半永久性中心静脉留置导管在血液透析中的临床应用体会

目的:总结半永久性中心静脉留置导管在血液透析中的临床应用,并对两种不同方法的并发症进行对比分析.方法:选择新疆自治区人民医院血净中心自2005年7月～2011年7月中心静脉留置导管(Central Venous Catheter,CVT)病例共计1153例,包括半永久性颈内静脉双腔留置导管(568例)及临时性颈内静脉双腔留置导管(585例),临时性双腔导管留置应用Seldinger技术.半永久性颈内静脉留置导管采用美国Permcatch带涤纶套双腔导管,长度36-40cm,插管在局麻下实行,经颈内静脉应用Seldinger技术,采用撕脱型扩张导管置管法,带一涤纶套固定,半永久性导管则根据所选用导管长度的不同按导管标示用纯肝素封管.结果:两种CVT方式中,临时性颈内静脉双腔导管留置时间短,导管功能不良占27.1％,感染占27.0％,半永久性颈内静脉双腔导管留置时间长,导管功能不良占9.7％,感染占7.2％,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:半永久性中心静脉留置导管操作简单、方便、安全,并发症低于临时性双腔导管,为解决由于自身血管条件而不能作人造血管或内瘘的血液透析患者选择了一条血管通路,值得临床推广应用.     

20例长期中心静脉留置导管的护理体会

目的:探讨防治长期中心静脉留置导管疼痛、血栓形成等并发症的护理操作的注意事项。方法:选择2011年1月至2012年12月我科长期中心静脉留置患者20例,其中男性15例,女性5例,5例是慢性肾病原发病中糖尿病肾病,3例是恶性肿瘤导致肾功能衰竭,5例为慢性肾炎,7例为高血压肾病,所有血液透析患者都采用双腔导管进行治疗,20例均经右侧颈内静脉置入。20例材料均采用美国Quinton公司Permcath带涤纶套双腔导管,长36cm,涤纶距导管19cm。结果:长期留置导管患者有1例局部形成血栓,有1人发生感染,无一人拔管,最长1例长期留置导管已经使用48个月。结论:在长期中心静脉留置导管的护理中,采用科学有效的健康指导教育,以及对痛疼、脱管、血栓等的细致护理,能收到更好的效果,减少感染率的发生,并延长留置导管的使用时间。     

静脉留置部位导管相关菌血症的病原学研究

目的调查静脉留置导管相关性血流感染病原学特点。方法回顾性调查杭州医学院附属第一医院2003年1月至2005年9月静脉留置治疗患者感染的发生情况,并对其病原菌及耐药特点进行分析。结果165例患者共送检留置导管标本184份,140份标本检有病原菌,检出率为76.1%(140/184)。在165例患者中有150例进行了血液培养,发生血流感染的有103例,感染率为68.7%(103/150)。从140份静脉留置导管标本中共分离出171株病原菌,主要为表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌等。有44例患者静脉留置导管和血液培养出同一种病原菌,主要为表皮葡萄球菌。导管留置后到第一次血液培养出现阳性的时间大约为4~8d。同时从静脉留置导管和血液分离的21株表皮葡萄球菌全部对呋喃妥因和万古霉素敏感,除对利福平的耐药率较低外,对其它抗生素的耐药率都超过50%。结论静脉留置导管较易引起血流感染,引起血流感染病原菌主要以表皮葡萄菌为主,且耐药性严重。     

持续质量改进在重症医学科中心静脉导管相关性感染的控制效果

目的观察重症医学科中心静脉导管相关性感染的预防控制效果,以进一步降低中心静脉导管相关性血流感染（CRBSI）的发生率。方法对2010年7月～2011年12月重症医学科（ICU）留置中心静脉导管的患者进行目标性监测,观察中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的预防与控制,并进行持续质量改进,评价控制效果。结果通过持续质量改进,中心静脉导管相关性血流感染（CRBSI）率呈持续下降趋势,由9.8%逐渐降低至无相关感染病例发生。结论持续质量改进能切实提高各级人员对医院感染的预防控制意识,有效地控制重症医学科CRBSI的发生率。     

