蜱源抗凝血因子研究进展

蜱是一种人畜共患体表寄生虫,通过叮咬宿主和吸血,将病原体传播给宿主,引发多种疾病。凝血反应是人和动物的重要生理过程,是生理性止血的重要环节。蜱叮咬和吸食宿主血液周期长,在吸血过程中分泌多种抗凝物质,抑制凝血反应,可帮助蜱长时间保持吸血状态。目前,已知的蜱源抗凝物质依据其功能主要包括蛋白酶抑制剂、纤维蛋白(原)溶解剂、血小板聚集抑制剂和血管活性蛋白4大类。这些抗凝血物质可分别作用于凝血级联反应中内源性通路、外源性通路、共同通路中的关键步骤,以及促进纤蛋白溶解和抑制血小板激活,从而抑制宿主血管中的凝血反应。蛋白酶抑制剂主要通过抑制凝血级联反应共同通路中凝血酶和Xa因子活性;纤维蛋白(原)溶解剂引起纤维蛋白原的水解并延迟纤维蛋白凝块的形成;血小板聚集抑制剂通过降解血小板聚集激动剂,并结合血栓素A2(thromboxane A2, TXA2)和血小板上的αIIbβ3整合素抑制血小板聚集;血管活性蛋白抑制宿主血管收缩以及伤口愈合和血管生成。此外,还有一些蜱分泌的其他蛋白分子可通过不同的通路来实现抗凝血作用。本文对迄今为止各类蜱中发现的具有抗凝血活性的蛋白和小分子及其抗凝血作用机制进行总结阐述,将...     

天花粉凝集素和天花粉胰蛋白酶抑制剂的亲和层析分离和一些性质

用酸处理交联琼脂糖6B和水不溶胰蛋白酶,可分别从天花粉的丙酮粉制剂中得到一定纯度的天花粉凝集素和天花粉胰蛋白酶抑制剂。天花粉凝集素的分子量为60,000,等电点约5.5。天花粉胰蛋白酶抑制剂的分子量约6000,对胰蛋白酶的当量抑制比为1:4.3。由此认为上述两种生物活性物质不同于有引产活性的天花粉蛋白。不少植物种子或块茎中同时存在着外源凝集素和蛋白水解酶抑制剂。本文对这两类物质的共存现象作了讨论。     

天花粉凝集素和天花粉胰蛋白酶抑制剂的亲和层析分离和一些性质

用酸处理交联琼脂糖6B和水不溶胰蛋白酶,可分别从天花粉的丙酮粉制剂中得到一定纯度的天花粉凝集素和天花粉胰蛋白酶抑制剂。天花粉凝集素的分子量为60,000,等电点约5.5。天花粉胰蛋白酶抑制剂的分子量约6000,对胰蛋白酶的当量抑制比为1:4.3。由此认为上述两种生物活性物质不同于有引产活性的天花粉蛋白。不少植物种子或块茎中同时存在着外源凝集素和蛋白水解酶抑制剂。本文对这两类物质的共存现象作了讨论。     

球孢白僵菌凝乳弹性蛋白酶(BbPr1)的纯化与特性*

以几丁质为底物,加入基本盐培养基中,诱导球孢白僵菌（Beauveriabassiana）产生分解昆虫表皮的蛋白酶。诱导物中,蝉蜕诱导的蛋白酶总活性、比活较高,经超滤、离子交换层析、亲和层析、制备性IEF电洗脱纯化了一种有凝乳弹性蛋白酶（Pr1）活性的蛋白酶BbPr1。经SDS－PAGE电泳银染后是单带,HPLC凝胶过滤显示单峰。BbPr1为单体酶,分子量为33.6kD左右,pI为7.4。底物专一性测定显示,BbPr1能水解Phe或Leu形成的酸胺键和肽键。BbPrl可被PMSF抑制,表明其活性中心有Ser残基;BbPr1还可被胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂TPCK和凝乳弹性蛋白酶抑制剂TEI等所抑制;胰蛋白酶抑制剂beupeptin和Epianstatin,及胃蛋白酶抑制剂Pepstain对BbPr1活性无影响。还研究了BbPr1的最适作用pH和pH稳定性。     

