大豆籽粒大小的发育遗传分析

籽粒大小是大豆产量的一个重要因素。有关大豆籽粒的遗传学和生理生态学研究已有一些研究,而对于籽粒发育过程中的遗传效应却报道很少。文章采用种子广义遗传模型,分析了大豆双列杂交组合3个世代遗传材料8个时期的鲜籽粒大小和干籽粒大小的数据,应用非条件和条件遗传方差及相关方法分析了发育遗传规律。8个时期的亲本、F1、F2的鲜籽粒大小和干籽粒大小的平均数分别在9／6和9／13达到最高值,鲜籽粒大小在9／6后迅速下降,干籽粒大小在9／13后区于稳定。非条件方差分析表明在整个生育期中,胚遗传效应、细胞质遗传效应和母体植株遗传效应对大豆鲜籽粒大小和干籽粒大小有影响。在多数生育阶段中,细胞质和母体植株的遗传效应对鲜籽粒大小和干籽粒大小影响较大。条件方差分析表明,在大豆生育期中,各遗传体系的基因间断性表达。在多数生育阶段中,细胞质和母体植株的净遗传效应高于胚净遗传效应。不同时期的各遗传体系的基因效应可以单独或同时影响鲜籽粒大小和干籽粒大小的最终表现。8／16的胚加性效应、8／9和8／16的胚显性效应、8／2和8／16的母体植株显性效应影响到鲜籽粒大小的最终表现。8／2和9／13的胚加性效应、8／9的细胞质效应、8／2的母体植株显性效应对干籽粒大小的最终表现有影响。     

糯和非糯水稻籽粒发育过程中内源多胺的变化

本试验按Ma等的内标法(internal standard,InProceedings of Fourth Asian Chemical Congress.August,1991.Beijing)进行衍生提取测定,衍生化样品在高效液相色谱(HPLC)u-Bondapak NH_2(100μm3.9×300nm)柱进行分析,荧光检测(Ex=338nm,Em=495nm),峰面积积分定量。分析测定两对水稻(Oryzasativa)糯性等基因系原丰早和糯原丰早、广陆矮4号和糯广陆矮4号开花后7～30d期间,籽粒中腐胺(Put)、尸胺(Cad)、精胺(Spm)和亚精胺(Spd)4种多     

植物激素相关microRNA研究进展

microRNA（miRNA）是22nt左右的非编码RNA,主要在转录后水平调节基因的活性。miRNA通过与靶基因的互补位点结合从而降解靶基因mRNA或抑制其翻译。近年的研究发现,miRNA在植物生长发育中发挥着重要的调控作用。目前已知一些miRNA参与植物激素信号途径的切入点,这为我们了解miRNA和植物激素在植物发育中的作用提供了新思路。本文综述了miRNA参与植物激素信号应答及生物合成的研究进展,并对一些miINA在植物激素信号应答中可能的作用进行了讨论。     

细胞周期因子与植物根系发育

植物根系的发育是一个非常复杂且被精确调控的过程,受到多种信号的调控,其中对细胞分裂水平调控的研究已经成为细胞生物学研究的热点之一.文章介绍了植物细胞周期因子和植物根系发育相关的细胞周期调控机制以及根系细胞周期激素调节的研究进展.     

植物激素对植物寄生线虫取食位点建立与发育的影响

根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)和孢囊线虫(Heterodera spp.)是对农业生产危害最大的两类内寄生线虫.线虫入侵植物后,通过在取食位点形成巨细胞或合胞体汲取营养、完成生活史.植物通过控制生长素、乙烯、细胞分裂素、赤霉素、脱落酸等植物激素水平,与侵入体内的线虫建立起良好的互作关系.本文从线虫取食位点...     

施氮水平对小麦籽粒发育过程中氨基酸含量的影响

施氮能提高小麦籽粒蛋白质氨基酸的含量,并与施氮水平呈正相关;但对普通小麦必需氨基酸与蛋白质氨基酸的比值没有影响,而硬粒小麦4286随施氮水平的提高,该比值下降。在开花后32d以前,籽粒发育过程中游离氨基酸与施氮水平呈正相关,以后,籽粒中游离氨基酸趋于相近,表明施氮增加了游离氨基酸的库源,不同基因型小麦对施氮水平的反应不同,在同等施氮水平和栽培条件下,籽粒中蛋白质氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量为硬粒小麦4286＞小偃6号＞小偃107,不同施氮水平下,籽粒中氨基酸含量为高氮＞中氮＞低氮。     