乳腺癌患者术后PICC导管相关性感染的危险因素及血清C反应蛋白、降钙素原对感染发生风险的预测价值

摘要 目的：分析乳腺癌患者术后经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）相关性感染的危险因素并探讨血清C反应蛋白（CRP）、降钙素原（PCT）对感染发生风险的预测价值。方法：选取2019年1月～2022年1月我院收治的150例乳腺癌改良根治术后接受PICC置管的乳腺癌患者,根据是否发生PICC导管相关性感染分为感染组34例和非感染组116例,收集患者临床资料,采用化学发光法检测置管前血清CRP、PCT水平。通过单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析乳腺癌患者术后PICC导管相关性感染的危险因素,绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清CRP、PCT水平单独与联合检测对乳腺癌患者术后PICC导管相关性感染的预测价值。结果：单因素分析显示,与非感染组比较,感染组高血压病、糖尿病、TNM分期Ⅲ期、穿刺次数≥3次、化疗次数≥5次、导管留置时间≥6个月、敷料更换频率≥7 d/次比例和血清CRP、PCT水平更高（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病、TNM分期Ⅲ期、化疗次数≥5次、导管留置时间≥6个月、敷料更换频率≥7 d更换1次、CRP（较高）、PCT（较高）为乳腺癌患者术后PICC导管相关性感染的危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清CRP、PCT水平联合预测乳腺癌患者术后PICC导管相关性感染的曲线下面积（AUC）大于单独预测。结论：糖尿病、TNM分期、化疗次数、导管留置时间、敷料更换频率、血清CRP、PCT与乳腺癌患者术后PICC导管相关性感染相关,置管前血清CRP、PCT水平联合预测乳腺癌患者术后PICC导管相关性感染发生风险的价值较高。     

多功能前列腺治疗仪联合三腔双囊导管药物灌注治疗慢性细菌性前列腺炎疗效研究

目的:探讨应用多功能前列腺治疗仪联合三腔双囊导管药物灌注治疗慢性细菌性前列腺炎的临床疗效.方法:多功能前列腺治疗仪联合三腔双囊导管药物灌注治疗慢性前列腺炎70例,采用单纯双囊导管药物灌注治疗慢性前列腺炎70例,单纯静脉药物治疗慢性细菌性前列腺炎70作为对照.治疗结束后分别对病人前列腺按摩液中卵磷脂小体密度,白细胞数量以及分段尿培养的菌落数进行比较.治疗后随访6～12个月.结果:综合治疗组总有效率94.29%,单纯灌注组总有效率78.57%,单纯静脉组总有效率47.14%.结论:多功能前列腺治疗仪联合三腔双囊导管药物灌注治疗慢性前列腺炎创伤小,安全、有效."     

人工肝支持系统留置静脉导管相关性感染的护理

目的了解人工肝支持系统（ALSS）留置静脉导管相关性感染（CRI）的临床、病原学特点,探讨护理措施。方法对行ALSS治疗的肝衰竭患者留置的静脉导管尖端和外周血进行细菌学培养及药物敏感试验,实施相应护理。结果61例CRI中共分离出64株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌56株,革兰阴性菌2株,真菌6株。最常见的是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,该菌对万古霉素敏感率为100%。结论严格无菌操作,及时拔除感染导管是防治CRI的有效方法,临床应以预防为主,万古霉素是治疗CRI的首选药物。     

半永久性颈内静脉留置导管在血液透析中的临床价值

目的:研究半永久性颈内静脉留置导管在血液透析中的临床价值。方法:选取2013年10月到2014年10月我院收治的半永久性颈内静脉留置导管患者42例(研究组),另选取同期人造血管内瘘患者42例(对照组),分析两组患者的临床资料。结果:研究组导管留置时间(23.2±0.8)月显著长于对照组的(12.8±0.8)个月,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组导管功能不良和感染显著少于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组无显著不良反应发生,对照组有2例止血困难,6例血栓形成。结论:半永久性颈内静脉留置导管具有方便、不良反应少的优点,可应用于需要血液透析的患者。     

PICC导管相关性血流感染的原因分析及预防

目的探讨PICC导管相关性血流感染的危险因素及预防措施,为进一步降低血流感染发生率提供依据。方法回顾性分析80例PICC置管患者,总结归纳导管给药和置管护理后引起中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的原因,规范导管护理,减少中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的发生。结果 PICC置管后有6例发生了中心静脉导管相关性血流感染,导致拔管。结论严格遵守操作规程,严格无菌技术,在各项护理操作中严格执行手卫生,遵守最大限度的无菌屏障要求,防止交叉感染,减少静脉导管相关性血流感染的发生。     

急危重症患者中心静脉置管相关性感染危险因素分析

对2010年12月~2013年9月在我院留置的急危重症患者的病历资料进行回顾性分析,分析中心静脉置管相关性感染(CVCRI)发生情况以及危险因素,并提出相应的干预措施。880例患者共有61例发生CVCRI,发生率为6.9%;分离出病原菌株65株,其中G+菌28株,G-22株,真菌15株;将这61例视为感染组,单因素分析显示,年龄、病情严重程度评分、免疫功能、导管留置时间及插管时机的差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05),进一步对上述因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析显示,病情严重程度评分、免疫功能和导管留置时间是CVCRI发生的独立危险因素。     

Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections After Vaginal Surgery

The technique of care of the bladder and indwelling catheter during the postoperative period was altered to determine whether the incidence of urinary tract infections following vaginal surgery could be reduced. Sixty-nine patients undergoing various types of vaginal reparative surgery were studied. Irrigation of the bladder was carried out with a closed system, four times daily, using chlorhexidine diacetate 1:20,000. Only 12 of the 69 patients showed urinary infection after removal of the catheter, a marked reduction in the usual incidence. It is suggested, therefore, that this technique is helpful in preventing urinary infection after vaginal surgery. It was noted, however, that a further 12 patients who were free of infection at the time of removal of the catheter subsequently developed infection as a result of catherization for residual urine. It is recommended that routine catheterization for residual urine be abandoned.     

