流感病毒双向扩散试验及其应用

用新甲1型流感病毒津防77-78兔免疫血清与SSS裂解的相应抗原进行双向扩散试验(简称双扩),出现两条明显的沉淀线,即血凝素和核蛋白沉淀线;而乙型Lee株抗原则不产生沉淀线。用双扩对新甲1型津防77-78与旧甲1型国内外代表株FM1、FW、京生53-7、京科55-3做单面的血凝素抗原分析,证明津防77-78的血凝素与FW一致,与其它毒株均有差异。但津防77-78的血凝素和核蛋白沉淀线的位置与FW的相反。 用酸沉淀处理流感病毒的方法浓缩抗原,与同型流感病毒免疫血清做双扩,可得到核蛋白沉淀线。用双扩和酸沉淀抗原能对新分离流感病毒满意地定型,方法简单,出结果快,优于补体结合试验。     

流行性感冒病毒重组的研究II．温度敏感母株的选育与性质

从甲3／夏防72-II野毒株中经终末传代选出了自然突变的ts株——夏原ts,其切断洞度为≤38℃。在地鼠肺中繁殖能力显著降低,但在小鼠中仍能保护野毒的攻击,其遗传性较为稳定。用夏原ts与灭活的甲2／福流58-8野毒重组,成功地选出了福Ri、福R2与福R3三株重组ts病毒,其切断温度与遗传稳定性与夏原ts相似。福Rl的血凝素和神经氨酸酶均与福流58.8相同,福R2与福R 3血凝素与福流58.8相同,但神经氨酸酶则与夏原ts相同。用福R 3活毒作为母株与不同年代流行的甲,型变种的灭活病毒重组选育ts疫苗株。在选出的6株{燕苗株中{株反应性及免疫原性均较好,2株免疫原性较差,特别是与甲,型最近一个变种粤防77—38重组选出的疫苗株的免瘦原性很差。对我们的重组选育方法的特点,如应用自然ts母株,活毒一死毒重组和在鸡胚中选育进行了讨论,并提出了存在的问题和改进的方向。     

疫苗

甲型流感病毒低温适应重组疫苗株基因组中ts缺损的定位〔英」/MeaveQ。、。E…IAeta Virol一1984,28(3)一204~21〔译自DBA,1984,3(1了),84一08111〕852424一卯一,本文研究了亲代流感病毒基因组中以及低温适应株A/Leningrad/134/17/57或A/Leningrad/134/47/57与甲型流感病毒流行株H]Nl和H3NZ的重组病毒基因组中的温度敏感(ts)表型及ts突变的定位。流行株HINI和H3NZ具有ts表型,并在i或2个基因中含有ts突变。在40℃克隆纯化3次后,ts表型丢失。具有不同ts表型的2个低温适应株,在编码非糖蛋白的3个基因(A/Lenin-grad/134八7/57于25oC…     

甲3型流感病毒M2基因在痘苗病毒天坛株中的表达

为获得表达甲3型流感病毒(H3N2)M2蛋白的重组天坛株痘苗病毒RVJ1175M2,使用PCR方法扩增流感病毒全长M2基因,将其克隆到天坛株痘苗病毒同源重组质粒pJSC1175中,获得重组质粒pJSC1175M2,通过与痘苗病毒载体同源重组,构建了含流感病毒M2基因的重组痘苗病毒株RVJ1175M2。PCR检测结果证明,流感病毒(H3N2)M2蛋白基因准确插入到天坛株痘苗病毒TK区;Western blot、免疫荧光和流式细胞计数表明重组病毒RVJ1175M2可以有效地表达M2蛋白,表达的M2蛋白有两条带,分别为15kD和13kD,与相关文献报道一致;M2蛋白可有效分布在感染细胞的细胞膜上。这些结果表明重组痘苗病毒株RVJ1175M2可以有效地表达流感病毒M2蛋白,为使用表达M2蛋白的不同类型疫苗进行广谱流感疫苗效果的比较研究奠定了基础。     