长白山药用真菌树舌凝集素的纯化及生化特性

用硫酸铵分级沉淀、离子交换和HPLC层析等方法,从长白山药用真菌树舌的菌丝体中分离纯化了一种凝集素(Ganoderma applanatum lectin,简称GAL),SDS-PAGE检测其为单一蛋白条带。经过SDS-PAGE测得其亚基分子量为15kDa左右,HPLC分析分子量为58kDa左右,表明GAL由4个亚基组成。氨基酸组成分析表明,GAL中甘氨酸含量较高,不含蛋氨酸和色氨酸,中性糖含量约11.2%。圆二色CD谱显示其含有3.6%的α螺旋、46.8%的β转角和49.6%无规则卷曲,不含有β折叠。GAL可以凝集供试的2种动物血和3种血型人血的血红细胞,但对不同来源的血红细胞凝集滴度不同。糖抑制实验表明,只有棉籽糖和D-松三糖部分抑制GAL的凝血活性。GAL具有较好的热稳定性且其凝血活性不受Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Zn²⁺等二价阳离子的影响。     

刺参糖胺聚糖的亚分级和各级分的理化特征与抗凝性质

刺参糖胺聚糖及其解聚物在水溶液中可通过逐步提高所加入的醋酸钾浓度引起的沉淀作用进行亚分级。本文对有关级分的理化特征、抗凝活性及诱导血小板聚集的副作用进行了比较。原聚糖平均分子量为50000,所得各级分的分子量分别为55000,48000,41000,23000和9000,它们在不连续琼脂糖凝胶电泳中显示不同特点。化学分析表明,除两个分子量较低级分中葡糖醛酸和岩藻糖含量略低外,各級分组成糖基和硫酸酯基的分子比值与原聚糖相近似。其红外、核磁谱与原聚糖一致。各级分体外抗凝活性随分子量变小而程度不同地减弱,其中分子量对聚糖延长凝血酶时间的影响较其对部分凝血活酶时间的影响为著。分子量最小的级分无明显诱导人血小板聚集副作用。     

低分子量免疫兴奋(调节)剂——细胞膜酶抑制剂

近年来发现,一类低分子量细胞膜酶抑制剂如羟氨苯丁酰亮氨酸(besta-tin)、forphenicinol等能抑制细胞膜表面或细胞膜上的多种酶的活性,增强机体免疫反应,并通过激活宿主的抗肿瘤免疫机制而抑制肿瘤生长,是一类有希望的新型免疫兴奋(调节)剂。     

山茱萸糖蛋白的纯化及部分理化性质研究

α-淀粉酶抑制剂广泛存在于高等植物中,能抑制糖类在消化道内的吸收,是一种潜在的治疗糖尿病、肥胖和高血脂的药物。本文采用D101大孔吸附树脂,从山茱萸干果中提取得到粗提物,再经SP Sepharose和Sephacryl S-300柱层析,得到一种具有抑制α-淀粉酶活性的糖蛋白(CoGP)。Sephacryl S-300柱层析,PAGE电泳均证明该糖蛋白为单一组分;在还原条件下的SDS-PAGE电泳中呈现两条蛋白带,其分子量分别是62．O kD和56．8kD,利用Sephaeryl S-300柱层析测定表观分子量为158,9kD,表明CoGP由两个亚基组成;利用苯酚-硫酸法测得其糖含量约为51％;在α-淀粉酶的抑制实验中,山茱萸糖蛋白表现出反竞争的抑制特性。     

糜酶的研究进展

糜酶是一类丝氨酸蛋白酶,主要存在于肥大细胞的分泌颗粒和细胞间质。成熟的酶为一糖蛋白,由２２６个氨基酸组成,分子量为３０ｋＤ,其酶活力能被丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂所抑制,而不受血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶抑制剂的影响。糜酶的ｃＤＮＡ和基因组ＤＮＡ均已被克隆和测序。该酶和神经炎症反应、血管活性肽代谢和细胞外基质代谢等有密切联系,在心脏血管紧张素Ⅱ形成中起重要作用。     

鹰嘴豆种子发芽和成熟过程中α-淀粉酶抑制剂的活性研究

以5种不同来源的α-淀粉酶为检测试剂,对鹰嘴豆种胚芽和子叶α-淀粉酶抑制剂在发芽和成熟过程中的抑制活性进行测定。结果表明:α-淀粉酶抑制剂主要存在于胚芽中; 发芽过程中,发芽1 d后,胚芽提取液对AOA的抑制活性降为9.9%,而对HSA、PPA和PA的抑制活性都检测不到。子叶提取液对AOA和HSA的抑制活性分别降为21.5%和28.3%,而对BSA和PPA则检测不到活性。发芽4 d后,无论是子叶还是胚芽提取液对5种来源的α-淀粉酶都检测不到抑制活性; 种子成熟过程中,子叶和胚芽提取液对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性均随种子成熟度的提高而提高,30 d时达到最大,且胚芽提取液对HSA、PA的抑制活性较高,分别为48.9%和47.5%。     

