湖南蕨类植物区系新资料（Ⅱ）

报道了湖南蕨类植物区系新记录20种（隶属5科7属）;它们是毛足铁线蕨 (Adiantum bonatianum)、多芒复叶耳蕨（Arachniodes aristatissima）、狭长复叶耳蕨（A. attenuata）、粗裂复叶耳蕨(A. grossa)、南川复叶耳蕨(A. nanchuanensis)、黑鳞复叶耳蕨（A. ningrospinosa）、缩羽复叶耳蕨(A. reducta)、长刺复叶耳蕨（A. setifera）、节肢蕨（Arthromeris lehmannii）、多羽节肢蕨（A. mairei）、上斜刀羽耳蕨（Polystichum assurgentipinnum）、深裂耳蕨（P. incisopinnulum）、前原耳蕨（P. mayebarae）、假线鳞耳蕨（P. pseudosetosum）、边果耳蕨（P. shimurae）、钻鳞耳蕨（P. subulatum）、等基贯众（Cyrtomium aequibasis）、尖齿肋毛蕨（Ctenitis dentisora）、梵净肋毛蕨（C. wantsingshanica）、琼崖舌蕨（Elaphoglossum mcclurei）。     

陕西蕨类植物新记录

报道了陕西分布新记录的11种蕨类植物,即峨眉盾蕨（Neolepisorus emeiensis）、边缘鳞盖蕨（Microlepia marginata）、肾羽铁角蕨（Asplenium humistratum）、城口铁角蕨（A. chengkouense）、蚀盖耳蕨（Polystichum erosum）、伴藓耳蕨（P. muscicola）、尾叶耳蕨（P. thomsonii）、尖齿耳蕨（P. acutidens）、康定耳蕨（P. kangdingense）、石韦（Pyrrosia lingua）和绒紫萁（Osmunda claytoniana）,凭证标本均保存于西北农林科技大学植物标本馆（原西北植物研究所标本馆）（WUK）。至此,陕西现有蕨类植物已有258种（不包括变种和变型）。     

广东蕨类植物新资料

报道了2个新异名,1个新等级和35种蕨类植物在广东的分布新记录。正安肋毛蕨（Ctenitis changanensis Ching）和信宜铁角蕨（Asplenium xinyiense Ching et S.H.Wu）分别作直鳞肋毛蕨（Ctenitis eatoni (Bak.) Ching）和厚叶铁角蕨（Asplenium griffithianum Hook）的异名处理;齿翅井栏凤尾蕨（Pteris serralata（Miau）Y. H. Yan）被提升到种的等级;假芒萁属（Sticherus Presl）、柄盖蕨属（Peranema D. Don）、蛾眉蕨属（Lunathyrium Koidz.）和革舌蕨属（Scleroglossum Alderw）等4个属为广东分布新记录,小笠原卷柏（Selaginella boninensis Baker）为中国大陆分布新记录。广东现有蕨类已达到56科144属502种。     

贵州产耳蕨属（鳞毛蕨科）一新种—韭菜坪耳蕨

描述了贵州耳蕨属一新种,即韭菜坪耳蕨(Polystichum jiucaipingense P. S. Wang et Q. Luo)。新种与栗鳞耳蕨(P. castaneum(Clarke) Nayar et Kaur)相近,但植株较小,叶柄、叶轴上的鳞片淡棕色,孢子囊群着生于全部羽片上而不同。     

黑龙江省蹄盖蕨科(Athyriaceae)植物的RAPD分析及其系统学意义

在形态分类研究的基础上,利用RAPD技术,对黑龙江省蹄盖蕨科植物6属9种共15个种群进行了遗传多样性分析,分析结果表明：（1）假冷蕨属应包括在蹄盖蕨属中（2）角蕨属与蹄盖蕨属,羽节蕨属与冷蕨属亲源关系较近（3）短肠蕨属为独立一属,与其它属亲源关系较远。根据黑龙江省蹄盖蕨科植物的DNA水平的研究结果,再结合其形态学特征,建议将黑龙江省蹄盖蕨科划分为3个亚科：冷蕨亚科(Cystopterioideae)包括2个属：冷蕨属(Cystopteris)和羽节蕨属(Gymnocarpium)。蹄盖蕨亚科(Athyrioideae)包括3个属：蹄盖蕨属(Athyrium)、假冷蕨属(Pseudocystopteris)和角蕨属(Cornopteris)。双盖蕨亚科(Diplazioideae)包括短肠蕨属(Allantodia)。     