天蓝色链霉菌中长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶的功能

【背景】链霉菌属于放线菌科,在土壤环境中广泛分布。链霉菌具有复杂的形态分化和多样性的次生代谢网络,能产生大量具有生物活性的次级代谢产物,被广泛深入研究。【目的】天蓝色链霉菌是链霉菌的模式菌株,其脂肪酸合成代谢与次级代谢联系紧密,但目前脂肪酸合成代谢途径还不清楚,其长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶还未见报道。【方法】利用大肠杆菌FabF序列进行同源比对,发现天蓝色链霉菌A3(2)的基因组中,SCO2390(ScoFabF1)、SCO1266(ScoFabF2)、SCO0548(ScoFabF3)和SCO5886 (ScoRedR)具有较高的相似性,并具有保守的Cys-His-His催化活性中心,可能具有长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶活性。采用PCR扩增方法分别获得以上基因,连入表达载体pBAD24M后分别互补大肠杆菌fabB(ts)突变株和fabB(ts)fabF双突变株,并检测转化子的生长情况。以上基因与pET-28b连接后,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达,并利用Ni-NTA纯化获得蛋白,体外测定其催化活性。将以上基因分别互补大肠杆菌fabF突变株后,GC-MS测定互补株的脂肪酸组成。【结果】4个同源基因中,只有ScofabF1能恢复fabB(ts)fabF双突变株42°C时在添加油酸条件下的生长,其他3个基因均不能恢复生长。而这4个基因都不能恢复fabB(ts)突变株42°C时生长。体外活性测定ScoFabF1具有长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶活性,其他3个蛋白都不具有该活性。仅ScofabF1能显著提高大肠杆菌fabF突变株的顺-11-十八碳烯酸(C18:1)比例,其他3个基因都不具有该功能。【结论】天蓝色链霉菌中ScofabF1编码长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶II,在脂肪酸利用过程中发挥重要作用。天蓝色链霉菌中没有发现编码长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶I的基因,其可能通过其他途径合成少量的不饱和脂肪酸。以上研究结果为进一步研究天蓝色链霉菌中脂肪酸合成机制奠定了基础。     

布鲁氏菌vjbR突变株的构建及其毒力表型分析

为分析vjbR在布鲁氏菌毒力中的作用,构建了vjbR的突变株和互补株,并分析了它们在巨噬细胞和小鼠体内的存活能力。利用同源重组的方法,用卡那抗性基因替换了16M的vjbR(BMEII1116)基因,得到了vjbR的缺失突变株16M△vjbR。将vjbR基因的ORF克隆到pMD18-T载体中,然后将其转入到突变株16M△vjbR中得到互补株16M△vjbR-C。用16M、16M△vjbR和16M△vjbR-C侵染巨噬细胞和感染小鼠,比较分析它们在巨噬细胞内的生存能力及小鼠毒力。研究结果表明vjbR突变株在巨噬细胞和小鼠体内的毒力减弱,存活能力下降,说明vjbR基因是布鲁氏菌16M的毒力相关基因,对于布鲁氏菌建立慢性感染是必要的。     

高致病性2型猪链球菌Ⅳ型样分泌系统virB1-89K基因的敲除及其对毒力的影响

[目的]构建高致病性2型猪链球菌Ⅳ型样分泌系统vir B1-89K基因的敲除株和互补株,研究vir B1-89K基因缺失对细菌毒力的影响.[方法]通过同源重组技术敲除vir B1-89K基因,多重PCR筛选敲除株并测序鉴定.再将virB1-89K基因克隆到穿梭质粒pSET1后转入vir B1-89K敲除株中,构建互补株.比较野生株05ZYH33、突变株△virB1-89K和互补株CvirB1-89K三者基本生物学特性的差异,小鼠实验分析virB1-89K基因敲除后对细菌毒力的影响.[结果]成功构建突变株△vir B1-89K和互补株CvirB1-89K,在基本生物学性状无明显改变的情况下,敲除株的毒性降低到野生株的30％,互补株可恢复其毒性.[结论]virB1-89K基因作为2型猪链球菌高致病性菌株05ZYH33的Ⅳ样分泌系统的重要组分,与其高致病性密切相关.     

同源重组菌株M53的构建及其作为链霉菌通用克隆受体的可行性

为了发展优良的链霉菌宿主系统 ,以带有硫链丝菌素抗性的同源重组葡萄糖异构酶 (GI)缺陷型菌株M10 33XW78,M10 33XW194为出发菌株 ,利用摇瓶、影印和负筛的方法 ,获得一株既无GI活性又对硫链丝菌素敏感的回复菌株 ,命名为淀粉酶链霉菌M5 3.通过染色体PCR检测、酶切图谱鉴定、序列分析等方法 ,确认M5 3含有和M10 33一致的 1 2kb葡萄糖异构酶基因 ,但在结构基因345～ 10 95bp片段内有 17个碱基发生突变 .这说明在染色体内自发同源重组过程中 ,有低频率的突变位点引入 .酶活力测定和SDS PAGE分析表明 ,该突变的GI基因不表达 4 2 5KD葡萄糖异构酶 ,这为M5 3菌株发展成为优良的链霉菌宿主提供了足够的表达空间 .一系列的转化实验也证明了M5 3菌株很可能是一种新型链霉菌克隆受体     

