新的猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒

2009年3月在美国和墨西哥流感样患者的呼吸道标本中鉴定出新的猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒。该病毒可人一人传播,已蔓延到172个国家和地区。现就猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒的鉴定、基因组结构特征做一综述。     

Host-Specific Hemagglutination of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus

H1N1 strains of influenza A virus isolated during the influenza season of 1991–92 were divided into two groups according to the property of host-specific hemagglutination. Group 1 viruses agglutinated human and chicken red blood cells. Group 2 viruses agglutinated human but not chicken red blood cells. The viruses of both groups, however, showed the same antigenic structure determined with ferret antisera. The virus clones which were plaque-purified twice from a group 2 virus retained the characteristic of host-specific hemagglutination after five successive passages in MDCK cells, indicating that this phenomenon is genetically determined. However, the amino acid, sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the HA gene of the two groups did not show any differences between them. This suggests a difference in amino acids in some other polypeptide(s), which affects the host-specific hemagglutination.     

缺氧诱导因子-1在病毒感染中的作用

缺氧诱导因子-1(hypoxia-inducible factor-1,HIF-1)是一种由β亚单位和α亚单位组成的异二聚体转录因子,其表达产物参与细胞的许多生理过程。越来越多的研究提示HIF-1在病毒感染中发挥着重要作用。通过检索相关文献,对人病毒感染中HIF-1活性改变及其在病毒感染中的作用进行了综述,为研究HIF-1在病毒感染中的作用提供参考。     

New Orf Virus (Parapoxvirus) Recombinant Expressing H5 Hemagglutinin Protects Mice against H5N1 and H1N1 Influenza A Virus

Previously we demonstrated the versatile utility of the Parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV) as a vector platform for the development of potent recombinant vaccines. In this study we present the generation of new ORFV recombinants expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) or nucleoprotein (NP) of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1. Correct foreign gene expression was examined in vitro by immunofluorescence, Western blotting and flow cytometry. The protective potential of both recombinants was evaluated in the mouse challenge model. Despite adequate expression of NP, the recombinant D1701-V-NPh5 completely failed to protect mice from lethal challenge. However, the H5 HA-expressing recombinant D1701-V-HAh5n mediated solid protection in a dose-dependent manner. Two intramuscular (i.m.) injections of the HA-expressing recombinant protected all animals from lethal HPAIV infection without loss of body weight. Notably, the immunized mice resisted cross-clade H5N1 and heterologous H1N1 (strain PR8) influenza virus challenge. In vivo antibody-mediated depletion of CD4-positive and/or CD8-posititve T-cell subpopulations during immunization and/or challenge infection implicated the relevance of CD4-positive T-cells for induction of protective immunity by D1701-V-HAh5n, whereas the absence of CD8-positive T-cells did not significantly influence protection. In summary, this study validates the potential of the ORFV vectored vaccines also to combat HPAIV.     

鼻咽癌细胞中EB病毒编码的潜伏膜蛋白1活化cyclinD1的表达

为了探讨EB病毒编码的潜伏膜蛋白1(EBV-LMP1)促进细胞增殖,参与EBV相关疾病致瘤的分子机制,研究了LMP1在鼻咽癌细胞中调节cyclinD1表达,进而影响细胞周期行进及细胞恶性表型改变,并初步确定了LMP1发挥该功能的结构域.利用已建株的Tet-on-LMP1-HNE2鼻咽癌细胞系,蛋白质印迹实验分析LMP1诱导cyclinD1蛋白质表达的表达动力学,包括时间效应及剂量效应;利用三种LMP1功能区缺失的突变体及野生型LMP1,以载体型细胞为对照,确定LMP1活化cyclinD1表达的结构域.同时结合基因诱导表达及反义寡聚核酸技术阻断基因表达的实验方法,进一步确定LMP1上调的cyclinD1功能,即对细胞周期行进及细胞恶性表型的影响.结果表明LMP1确实可以诱导cyclinD1的表达（2～4倍）,且诱导具有时间依赖性及剂量依赖性;利用三种LMP1功能区缺失的突变体及野生型LMP1,以载体型细胞为对照,结合报道基因分析法,确定与空白载体细胞系比较,野生型LMP1从转录水平可反式激活cyclinD1报道基因活性约11.2倍,其中CTAR1及CTAR2均可活化cyclinD1表达,但以CTAR2为主,与野生型LMP1诱导cyclinD1反式激活活性比较,CTAR1缺失导致cyclinD1报道基因活性下降23.6%,CTAR2缺失导致cyclinD1活性下降约80.7%,C端均缺失时cyclinD1活性只有野生型的17.7%.流式细胞仪分析显示,强力霉素诱导后cyclinD1高表达的细胞停留于G0/G1期明显减少,较未经诱导的细胞,从66.42%减至56.55%,而进入S期及G2/M期的细胞明显增多.在稳定表达LMP1的细胞中,与导入正义LMP1比较,导入反义LMP1 PS-ODNs及反义cylinD1,可以使细胞软琼脂集落形成率明显降低(从30.48%分别降至15.21%,21.76%).EBV-LMP1可以活化cyclinD1的表达,且发挥这种功能的结构域以CTAR2为主,活化的cyclinD1参与细胞周期行进,抑制LMP1及cyclinD1的表达均可导致细胞软琼脂集落形成率降低.     