广东蕨类植物分布新记录

报道7个广东分布新记录种：细羽凤尾蕨、尾头风尾蕨、仙霞铁线蕨、雷波铁角蕨、阔鳞肋毛蕨、网脉实蕨和海南假瘤蕨。其中细羽凤尾蕨、尾头凤尾蕨、仙霞铁线蕨、雷波铁角蕨为石灰岩上生长种类。     

骨碎补铁角蕨（铁角蕨科）——海南岛一新分布种

报导了海南岛铁角蕨科一新分布种,即骨碎补铁角蕨(Asplenium ritoense Hayata)。在国内的植物志采用的学名是一不合法名称,即Asplenium davallioides Hook.。应给予纠正。     

贵州蕨类植物新记录

报道了贵州省新记录的4种蕨类植物,分属3科,4属,它们是上毛凤丫蕨（Coniogramme suprapilosa）、具腺凸轴蕨（Metathelypteris glangdulosa）、光滑方秆蕨（Glaphyropteridopsis glabrata）和混淆鳞毛蕨（Dryopteris commixta）。     

麦秆蹄盖蕨（Athyrium fallaciosum）配子体的发育规律及播种密度对配子体性别分化的影响

在组织培养条件下,对麦秆蹄盖蕨（Athyrium fallaciosum）配子体发育的连续过程进行了详细观察。结果表明:麦秆蹄盖蕨孢子为四面体型; 孢子萌发为书带蕨型（Vittaria-type）;原叶体发育为铁线蕨型（Adiantum-type）,成熟原叶体为对称的心形;精子器近圆球形,成熟颈卵器细长,常向原叶体基部倾斜或弯曲。常规播种条件下,发现麦秆蹄盖蕨配子体有雌配子体、雄配子体、雌雄同体配子体和无性配子体类型。配子体的性别随密度不同而呈现一定的变化趋势,雄配子体随密度增大呈上升趋势;雌配子体随密度增大先上升后下降;雌雄同体配子体和无性配子体随密度变化不大。雌配子体和雌雄同体配子体具颈卵器数目一般为10～15个;精子器数目随密度的增大逐渐减少,雄配子体中具有约50个精子器,雌雄同体配子体具有约20个精子器。     

岩蕨科、球盖蕨科的系统位置：叶绿体DNAtrnL-F区序列证据

岩蕨科(Woodsiaceae)和球盖蕨科(Peranemaceae)历来被多数学者认为是亲缘关系密切的两个科,它们的系统位置一直存在争议,两科曾被放入三叉蕨科(Aspidiaceae)、碗蕨科(Dennstaedtiaceae)、鳞毛蕨亚科(Dryopteridoidaae)及鳞毛蕨科(Dryopteriaceae)蹄盖蕨亚科(Athyrioideae)中。根据岩蕨科1种、球盖蕨科3种、蹄盖蕨科8种、鳞毛蕨科2种及1种外类群假大羽铁角蕨(Asplenium pseudolaserpitiifolium)的cpDNA基因trnL-F区序列建立的系统树,结果显示,岩蕨科和球盖蕨科的亲缘关系较远,岩蕨科与蹄盖蕨科有密切的亲缘关系,球盖蕨科与鳞毛蕨科亲缘关系较近,岩蕨科和球盖蕨科是处于不同进化线上的植物。秦仁昌（1978）和Pichi-Sermolii（1977）的系统将二者分别作为独立的科是合适的。     

Recognition and oxidative metabolism of cyclodipeptides by hepatic cytochrome P450

Possible recognition of peptide derivatives by hepatic cytochrome P450 3A has been suggested by binding and metabolism of numerous pseudopeptidic compounds such as ergot derivatives and cyclosporin.Natural linear or cyclic dipeptides containing hydrophobic amino acids produced by microorganisms and present in mammals are able to interact with the P450 active site through either iron-amine interactions (Type II) or hydrophobic Type I interactions. P450 3A from dexamethasone-treated rats or yeast-expressed P450 human 3A4 are the most potent in such interactions, which are particularly strong with peptides containing a histidyl residue.Some cyclodipeptides are rapidly transformed by rat cytochrome P450 3A to mono- or dihydroxylated metabolites, with turnovers around 3 nmoles min(-1) P450(-1). Linear peptides are poorly transformed in these conditions. This metabolism of cyclodipeptides occurs in 8 species including man.Such interactions and metabolism have only minor consequences in terms of P450 3A binding and metabolism of classical P450 3A substrates. These data reinforce the concept that, in addition to their effect on the regulation of P450 neosynthesis, naturally occurring endogenous peptides are also substrates of P450 3A. The physiological activities of these peptides may be modulated by their metabolism.     