Importance of markers of hepatitis B virus in alcoholic liver disease.

To determine the importance of the presence of serological markers of hepatitis B virus infection in patients with alcohol related liver disease we compared cumulative alcohol intake and clinical and histological features in patients with markers of hepatitis B virus infection and in those without. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in five (2%) out of 285 patients studied and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) in 41 (14%); one patient had antibody to hepatitis B core antigen alone. The combined prevalence of markers of hepatitis B virus infection was similar in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (18%) and precirrhotic liver disease (13%). Two patients positive for HBsAg had histological features of both alcoholic liver disease and chronic active hepatitis, with stainable HBsAg. Patients with anti-HBs were, however, histologically indistinguishable from patients without markers, and the mean cumulative alcohol intake of patients with anti-HBs was similar to or even higher than that of patients with liver disease of comparable severity who had no evidence of previous infection. The presence of markers of hepatitis B virus infection was related to former residence in countries with a high prevalence of the infection and to previous parenteral treatment and blood transfusions. Infection with hepatitis B virus does not enhance the development of chronic liver disease in heavy drinkers, except in the small number who remain positive for HBsAg.     

Use of the Deane prosthesis in patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis

The Deane peritoneal prosthesis has been used successfully in the treatment of 21 patients with chronic renal failure who were maintained on peritoneal dialysis for periods of up to 20 months. All patients were dialyzed for 24 hours twice weekly. While the prosthesis was still in place, transplantation was carried out in seven patients and laparotomy in three. The prosthesis was also used temporarily whenever a permanent peritoneal catheter (Tenckhoff''s) failed because of infection; it was used until the signs of infection disappeared, then the permanent catheter could be replaced safely. From a total of 1136 dialyses 36 positive cultures were reported. Clinical peritonitis was found on only four occasions.     

Early development of bacterial community diversity in emergently placed urinary catheters

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Approximately 25% of hospitalized patients have a urinary catheter, and catheter associated urinary tract infection is the most common nosocomial infection in the US, causing >1 million cases/year. However, the natural history of the biofilms that rapidly form on urinary catheters and lead to infection is not well described. FINDINGS: We characterized the dynamics of catheter colonization among catheters collected from 3 women and 5 men in a trauma burn unit with different indwelling times using TRFLP and culture. All patients received antibiotic therapy. Results: Colony-forming units increased along the extraluminal catheter surface from the catheter balloon to the urethra, but no trend was apparent for the intraluminal surface. This suggests extraluminal bacteria come from periurethral communities while intraluminal bacteria are introduced via the catheter or already inhabit the urine/bladder. Richness of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) increased over time on the intraluminal surface, but was constant extraluminally. CONCLUSIONS: OTU community composition was explained best by time rather than axial location or surface. Our results suggest that catheter colonization can be very dynamic, and possibly have a predictable succession.     

乙肝患者血清的HBV-DNA含量与ALT水平的关系研究

目的:探讨和研究乙型肝炎患者乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA复制水平与丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平之间的关系,为临床中乙肝患者的诊治提供参考。方法:对240例慢性乙型肝炎患者采用荧光标记定量PCR方法测定血清HBV-DNA含量,采用全自动生化分析仪测定血清ALT水平,比较和分析HBV-DNA含量与ALT水平之间的关系。结果:慢性乙肝轻、中、重度患者的HBV-DNA含量三组之间差异有统计学意义(p0.01),肝脏的损害程度与HBV-DNA含量之间具有一定的关联,等级相关系数为0.162(P=0.012);ALT水平也与HBV-DNA载量之间存在关联,等级相关系数为0.371(P0.0001)。结论:肝损伤程度与HBV-DNA含量有显著相关性;同时血清ALT水平与HBV-DNA含量呈正相关。检测血清中的HBV-DNA含量和ALT水平为指导乙肝患者HBV感染、复制、传染性的判断、治疗方案的选择和疗效评定提供有一定的依据。     