Microtubule-associated Proteins 1 (MAP1) Promote Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-1) Intracytoplasmic Routing to the Nucleus

After cell entry, HIV undergoes rapid transport toward the nucleus using microtubules and microfilaments. Neither the cellular cytoplasmic components nor the viral proteins that interact to mediate transport have yet been identified. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified four cytoskeletal components as putative interaction partners for HIV-1 p24 capsid protein: MAP1A, MAP1S, CKAP1, and WIRE. Depletion of MAP1A/MAP1S in indicator cell lines and primary human macrophages led to a profound reduction in HIV-1 infectivity as a result of impaired retrograde trafficking, demonstrated by a characteristic accumulation of capsids away from the nuclear membrane, and an overall defect in nuclear import. MAP1A/MAP1S did not impact microtubule network integrity or cell morphology but contributed to microtubule stabilization, which was shown previously to facilitate infection. In addition, we found that MAP1 proteins interact with HIV-1 cores both in vitro and in infected cells and that interaction involves MAP1 light chain LC2. Depletion of MAP1 proteins reduced the association of HIV-1 capsids with both dynamic and stable microtubules, suggesting that MAP1 proteins help tether incoming viral capsids to the microtubular network, thus promoting cytoplasmic trafficking. This work shows for the first time that following entry into target cells, HIV-1 interacts with the cytoskeleton via its p24 capsid protein. Moreover, our results support a role for MAP1 proteins in promoting efficient retrograde trafficking of HIV-1 by stimulating the formation of stable microtubules and mediating the association of HIV-1 cores with microtubules.     

猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒研究概况

2009年3月在美国和墨西哥流感样患者的呼吸道标本中鉴定出新的猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒。该病毒可人-人传播,已蔓延到112个国家和地区。为了遏制不断重组或重配的流感病毒,各国学者对甲型H1N1流感病毒的分子生物学特征、复制周期及实验室诊断做了细致的研究,以研发相应的药物或疫苗,这些成就为世界各国防控今年新鉴定的猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒感染发挥了重要作用。现就猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒的鉴定、基因组结构特征做一综述。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒FAST-LAMP检测方法的建立

建立一种新型等温扩增检测方法,用于提高等温扩增反应的检测速度,应用于甲型H1N1流感病毒检测。根据HA基因设计一组引物,包括外引物、内引物、环引物及套内引物,套内引物的加入增加了引物与模板的接触位点,提高扩增效率,缩短检测时间。结果显示,FAST-LAMP检测法比普通LAMP检测法时间缩短45 min左右,比加入环引物的LAMP检测方法缩短20 min,大大缩短了反应的检测时间。检测灵敏度可达到1×102拷贝。FAST-LAMP是一种高效、更快的检测方法。     

Influenza A Virus (H1N1) Infection Induces Glycolysis to Facilitate Viral Replication

Virologica Sinica - Viruses depend on host cellular metabolism to provide the energy and biosynthetic building blocks required for their replication. In this study, we observed that influenza A...     

In Vivo Pathogenesis of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reporter Virus

Our understanding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-induced pathogenesis is hampered by the inability to detect HIV-1 gene expression in infected viable cells. In this report, we describe two HIV-1 reporter constructs that are replication competent and cytopathic in vivo. These constructs contain DNA regions of two different lengths that bear the cDNA for the murine heat-stable antigen in the vpr region of a CXCR4-tropic virus. We used the SCID-hu mouse model and these reporter viruses to perform detailed kinetic studies of HIV-1 infection of human thymocytes in vivo. We document that the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ thymocytes are the first to express virus and that this subset demonstrates the most rapid and extensive HIV-1-induced cell depletion. Following depletion of this subset, subsequent virus expression occurs predominantly in phenotypically CD4⁻ cells, suggesting that CD4 down-regulation occurs in HIV-1-infected thymocytes in vivo. These results demonstrate the utility of these HIV-1 reporter constructs to monitor HIV pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo.     

Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 Completely Help Adenovirus-Associated Virus Replication

In addition to adenoviruses, which are capable of completely helping adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) multiplication, only herpesviruses are known to provide any AAV helper activity, but this activity has been thought to be partial (i.e., AAV DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses are induced, but infectious particles are not assembled). In this study, however, we show that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are in fact complete AAV helpers and that AAV type 2 (AAV2) infectivity yields can approach those obtained when coinfections are carried out with a helper adenovirus. AAV helper activity was demonstrated in KB cells with two HSV-1 strains (11124 and 17MP) and an HSV-2 strain (HG52). Each herpesvirus supported AAV2 multiplication with comparable efficiency. AAV2 multiplication was similarly efficient in HSV-1 coinfections of HeLa cells, whereas lower yields were obtained in HEp-2 and primary human embryonic kidney cells. HSV-1 also supported AAV1 multiplication in HeLa cells but, at corresponding multiplicities of infection, AAV1 grew less efficiently than AAV2. Comparisons of the time courses of AAV2 DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses after coinfection with either adenovirus type 5 or HSV-1 revealed that, in each case, the onset of synthesis and attainment of maximal synthesis rate occurred earlier in coinfections with HSV-1. These findings demonstrate the linkage of AAV macromolecular synthesis to an event(s) in the helper virus cycle. Aside from this temporal association, helper-related differences in AAV macromolecular synthesis were not apparent.