Purinergic receptors and gastrointestinal secretomotor function

Secretomotor reflexes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are important in the lubrication and movement of digested products, absorption of nutrients, or the diarrhea that occurs in diseases to flush out unwanted microbes. Mechanical or chemical stimulation of mucosal sensory enterochromaffin (EC) cells triggers release of serotonin (5-HT) (among other mediators) and initiates local reflexes by activating intrinsic primary afferent neurons of the submucous plexus. Signals are conveyed to interneurons or secretomotor neurons to stimulate chloride and fluid secretion. Inputs from myenteric neurons modulate secretory rates and reflexes, and special neural circuits exist to coordinate secretion with motility. Cellular components of secretomotor reflexes variably express purinergic receptors for adenosine (A1, A2a, A2b, or A3 receptors) or the nucleotides adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP), or uridine diphosphate (UDP) (P2X(1-7), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), P2Y(6), P2Y(12) receptors). This review focuses on the emerging concepts in our understanding of purinergic regulation at these receptors, and in particular of mechanosensory reflexes. Purinergic inhibitory (A(1), A(3), P2Y(12)) or excitatory (A(2), P2Y(1)) receptors modulate mechanosensitive 5-HT release. Excitatory (P2Y(1), other P2Y, P2X) or inhibitory (A(1), A(3)) receptors are involved in mechanically evoked secretory reflexes or "neurogenic diarrhea." Distinct neural (pre- or postsynaptic) and non-neural distribution profiles of P2X(2), P2X(3), P2X(5), P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), P2Y(6), or P2Y(12) receptors, and for some their effects on neurotransmission, suggests their role in GI secretomotor function. Luminal A(2b), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), and P2Y(6) receptors are involved in fluid and Cl(-), HCO(3) (-), K(+), or mucin secretion. Abnormal receptor expression in GI diseases may be of clinical relevance. Adenosine A(2a) or A(3) receptors are emerging as therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and gastroprotection; they can also prevent purinergic receptor abnormalities and diarrhea. Purines are emerging as fundamental regulators of enteric secretomotor reflexes in health and disease.     

Mutagenesis studies of conserved proline residues of human P2X receptors for ATP indicate that proline 272 contributes to channel function

Proline residues can play a major role in the secondary structure of proteins. In the extracellular ATP binding loop of P2X receptors there are four totally conserved proline residues (P2X1 receptor numbering; P93, P166, P228 and P272) and three less conserved residues P196 (six of seven isoforms), P174 and P225 (five of seven isoforms). We have mutated individual conserved proline residues in the human P2X1 receptor and determined their properties. Mutants were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and characterized using a two-electrode voltage clamp. Mutants P166A, P174A, P196A, P225A and P228A had no effect on ATP potency compared with wild-type and P93A had a fourfold decrease in ATP potency. The P272A, P272D and P272K receptor mutants were expressed at the cell surface; however, these mutants were non-functional. In contrast, P272I, P272G and P272F produced functional channels, with either no effect or a 2.5- or 6.5-fold increase in ATP potency, respectively. At P272F receptors the apparent affinity of the ATP analogue antagonist 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-ATP was increased by 12.5-fold. These results suggest that individual proline residues are not essential for normal P2X receptor function and that the receptor conformation around P272 contributes to ATP binding at the receptor.     

Inter-individual differences in the metabolism of environmental toxicants: cytochrome P450 1A2 as a prototype.

Cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A2 provides an interesting paradigm for inter-individual differences in the metabolism of pro-carcinogens. The enzyme is known to vary 40-fold among individuals and may contribute to cancers caused by heterocyclic amines and other chemicals. Rat and human P450 1A2 are known to be 75% identical and were compared for several catalytic activities. The human enzyme was an order of magnitude more efficient in the N-hydroxylation of two heterocyclic amines. Further, the levels of P450 1A2 expressed in human livers show a 40-fold variation, with some as high as 0.25 nmol P450 1A2 per milligram microsomal protein. Some human liver samples are more active (than those isolated from polychlorinated biphenyl-treated rats) in the activation of heterocyclic amines. A bacterial genotoxicity assay has been developed in which human P450 1A2 and NADPH-P450 reductase are expressed within Escherichia coli and bacterial mutants can be assayed using reversion to lac prototrophy. A random mutagenesis strategy for human P450 1A2 has been developed and used to examine the changes in catalytic activity seen with many single-amino acid substitutions. These results may be of relevance in consideration of genetic polymorphisms. Further, the findings pose a challenge to molecular epidemiology effort in that results with one substrate do not necessarily predict those for others. Some dinitropyrenes are P450 1A2 substrates but others are not. 6-Nitrochrysene can be activated by human P450 1A2 but the (mono) nitropyrenes examined were not; these were oxidized by P450 3A4 instead.     

Role of conserved proline residues in stabilizing tryptophan synthase alpha subunit: analysis by mutants with alanine or glycine

To study the role of Pro residues in the conformation and conformational stability of a protein, nine mutant alpha subunits of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli, in which Ala or Gly was substituted for each of six Pro residues (positions 28, 57, 62, 96, 132, and 207) that are conserved in 10 microorganisms, were constructed by means of site-directed mutagenesis. The far-ultraviolet (UV) CD spectra of five mutant alpha subunits with Ala in place of Pro were identical to the spectrum of the wild-type protein, the exception being the mutant at position 207 (P207A). CD values in the far-UV region were less negative for P207A, indicating that the Pro residue at position 207 plays a role in maintaining the intact structure of the alpha subunit. The negative CD values of the Gly mutants examined (P28G, P96G, and P132G) were also decreased. Calorimetric measurements showed that the two mutants at position 28 (P28G and P28A) gave two peaks in the excess heat capacity curve, whereas the wild type and other Pro mutants had only a single peak. The stability of each mutant protein relative to that of the wild type was about the same for P57A, less for P62A and P132A, and markedly decreased for P96A and P207A, which are substituted at less mobile positions. The changes of denaturation entropy (delta delta dS) at the denaturation temperature of the wild-type protein (54.1 degrees C at pH 9.0) were positive for P57A, P62A, and P132A, but negative for P96A, P207A, and P132G.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

大林姬鼠的核型与B染色体研究

采用骨髓染色体制片法 ,对分布于吉林长白山、山东泰山和陕西秦岭的大林姬鼠的染色体组型、C -带、G -带和减数分裂的染色体行为进行了观察分析。发现 3个地区标本的染色体数目存在着显著差异。东北标本的 2n =48～ 51 ,A组染色体为 48条 ,均由端着丝粒染色体组成 ,同时具有 1～ 3条B染色体 ,其形态为中着丝粒染色体 ;山东标本的 2n =53～ 62 ,A染色体同样为 48条端着丝粒染色体组成 ,具 5～ 1 4条B染色体 ,其中 1条为较大的中着丝粒染色体 ,其余为小的中着丝粒和点状染色体。秦岭标本 2n =48～ 49,A染色体为 48条端着丝粒染色体 ,具 1条形态很小的端着丝粒B染色体。3地标本的B染色体均存在个体间和个体内变异。长白山标本B染色体的细胞克隆数目为 1～ 2 ,泰山标本为 1～ 3。在 3地标本中 ,中着丝粒B染色体呈现C -带阴性 ,点状B染色体呈中度深染。通过对减数分裂的观察 ,多数B染色体是以单价体的形式存在。中国长白山种群的B染色体数目和形态与朝鲜种群相似。与欧洲种群存在着显著差异。泰山种群的B染色体数目和形态与朝鲜种群及欧洲种群均存在显著差异。泰山种群与秦岭标本同属华北亚种 ,但它们的B染色体形态和数目差别很大。     

Functional roles of conserved transmembrane prolines in the human VPAC(1) receptor

The importance of three conserved transmembrane prolines of the human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VPAC)(1) receptor was examined by single alanine substitution. P266A, P300A and P348A reduced the expression level, but maintained the binding to VIP. P266A showed decreased ability to stimulate cAMP, while P300A and P348A displayed an increased potency in cAMP production combined with a high sensitivity towards GTP compared to the wild type receptor. In addition, substitutions of two conserved leucines located in position -2 and +1 from P348 were investigated. L346A and L349A reduced the receptor expression, influenced the G protein coupling and decreased the receptor activity. These observations, which are the first on conserved transmembrane prolines within this family of receptors, indicate that these residues are important for receptor expression, G protein coupling and receptor activity.     

The Old World species of Pygothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)

Abstract. The Old World species of the genus Pygothrips are studied. Nine species are included. Four of them are previously known: P.mikrommatos (Moulton) from Fiji, P. pygus (Mound), P. rugicauda Hood and P. shavianus (Bagnall) from Australia. A further five species are new to science: P. breviceps from Japan, P. flavomaculatus from Obi Is., Indonesia, P. fusculus from Ogasawara Is., northwestern Micronesia, Japan, P. postocellaris from Fiji and P. vicinus from the Ryukyus, Japan. A key to species is provided.     

Integrated rate equations for enzyme-catalysed first-order and second-order reactions.

Generalized rate equations covering all mechanisms giving hyperbolic initial-rate kinetics with stoichiometry A in equilibrium P, A in equilibrium P + Q, A + B in equilibrium P and A + B in equilibrium P + Q were integrated. The results are regular and reasonably economical.