外周血单核细胞CD58和CD58mRNA表达与HBV感染关系的研究

为了探讨PBMCCD58(LFA3)表达与乙型肝炎病毒感染关系,应用逆转录荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RTFQPCR)法和流式细胞术分别检测43例HBV感染者(慢性肝炎轻度组12例,中度组11例,重度组10例,重型乙型肝炎组10例)和11例正常对照的外周血单核细胞(PBMC)CD58mRNA及CD58+细胞百分率的水平,同时检测血清ALT、AST水平。结果显示,乙型肝炎各组患者PBMCCD58mRNA及CD58+细胞百分率水平较正常对照组明显增高,差异均有显著性(P<0.05);CD58水平由低到高依次分别为慢性乙型肝炎轻度组、中度组、重度组及重型乙型肝炎组,各组患者间相比较,差异亦有显著性(P<0.05);乙型肝炎患者PBMCCD58mRNA及CD58+细胞百分率水平与血清ALT、AST呈显著正相关。因此,乙型肝炎患者PBMCCD58mRNA及CD58+细胞百分率水平与疾病严重程度及肝细胞损伤严重程度有关。     

The comparative characteristics of the indices of lymphocyte and neutrophil functional activity in patients with HIV infection and chronic viral hepatitis B]

In 34 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at the asymptomatic stage and 29 patients with chronic viral hepatitis B at the period of exacerbation (of these 14 patients had chronic persistent hepatitis and 15 patients had chronic active hepatitis) the complex study of the functional activity of lymphocytes and neutrophils was carried out by cytochemical methods with the simultaneous determination of the content of immunoregulating lymphocyte subpopulations. In patients with chronic active hepatitis a decrease in the percentage and the absolute number of helper T-lymphocytes and the ratio of CD4/8 in comparison with those in patients with HIV infection were revealed. At the same time patients with HIV infection exhibited more pronounced decrease in the activity of all lymphocytic enzymes under study (neutrophil esterase, acidic phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase in lymphocytes), as well as in the activity of myeloperoxidase and the content of cation proteins and glycogen in neutrophils in comparison with patients having chronic active hepatitis.     

烧伤病区感染常见病原菌及抗生素的选择

目的探讨内江市第一人民医院烧伤病区感染的常见病原菌及其对常用抗生素的耐药性．以指导临床抗生素的选择,提出防治措施。方法对1999年1月～2003年12月该院烧伤病区患者因感染而分离出的658株病原菌进行回顾性分析。结果分离出的658株病原菌中．革兰阴性菌425株(64．6％),革兰阳性菌209株(31．8％)．真菌24株(3．6％)。主要病原菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和阴沟肠杆菌。药敏提示除真菌外的大多数病原菌出现多重耐药性。革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、头孢西丁和妥布霉素较为敏感。革兰阳性球菌对替考拉丁和万古霉素高度敏感。结论烧伤感染中以铜绿假单胞菌为主．其次为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。了解病原菌的结构及其变化趋势．对于加强抗感染治疗的针对性和主动性,取得最佳的感染防治效果具有重要意义。     

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus in chronic hepatitis B patients

The aim of the current study was to detect HBV by Real time - PCR in chronic hepatitis B patients. Fifty-eight sera of chronic hepatitis B patients were subjected during the period March 2009 to April 2010 in Ilam cities in West of Iran. Sera assayed by real-time PCR and ELISA methods. Twenty serum samples from healthy volunteers and non-hepatitis B patients and negative for hepatitis B seromarkers served as negative controls for the study. Among fifty-eight sera, ELISA showed fifty-five (94.8%) of the samples were positive for HBsAg and three (5.2%) negative results obtained while real-time PCR specified fifty-eight (100%) positive results in chronic hepatitis B patients. HBsAg status did not necessarily reflect HBV DNA level in the serum, as 5.2% of chronic Hepatitis B patients were positive for HBV DNA but negative for HBsAg. HBV DNA was not found to be positive amongst any of the negative controls. Real time - PCR is a sensitive and reproducible assay for HBV DNA quantization.     

Elimination of hepatitis C virus RNA in infected human hepatocytes by adenovirus-mediated expression of ribozymes.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a positive-strand RNA virus, is the major infectious agent responsible for causing chronic hepatitis. Currently, there is no vaccine for HCV infection, and the only therapy for chronic hepatitis C is largely ineffective. To investigate new genetic approaches to the management of HCV infection, six hammerhead ribozymes directed against a conserved region of the plus strand and minus strand of the HCV genome were isolated from a ribozyme library, characterized, and expressed from recombinant adenovirus vectors. The expressed ribozymes individually or in combination were efficient at reducing or eliminating the respective plus- or minus-strand HCV RNAs expressed in cultured cells and from primary human hepatocytes obtained from chronic HCV-infected patients. This study demonstrates the potential utility of ribozyme therapy as a strategy for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection.