先升高后下降趋势,在盛开期表达量最高...     

不同花期‘西伯利亚’百合花瓣单萜合成途径转录组分析

以‘西伯利亚’百合（Lilium ‘Siberia’）花蕾期、半开期、盛开期、衰败期的花瓣为材料,利用RNA-seq技术对其转录组进行高通量测序,分析单萜合成途径中差异表达的基因并阐明其分子机制。结果显示,‘西伯利亚’百合通过转录组测序分析共得到56.28 Gb clean base,223.40 Mb clean reads和124 233个unigene,其中35 749个基因得到注释。萜骨架合成途径中的基因表达水平在不同花期表现出显著差异。其中,甲基赤藓糖醇磷酸（MEP）中的1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸合成酶（DXS）、1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸还原异构酶（DXR）、4-羟基-3-甲丁-2-烯基二磷酸合成酶（HDS）、4-羟基-3-甲丁-2烯基二磷酸还原酶（HDR）、牻牛儿基二磷酸合成酶（GPS）基因的表达水平随花期变化呈先升高后降低的趋势。罗勒烯合成酶（OCS）基因表现出相似变化规律,在盛开期表达量最高。甲羟戊酸（MVA）途径中的3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶（HMGR）的基因表达同样出现先升高后降低的趋势。单萜合成下游的分支途径中,茄尼基二磷酸合成酶（SDS）、牻牛儿基牻牛儿基二磷酸合成酶（GGDR）基因的表达则出现相反的趋势,在盛开期的表达量最低。研究结果表明MEP途径中的关键基因可随花期变化规律性的表达,以调控单萜的生物合成,在盛开期有较高释放量,且盛开期MVA途径的活化以及泛醌和萜醌代谢支路基因的低表达也促进了单萜的生物合成。     

金鱼草AmPIF4基因克隆及调控花香物质合成释放功能分析

为了研究光敏因素互作因子(phytochrome interacting factors,PIFs)在光诱导花香物质合成释放中的调控作用,该研究从‘马里兰’金鱼草 (Antirrhinum majus ‘Maryland True Pink’)中克隆PIF4转录因子(AmPIF4)编码区序列,进行生物信息学分析、亚细胞定位和瞬时表达载体转化烟草,研究AmPIF4蛋白在细胞中的分布;并采用qRT PCR 技术检测AmPIF4基因的时空表达,运用病毒诱导的基因沉默(VIGS)验证基因功能,采用ATD GC/MS技术测定花香成分含量。结果显示：(1) 成功克隆到AmPIF4基因开放阅读框全长1 497 bp,编码498个氨基酸;理论分子量55.58 kD,理论等电点6.44;同源比对分析显示AmPIF4蛋白与芝麻(Sesamum indicum)序列相似度最高。(2)AmPIF4蛋白主要定位于细胞核。(3) 实时定量分析表明,AmPIF4基因在金鱼草各个时期及不同器官、组织中均有表达,而在花盛开期达到最高,其中在盛开期的叶片中表达量最高,但叶片与茎和萼片中的表达差异不显著。 (4)基因沉默使金鱼草花瓣中AmPIF4基因的相对表达量较野生型显著下调约65%,且与阴性对照相比AmPIF4表达量也显著降低,同时使金鱼草花瓣中主要花香挥发物成分月桂烯、罗勒烯、苯甲酸甲酯较野生型分别显著增加了22%、24%、12%,花香释放量总体含量上升。研究表明,AmPIF4对花香物质合成释放有负调控作用,可能参与光对花香次生代谢的调控。     