甲3型流行性感冒病毒血凝素的pH特征

本文报告,pH9.6碳酸缓冲液对甲3型流感病毒的血凝滴度有明显降低作用,对甲1型和乙型仅有轻微影响,对甲2型的影响则介于两者之间。用不同pH的碳酸缓冲液、磷酸缓冲液及盐水等,测定甲3型流感病毒的血凝滴度,结果表明高pH对其有明显影响。分别具有甲3、甲2或甲1血凝素的重组株,在pH9.6碳酸缓冲液中,其血凝素的稳定性也和上述结果一样,即具有甲3血凝素的重组株,其血凝素对pH9.6碳酸缓冲液最敏感;甲1重组株的血凝素较稳定:而具有甲2血凝素的重组株则介于两者之间。利用此pH特征测定新分离的经血凝抑制试验鉴定为甲3型和乙型流感病毒,得到同样结果,因此有可能利用此pH特征对新分离的甲3型流感病毒进行初步鉴定。     

假单胞菌M18株las系统负调控藤黄绿脓菌素和吩嗪-1-羧酸的合成

从假单胞菌M18株（Pseudomonassp．M18）中,克隆了las系统的双元组分lasI和lasR基因,它们的编码产物属于LuxI—LuxR调控因子．运用同源重组技术,分别构建lasI和lasR基因的染色体失活突变株,与野生型菌株相比,抗生素藤黄绿脓菌素（Pit）和吩嗪-1-羧酸（PcA）的产量均分别提高了4～5倍和2～3倍．在lasI和lasR突变株的反式互补实验中,两种抗生素的产量回复到野生型水平．pltA’-lacZ和phzA-＇lacZ翻译融合的测定结果进-步证明lasI和lasR的编码产物对Plt和PCA生物合成基因簇具有负调控作用．las系统正调控细菌的群集运动,在lasI和lasR的失活突变株中,细菌的群集运动能力消失．对lasI和lasR突变株和野生型的生长曲线的研究发现,lasI和lasR基因的编码产物对细菌的生长具有抑制作用．结果表明,las系统作为整体调控因子的编码基因,参了与细胞内多种生物活动的调控作用．     

Occurrence of temperature-sensitive influenza A viruses in nature.

The origin and characteristics of the first naturally occurring temperature-sensitive (ts) strain of influenza A virus identified in 1973, Xia-ts, are described. Natural ts strains were found to occur in the early egg passage material of all influenza A subtypes examined, but the proportion of ts virus varied from 8.3% for old H1N1 virus (1949 to 1957) to 82.4% for recent H3N2 virus (1979 to 1980). A number of strains were found to be composed of a mixture of ts and wild-type (ts+) particles. Six natural ts strains with different shutoff temperatures and one ts+ strain of the H1N1 subtype were tested in antibody-free volunteers. Strains with a shutoff temperature of 38 degrees C or lower caused very mild symptoms, whereas those with a shutoff temperature of 39 degrees C and the ts+ strain were much more reactogenic. By complementation tests against a set of prototype WSN ts mutants with a defined genetic lesion, the ts lesion of two H3N2 viruses (HK/8/68 and Xia-ts) was located on the NP gene and that of two H1N1 viruses (Tianjin/78/77 and Beijing/1/79) was located on the M protein gene. The present study demonstrates the widespread occurrence in nature of influenza viruses of different degrees of temperature sensitivity and presumably of different degrees of virulence.     

流行性感冒病毒重组株京生75-29 R2 T1及冷适应株31-广的基因分析

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析了流行性感冒病毒重组株京生75-29R2 T1(H3N2)及冷适应株31-广(H3N2)的RNA及多肽。重组株京生75-29R2 T1的HA及M基因系来自流行病毒亲本株/甲/北京/29/75(H3N2),而P_2、NA、NP及NS基因则来自温度敏感母株福R3(H2N2)。流行病毒株甲/穗/03/68(H3N2)在低温条件下经鸡胚尿囊腔传递24代而获得的冷适应疫苗毒株31-广(H3N2)其基因型与野毒株一致。     

Nuclear retention of M1 protein in a temperature-sensitive mutant of influenza (A/WSN/33) virus does not affect nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins.

We investigated the properties of ts51, an influenza virus (A/WSN/33) temperature-sensitive RNA segment 7 mutant. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that ts51 possesses a single nucleotide mutation, T-261----C, in RNA segment 7, resulting in a single amino acid change. Phenylalanine (position 79) in the wild-type M1 protein was substituted by serine in ts51. This mutation was phenotypically characterized by dramatic nuclear accumulation of the M1 protein and interfered with some steps at the late stage of virus replication, possibly affecting the assembly and/or budding of viral particles. However, although M1 protein was retained within the nucleus, export of the newly synthesized viral ribonucleoprotein containing the minus-strand RNA into the cytoplasm was essentially the same at both permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. The roles of M1 in the export of viral ribonucleoproteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm and in the virus particle assembly process are discussed.     