植物激素与抗寒力的关系

本文介绍植物激素与抗寒力关系的研究概况,着重阐述各种植物激素对抗寒力的影响,讨论植物激素影响抗寒力的可能机理,并对某些问题提出自己的看法。     

小分子RNA在植物激素信号通路中的调控功能

植物激素是调控植物生长发育的信号分子。近年来的研究发现,小分子RNA作为基因表达调控网络的组分,参与植物激素信号途径,在植物生长发育和胁迫反应方面发挥重要作用。本文综述了miRNA和次级siRNA(Short interfering RNAs)介导的基因调控与植物激素信号通路相互作用的研究进展,主要包括生长素、赤霉素、油菜素内酯和脱落酸途径涉及的miRNA及其功能,并对不同发育过程中miRNA参与的不同激素信号通路的交叉和互作进行了讨论。     

糯玉米籽粒的生长发育和品质变化

国内外对糯玉米的研究较少。我们在1938～1989两年中,以本所新选育的糯玉米杂交种为试材,对其籽粒发育过程中的鲜重、体积、干重淀粉、可溶性糖,蛋白质、赖氨酸和维生素B_2的变化,进行了系统检测。现报道如下。     

多胺与植物激素

本文概述了多胺与植物生长促进剂、生长抑制剂及乙烯的关系,以及它们对植物生长发育、花芽分化、抗逆性及衰老的作用。     

Identification of NephrotoxicPenicillium Species from Cereal Grains

A system is described for identifying grain-inhabiting nephrotoxicPenicillium spp. based on their colony characters on Czapek yeast extract agar, yeast extract sucrose agar, and malt extract agar media, and their secondary metabolite profiles on thin layer chromatography plates. Using this system, the identity of 11Penicillium species, or their chemotypes, producing nephrotoxic metabolites could be confirmed. The species areP. verrucosum chemotype I, P.verrucosum chemotype II,P. expansum, P. citrinum, P. aurantiogriseum, P. freii, P. tricolor, P. polonicum, P. viridicatum, P. cyclopium, and P. melanoconldlum. Other non-nephrotoxicPenicillium species present on stored grains were separated from nephrotoxic species by their colony characters and metabolite profiles.     

Indoleacetic Acid Oxidases in Resting Cereal Grains

Peroxidases oxidizing indoleacetic acid (IAA) are present in the resting grains of barley, rye and wheat. The grains also contain small molecular inhibitors of the enzymes. A partly purified preparation of barley seed proteins was shown to contain at least two IAA oxidases about pI 5 and pI 10, mol. weight 30,000 and with a pH optimum 5.1–5.7. The enzymes require Mn²⁺, 2,4-dichlorophenol and orthophosphate for the maximum activity. Attempts to separate IAA oxidase and peroxidase activities of the enzymes were unsuccessful.     

Sucrose Synthesis in Cereal Grains under Oxygen Deprivation

Received 24 May 1999/ Accepted in revised form 21 June 1999     

Accurate and Simple Measurement of Phytic Acid Contents in Cereal Grains

We developed an accurate and simple method for measuring thephytic acid contents in cereal grains on the basis of closeexamination of various factors affecting the accuracy and reproducibilityof the measurement. Our conclusions were: (1) As extracting medium for phytic acid,HCl was better than trichloroacetic acid or H₂SO₄. (2) The suitablepH range for extracting phytic acid was 0.3 to 1.0. (3) Completeformation of Fe-phytate required four to nine times as muchFe^3$ as phytic acid. (4) No definite effect of Na₂SO₄ on therecovery of phytic acid was observed, though it increased theextracting efficiency of trichloroacetic acid. (5) The determinationlimit of phytic acid by the iron precipitation method was 3.3µmol per 20 ml. Our new method gave reliable results, and a linear relationshipof y=0.3163x$0.0597 was obtained up to 0.025 µmol µ^–1between the concentration of phytic acid and the zone lengthin isotachophoresis. The phytic acid contents of two kinds ofrice, two kinds of rye, and one kind of wheat and of barleywere determined with this method. (Received March 19, 1985; Accepted August 2, 1985)     

Morphology and Ultrastructure of Immature Cereal Grains in Relation to Transport

The surfaces of the pericarps of wheat and barley grains, 15–30days after anthesis, were examined. Stomata were found in thepericarp epidermis on the ventral side at the apical end inone variety of wheat and four varieties of barley. Layers whichstained red with Sudan IV were observed on the pericarp epidermisand on either side of the testa in immature barley grains. Theultrastructure of these layers was investigated. It was concludedthat the cuticular layer inside the testa is derived from thenucellus. The significance of these cuticular layers in relationto the supply of carbon dioxide to the photosynthesizing cellsof the pericarp is discussed. The movement of photosynthateand oxygen produced in the pericarp is also considered. Hordeum vulgare L, Triticum aestivum L, barley, wheat, cereal grain, cuticle, stomata, pericarp     

7-Rhamnosylated Flavonols Modulate Homeostasis of the Plant Hormone Auxin and Affect Plant Development

Flavonols are a group of secondary metabolites that affect diverse cellular processes. They are considered putative negative regulators of the transport of the phytohormone auxin, by which they influence auxin distribution and concomitantly take part in the control of plant organ development. Flavonols are accumulating in a large number of glycosidic forms. Whether these have distinct functions and diverse cellular targets is not well understood. The rol1-2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is characterized by a modified flavonol glycosylation profile that is inducing changes in auxin transport and growth defects in shoot tissues. To determine whether specific flavonol glycosides are responsible for these phenotypes, a suppressor screen was performed on the rol1-2 mutant, resulting in the identification of an allelic series of UGT89C1, a gene encoding a flavonol 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase. A detailed analysis revealed that interfering with flavonol rhamnosylation increases the concentration of auxin precursors and auxin metabolites, whereas auxin transport is not affected. This finding provides an additional level of complexity to the possible ways by which flavonols influence auxin distribution and suggests that flavonol glycosides play an important role in regulating plant development.     

Biosynthesis of Riboflavin Glycosides by Plant Grains

An enzyme preparation from glutinous millet grains has been found to synthesize various riboflavin glycosides from riboflavin and disaccharides other than maltose (such as cellobiose, melibiose and lactose). Each of these riboflavin glycosides has been isolated in crystalline form and shown to have the structure, 5′-D-riboflavin-β-d-glucopyranoside, 5′-d-riboflavin-α-d-galactopyranoside and 5′-d-riboflavin-β-D-galactopyranoside.     

植物激素效应启动子

植物激素调节植物细胞的伸长、分裂和分化,并且控制植物体的生长、发育、休眠、萌发、生根、开花、结果以及果实成熟等过程。自30年代以来,人们一直不停地研究植物激素,近年来关于植物激素效应启动子的研究报道迅速增多。尽管不同植物基因的启动子间存在一定差异,但都具有基本的启动子核心序列,基本启动子含有转录起始位点和位于-25～-30的ＴＡＴＡ盒,ＴＡＴＡ盒的序列为ＴＡＴＡ[Ａ/Ｔ]Ａ[Ａ/Ｔ],转录起始点一般为Ａ。除基本启动子外,植物激素效应基因的启动子中还存在一些顺式调节元件,这些顺式调节元件在对不同植物激素产生效应的基因收…     

黄绿木霉对温室番茄生长发育和内源激素的调控效应(英文)

利用黄绿木霉T1010制剂(Trichoderma aureviride 1010)处理多年连作番茄的日光温室土壤,探索其对日光温室番茄生长发育的影响及其机理.结果显示:与常规生产区相比,黄绿木霉T1010处理的日光温室番茄根、茎、叶的生长和果实发育指标都得到不同程度的改善,其主根长、侧根长、侧根数和单株根系干重分别提高13.15%、28.21%、49.40%、2.89%,单株茎干重、功能叶长、单功能叶干重和单株叶干重分别提高114.93%、14.17%、42.69%、29.94%,单株果穗数、已采收果穗数、单果穗座果数、单果重和小区产量分别提高9.33%、389.19%、37.60%、30.46%、20.00%,而第1果穗高度则降低19.45%,且除单株根系干重和单株果穗数外均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);相应番茄植株功能叶内源激素水平均极显著同步提高,低温胁迫下的赤霉素(GA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)分别提高42.10%、33.16%、60.97%、119.40%.研究发现,黄绿木霉T1010可能主要是通过调控日光温室番茄的内源激素水平来有效改善其根、茎、叶的生长和果实发育状况,促进秋冬季日光温室番茄的可持续生产.