不同花期‘西伯利亚’百合花瓣单萜合成途径转录组分析（英文）

以‘西伯利亚’百合(Lilium‘Siberia’)花蕾期、半开期、盛开期、衰败期的花瓣为材料,利用RNA-seq技术对其转录组进行高通量测序,分析单萜合成途径中差异表达的基因并阐明其分子机制。结果显示,‘西伯利亚’百合通过转录组测序分析共得到56.28 Gb clean base,223.40 Mb clean reads和124 233个unigene,其中35 749个基因得到注释。萜骨架合成途径中的基因表达水平在不同花期表现出显著差异。其中,甲基赤藓糖醇磷酸(MEP)中的1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸合成酶(DXS)、1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸还原异构酶(DXR)、4-羟基-3-甲丁-2-烯基二磷酸合成酶(HDS)、4-羟基-3-甲丁-2烯基二磷酸还原酶(HDR)、牻牛儿基二磷酸合成酶(GPS)基因的表达水平随花期变化呈先升高后降低的趋势。罗勒烯合成酶(OCS)基因表现出相似变化规律,在盛开期表达量最高。甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径中的3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)的基因表达同样出现先升高后降低的趋势。单萜合成下游的分支途径中,茄尼基二磷酸合成酶(SDS)、牻牛儿基牻牛儿基二磷酸合成酶(GGDR)基因的表达则出现相反的趋势,在盛开期的表达量最低。研究结果表明MEP途径中的关键基因可随花期变化规律性的表达,以调控单萜的生物合成,在盛开期有较高释放量,且盛开期MVA途径的活化以及泛醌和萜醌代谢支路基因的低表达也促进了单萜的生物合成。     

RcAGL61基因调控雄蕊和花瓣之间转变影响月季花瓣数量

【目的】为了探究月季重瓣性状的调控机制,课题组前期筛选到一个与花发育相关的AG同源基因RcAGL61,本研究对该基因的功能进行了分析。【方法】利用荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）对该基因在‘窄叶藤本月季花’ב月月粉’杂交群体中重瓣株系和单瓣株系花芽5个发育时期的表达模式进行了分析,以重瓣株系和单瓣株系为材料,克隆RcAGL61,并进行生物信息学分析、亚细胞定位及VIGS实验。【结果】（1）该基因表达水平在单瓣株系的五个发育时期均显著高于重瓣株系,在单瓣株系花发育的S4-S5期比S1-S3期表达量明显升高。（2）RcAGL61编码区序列在单瓣株系和重瓣株系中一致,长度为495 bp,与RcAG基因序列相似度为30.75%,编码164个氨基酸,含有一个MADS-Box保守结构域,属于MADS-Box基因家族。（3）亚细胞定位发现RcAGL61蛋白定位于烟草表皮细胞的细胞核。（4）沉默该基因后,瓣化雄蕊数量增加,雄蕊数量减少,花瓣数量增加,萼片数量和雌蕊数量无显著变化。【结论】RcAGL61参与调控了雄蕊原基和花瓣原基间的转变,影响了月季的花瓣数量。     

铁皮石斛14-3-3基因家族鉴定及表达分析

【目的】14-3-3蛋白,亦称通用调节因子（GRF）,由多基因家族编码,在植物生长发育和逆境应答发挥关键的作用。鉴定铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale）GRF基因家族,为铁皮石斛GRF基因功能研究及遗传改良提供理论依据。【方法】通过生物信息学的方法鉴定铁皮石斛14-3-3家族成员,分析其理化性质、染色体定位、系统进化发育、基因结构和启动子顺式作用元件等,同时通过荧光定量PCR技术检测它们在不同组织、低温处理及盐胁迫处理后的表达量。【结果】铁皮石斛有17个GRF家族成员,分为ε类和非ε类亚族,不均匀地分布在7条染色体上,且存在7对串联复制基因。同一亚族成员基因结构、保守基序和蛋白质二级结构相类似。DoGRF家族基因的启动子区域存在大量激素和环境胁迫应答相关的调控元件。DoGRF家族基因在铁皮石斛各组织中均有表达,具有组织表达特异性,大多数基因在花器官中表达最高,其次是茎和根。同时,在低温处理、盐胁迫处理下呈现差异化表达,可能受到低温和盐胁迫的调控,特别是DoGRF2在铁皮石斛逆境应答过程中起着关键的作用。【结论】在全基因组水平从铁皮石斛中鉴定出17个DoGRF家族成员,...     

西藏虎头兰花香成分分析

以盛花期的西藏虎头兰花为试材,采用手动固相微萃取(SPME)结合气相色谱一质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定其一天内不同时间及不同花器官释放的花香成分及其相对含量。一天中三个时间点10∶00、14∶00和18∶00的西藏虎头兰花香分别鉴定出88种、87种和83种化合物,在花器官花瓣、唇瓣和合蕊柱中分别鉴定出72种、66种和62种化合物;包括醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类、萜烯类、烷烃类、醚类、呋喃类、酚类和芳香族十类化合物。全花花香成分主要是α-蒎烯,松萜和对甲酚;花瓣主要花香成分α-蒎烯,松萜和β-蒎烯;唇瓣主要花香成分对甲酚、α-蒎烯,松萜;合蕊柱主要花香成分对甲酚、己醛、1-己醇。结果表明,西藏虎头兰一天内不同时间段花香成分种类逐渐减少;花器官花香成分从合蕊柱向花瓣种类逐渐增加,说明其主要香气释放部位为花瓣;在不同时间段及花器官中,萜烯类物质、醇类物质和酯类物质无论种类数量还是相对含量都占有很大比重,说明萜烯类物质、醇类物质和酯类物质是西藏虎头兰花香的主要组成成分。     

睡莲品种保罗蓝花器官不同部位的转录组测序分析

为探究热带睡莲花器官不同部位的花香代谢通路及参与萜类香气物质生物合成的差异表达基因,本研究借助转录组测序技术,以热带睡莲品种保罗蓝为研究对象,对其花器官的花瓣（PE,petal）、雄蕊（ST,stamen）和雌蕊（PI,pistil） 3个部位进行转录组测序分析。差异表达基因分析结果显示,花瓣相对于雌蕊（PE-vs-PI）、雄蕊相对于雌蕊（ST-vs-PI）和雄蕊相对于花瓣（ST-vs-PE）的差异表达基因数目分别为7853个、7501个和2526个。GO分类和富集分析显示,3个比较组的差异表达基因主要参与了生物调节、细胞过程、代谢过程和刺激应答的生物学过程;KEGG分类和富集分析显示,PE-vs-PI的差异表达基因显著富集的KEGG通路最多,其次为ST-vs-PI,ST-vs-PE最少。从3个比较组共有的794个差异表达基因中筛选出98个参与萜类物质代谢差异表达基因,富集于4条萜类物质合成通路,且PE-vs-PI和ST-vs-PI的差异表达基因数目均高于ST-vs-PE。已知的金合欢醛和二萜贝壳杉烯合成关键基因HMGR和DXS在花瓣和雄蕊的表达量均高于雌蕊。从98个差异表达基因中随机...     

基于 HS-SPME/GC-MS 分析山茶品种‘克瑞墨大牡丹’花器官香气成分简

采用顶空固相微萃取法（HS-SPME）提取了山茶品种‘克瑞墨大牡丹’不同花器官自然挥发的花香挥发油,并用气相色谱—质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析了花香成分。分别从整花、花瓣、雄蕊中检测到了89、80、21种化合物。花香成分主要由萜类、芳香族化合物、脂肪族化合物等组成,其中以单萜中的芳樟醇相对含量最高,以下依次为顺式氧化芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、十四烷等。花瓣和雄蕊中花香成分有较大差别,芳樟醇在花瓣和雄蕊中均占首位,相对含量分别为15.12%和63.97%,雄蕊缺乏烷烃和芳香烃。同一朵花所有花瓣的花香绝对挥发量是所有雄蕊的3倍以上,但质量相同时雄蕊的挥发量却明显高于花瓣,表明花瓣和雄蕊对‘克瑞墨大牡丹’的花香具有同样重要的贡献。     

Floral Scent Production in Clarkia (Onagraceae) (I. Localization and Developmental Modulation of Monoterpene Emission and Linalool Synthase Activity)

The flowers of many plants emit volatile compounds as a means of attracting pollinators. We have previously shown that the strong, sweet fragrance of Clarkia breweri (Onagraceae), an annual plant native to California, consists of approximately 8 to 12 volatile compounds[mdash]three monoterpenes and nine benzoate derivatives (R.A. Raguso and E. Pichersky [1994] Plant Syst Evol [in press]). Here we report that the monoterpene alcohol linalool is synthesized and emitted mostly by petals but to a lesser extent also by the pistil and stamens. Two linalool oxides are produced and emitted almost exclusively by the pistil. These three monoterpenes are first discernible in mature unopened buds, and their tissue levels are highest during the first 2 to 3 d after anthesis. Levels of emission by the different floral parts throughout the life span of the flower were correlated with levels of these monoterpenes in the respective tissues, suggesting that these monoterpenes are emitted soon after their synthesis. Activity of linalool synthase, an enzyme that converts the ubiquitous C10 isoprenoid intermediate geranyl pyrophosphate to linalool, was highest in petals, the organ that emits most of the linalool. However, linalool synthase activity on a fresh weight basis was highest in stigma and style (i.e. the pistil). Most of the linalool produced in the pistil is apparently converted into linalool oxides. Lower levels (0.1%) of monoterpene emission and linalool synthase activity are found in the stigma of Clarkia concinna, a nonscented relative of C. breweri, suggesting that monoterpenes may have other functions in the flower in addition to attracting pollinators.     

Cuticle characteristics and volatile emissions of petals in Antirrhinum majus

Floral volatiles, which are small and generally water-insoluble, must move from their intracellular sites of synthesis through the outermost cuticle membrane before release from the flower surface. To determine whether petal cuticle might influence volatile emissions, we performed the first analysis of petal cuticle development and its association with the emission of flower volatiles using Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) as a model system. Petal cuticular wax amount and composition, cuticle thickness and ultrastructure, and the amounts of internal and emitted methylbenzoate (the major snapdragon floral scent compound) were examined during 12 days, from flower opening to senescence. Normal ( n -) alkanes were found to be the major wax class of snapdragon petals (29.0% to 34.3%) throughout the 12 days examined. Besides n -alkanes, snapdragon petals possessed significant amounts of methyl branched alkanes (23.6–27.8%) and hydroxy esters (12.0–14.0%). Hydroxy esters have not been previously reported in plants. Changes in amount of methylbenzoate inside the petals followed closely with levels of methylbenzoate emission, suggesting that snapdragon petal cuticle may provide little diffusive resistance to volatile emissions. Moreover, clear associations did not exist between methylbenzoate emission and the cuticle properties examined during development. Nevertheless, the unique wax composition of snapdragon petal cuticles shows similarities with those of other highly permeable cuticles, suggesting an adaptation that could permit rapid volatile emission by scented flowers.     

山茶CjMYB1基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究通过序列比对分析,以野生红山茶和不同花色品种山茶为材料,采用PCR方法克隆CjMYB1基因,并通过生物信息学和表达分析对其进行初步研究,为深入研究山茶CjMYB1基因在花色形成和花发育过程的调控机理奠定理论基础。结果表明：(1)成功克隆获得山茶CjMYB1基因(GenBank登录号为OL347930),其开放阅读框长为879 bp,编码292个氨基酸,相对分子质量为33.17 kD;CjMYB1基因属于R2R3-MYB转录因子,且与拟南芥MYB基因家族的第7亚组处于同一分支。(2)荧光定量PCR分析发现,山茶CjMYB1基因在野生红山茶花芽中表达量最高,在萼片、花瓣、雄蕊和心皮中都有较高的表达量,推测其在山茶花器官发育中发挥着重要作用;在红色山茶品种中表达量较高,而在粉色、淡黄色、白色山茶品种中表达量较低,说明CjMYB1基因可能在红色山茶品种的花色苷合成途径中起到了关键作用。(3)亚细胞定位实验表明,CjMYB1蛋白定位在细胞核。     

Characterization of two monoterpene synthases involved in floral scent formation in Hedychium coronarium

Hedychium coronarium, a perennial herb belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, is cultivated as a garden plant or cut flower as well as for medicine and aromatic oil. Its flowers emit a fresh and inviting scent, which is mainly because of monoterpenes present in the profile of the floral volatiles. However, fragrance produced as a result of monoterpenes has not been well studied. In the present study, two novel terpene synthase (TPS) genes (HcTPS7 and HcTPS8) were isolated to study the biosynthesis of monoterpenes in H. coronarium. In vitro characterization showed that the recombinant HcTPS7 was capable of generating sabinene as its main product, in addition to nine sub-products from geranyl diphosphate (GPP). Recombinant HcTPS8 almost specifically catalyzed the formation of linalool from GPP, while it converted farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to α-bergamotene, cis-α-bisabolene, β-farnesene and other ten sesquiterpenes. Subcellular localization experiments revealed that HcTPS7 and HcTPS8 were located in plastids. Real-time PCR analyses showed that HcTPS7 and HcTPS8 genes were highly expressed in petals and sepals, but were almost undetectable in vegetative organs. The changes of their expression levels in petals were positively correlated with the emission patterns of sabinene and linalool, respectively, during flower development. The results indicated that HcTPS7 and HcTPS8 were involved in the biosynthesis of sabinene and linalool in H. coronarium flowers. Results on these two TPSs first characterized from H. coronarium provide new insights into molecular mechanisms of terpene biosynthesis in this species and also lay the basis for biotechnological modification of floral scent profile in Hedychium.     

Evolution of petaloid sepals independent of shifts in B-class MADS box gene expression

Attractive petals are an integral component of animal-pollinated flowers and in many flowering plant species are restricted to the second floral whorl. Interestingly, multiple times during angiosperm evolution, petaloid characteristics have expanded to adjacent floral whorls or to extra-floral organs. Here, we investigate developmental characteristics of petaloid sepals in Rhodochiton atrosanguineum, a close relative of the model species Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon). We undertook this in two ways, first using scanning electron microscopy we investigate the micromorphology of petals and sepals, followed by expression studies of genes usually responsible for the formation of petaloid structures. From our data, we conclude that R. atrosanguineum petaloid sepals lack micromorphological characteristics of petals and that petaloid sepals did not evolve through regulatory evolution of B-class MADS box genes, which have been shown to specify second whorl petal identity in a number of model flowering plant species including snapdragon. These data, in conjunction with other studies, suggests multiple convergent pathways for the evolution of showy sepals.     

蝴蝶兰PhalPI基因的克隆及在花器官突变体中的表达分析

为深入研究兰科植物花器官发育的调控机理,从蝴蝶兰花瓣中克隆了一个B类MADS-box转录因子PhalPI（GenBank登录号为KY020416）。序列分析表明,该基因的cDNA全长为944 bp,含完整的开放阅读框,可编码210个氨基酸,属于BGLO/PI蛋白家族,与蝴蝶兰属的PhPI10和PeMADS6基因关系最近;表达模式分析表明,PhalPI基因在生殖器官中表达,在营养器官中不表达,在授粉后的子房中,该基因的表达水平降低。在5种花器官突变体中,PhalPI基因在萼片唇瓣化突变体的萼片和蕊柱中表达水平明显升高;在雄蕊花瓣化突变体的萼片和侧瓣中表达水平降低,在其唇瓣和蕊柱中显著升高;在侧瓣合柱化突变体的蕊柱中,PhalPI基因的表达也发生了显著升高;PhalPI基因表达的改变与花器官形态的突变相关;而在侧瓣唇瓣化和侧瓣花药化突变体中,PhalPI基因的表达水平没有变化。推测该基因在决定蝴蝶兰侧瓣和唇瓣的发育中起重要的调控作用。