用8质粒病毒拯救系统产生H9N2/WSN重组A型流行性感冒病毒

把禽流行性感冒(流感)病毒A／Chicken／Shanghai／F／98(H9N2)的血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因cDNA克隆至polⅠ-pol Ⅱ双向转录和表达载体pHW2000,用这两种质粒与8质粒病毒拯救系统中流感病毒A／WSN／33(H1N1)6个内部基因cDNA的质粒组合(6 2重排),共转染COS-1细胞,产生了能在鸡胚中高滴度增殖的H9N2／、WSN重组病毒。用A／WSN／33的8个基因cDNA质粒作对照,也产生了转染子病毒。经过EID50测定和MDCK感染实验,新基因型H9N2／WSN病毒感染鸡胚的能力强(EID50为10^-11／0．2m1),而且对鸡胚的毒力弱,在不加胰酶的情况下不使MDCK细胞产牛病变。经电镜观察,两个转染子病毒的形态与野生型流感病毒相似。反向遗传操作技术的建立,为对禽流感病毒基因功能和疫苗构建等方面的研究提供了新的手段。     

Genetic basis of influenza virus virulence: gene composition and virulence of reassortants between mouse-adapted and nonadapted strains from different subtypes

Reassortment analysis of the pneumovirulence for mice marker of influenza virus has been performed. The original A/USSR/90/77 (H1H1) influenza virus strain or its mouse-adapted variant were crossed with a variant of A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) influenza virus highly virulent for mice. The reassortant having HA gene of the original A/USSR/90/77 virus and the other genes of the highly virulent A/Aichi/2/68 strain was avirulent for mice, whereas a similar reassortant possessing HA gene of the mouse-adapted A/USSR/90/77 strain was as virulent as A/Aichi/2/68 parent virus. The reasortant having HA and M genes of A/Aichi/2/68 and other genes of the mouse-adapted A/USSR/90/77 was moderately virulent, resembling in this respect the latter parent. The data indicates that changes in the different genes in course of viral adaptation to mice result in a differential acquisition of virulence for mice.     

Characterization of influenza virus NS1 protein by using a novel helper-virus-free reverse genetic system

We have developed a novel helper-virus-free reverse genetic system to genetically manipulate influenza A viruses. The RNPs, which were purified from the influenza A/WSN/33 (WSN) virus, were treated with RNase H in the presence of NS (nonstructural) cDNA fragments. This specifically digested the NS RNP. The NS-digested RNPs thus obtained were transfected into cells together with the in vitro-reconstituted NS RNP. The NS-digested RNPs alone did not rescue viruses; however, cotransfection with the NS RNP did. This protocol was also used to rescue the NP transfectant. We obtained two NS1 mutants, dl12 and N110, using this protocol. The dl12 NS gene contains a deletion of 12 amino acids at positions 66 to 77 near the N terminus. This virus was temperature sensitive in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells as well as in Vero cells. The translation of all viral proteins as well as cellular proteins was significantly disrupted during a later time of infection at the nonpermissive temperature of 39 degrees C. The N110 mutant consists of 110 amino acids which are the N-terminal 48% of the WSN virus NS1 protein. Growth of this virus was significantly reduced at any temperature. In the virus-infected cells, translation of the M1 protein was reduced to 10 to 20% of that of the wild-type virus; however, the translation of neither the nucleoprotein nor NS1 was significantly interfered with, indicating the important role of NS1 in translational stimulation of the M1 protein.     

Isolation and Preliminary Characterization of Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Influenza Virus

Isolation of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants was attempted from the WSN strain of influenza A virus which was grown and assayed in MDBK cells. After growth of wild-type virus in the presence of 5-fluorouracil, 15 ts mutants were selected for which the ratio of plaquing efficiency at 39.5 C to that at 33 C was 10⁻³ or less. In pairwise crosses of ts mutants, recombination and complementation were either very efficient or undetectable. It is suggested, therefore, that the viral genome consists of physically discrete units and recombination occurs as an exchange of these units. All 15 mutants have been assigned with certainty into five recombination groups. Three mutants are suspected to be double mutants. Any two complementing mutants always recombined with each other, and noncomplementing mutants did not recombine. In physiological tests, mutants showed diverse patterns of functional defects at the nonpermissive temperature. However, it was not always possible to correlate these physiological defects with the results of genetic characterization.     

Primary structure of the full-size DNA copy of the influenza virus A/Kiev/59/79 (H1N1) PB1 gene protein

Nucleotide sequence of the A/Kiev/59/79 influenza virus PB1 gene is reported, thus completing the full-genome primary structure of the recombinant between the virus and laboratory strain A/PR/8/34. The parental strain A/Kiev/59/79 (H1N1) is, in turn, shown to be a natural reassortant inheriting its genes of polymerase complex (PB1, PB2, NP and, in all probability, PA) from contemporary H3N2 influenza virus strains.