A thrombin inhibitor from the ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum

A novel thrombin inhibitor named Amblin was identified from the haemolymph of the ixodid (hard) tick, Amblyomma hebraeum, and the coding cDNA was isolated from a tick cDNA library. This cDNA codes for a preprotein of 166 amino acids, including a predicted signal peptide composed of 15 amino acids N-terminal to the mature Amblin. The 151-amino-acid mature Amblin contains 14 cysteines and two Kunitz-like domains. It displays high sequence similarity with a tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), Ixolaris, from the ixodid tick, Ixodes scapularis, which has 10 cysteines, and a thrombin inhibitor, Boophilin, from the ixodid tick, Boophilus microplus, which has 12 cysteines. Recombinant Amblin specifically inhibited thrombin as efficiently as native Amblin did. This is the first report of a thrombin inhibitor from tick haemolymph.     

Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting humans in Tokat Province of Turkey: species diversity and seasonal activity

Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are the major vectors of pathogens threatening animal and human health. Tokat Province, Turkey, is a suitable habitat for extended tick activity with its moderate climate and vegetation. In the present study, we surveyed humans visiting health centers to determine the species diversity, geographical distribution, and seasonal activity of ixodid ticks infesting them. Out of 5,999 adult ticks collected from humans from April to September, 2008, 800 ticks were identified to species, while the remaining were identified to genus according to their distinct morphological characteristics. Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma detritum, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Dermacentor marginatus, and Ixodes laguri were the most prevalent tick species among 24 ixodid tick species infesting humans in the region. One of these tick species, Hyalomma isacii was identified as a new record for the ixodid tick fauna of Turkey. Hyalomma species were the most abundant in summer, while Dermacentor and Ixodes species displayed the lowest frequency. Hyalomma aegyptium infestation was very common on humans in the province. Results indicated that a variety of ixodid tick species infest humans depending on the season in the target area. It is possible that a variety of ixodid tick species may contribute to the spread of tick‐borne diseases such as Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which is endemic in the region.     

Characteristics of acquired resistance of lambs to mature ticks Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum (experimental studies)]

A new method was employed for studies of parasite-host relationships between ixodid ticks and their hosts. It has been established that ixodid ticks are able to desensibilize the reactive sensibility of the host and to satiate themselves without unhibiting the latter. Every day and long parasitism of the ticks on cattle (in nature) and increasing doses of secretion of the ticks' saliva (sensibilizer) lead apparently to the weakening of the host's organism (desensitization). However, under laboratory conditions in hosts a resistence to bites of ixodid ticks can appear.     

Saliva-activated transmission (SAT) of Thogoto virus: dynamics of SAT factor activity in the salivary glands ofRhipicephalus appendiculatus,Amblyomma variegatum,andBoophilus microplus ticks

Thogoto (THO) virus is transmitted from infected to uninfected ticks when co-feeding on uninfected guinea-pigs, even though the guinea-pigs do not develop a detectable viraemia. This form of non-viraemic transmission is potentiated by a factor (s) secreted by the saliva of ticks and hence has been termed saliva-activated transmission (SAT). The synthesis of the SAT factor by the salivary glands of three ixodid tick species was determined by placing uninfected nymphal ticks on guineapigs that were subsequently inoculated with a mixture of THO virus and salivary gland extract (SGE) derived from one of the tick species. SAT factor activity was measured by determining the number of nymphs that acquired THO virus. For the three-host ixodid species,Rhipicephalus appendiculatus andAmblyomma variegatum, maximum enhancement of THO virus transmission was observed when salivary glands were derived from uninfected, female ticks that had fed for a period of 6 or 8 days, respectively. In contrast, when salivary glands were derived form uninfected femaleBoophilus microplus, a one-host ixodid tick species, enhancement of THO virus transmission was observed throughout the tick feeding period. Thus, the natural feeding behaviour of ticks appears to be an important factor in determining the relative importance of these vectors in mediating SAT.     

Characteristic features of the ranks genus and subgenus, and an intercalary rank "species complex" in ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)

The work was carries our from the standpoint of the morphological conception of species. Vast collections of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science testify to the existence of hiatuses in both genera and subgenera of Palearctic ixodids at all active phases of their ontogenesis. The fact that the subgenera of Palearctic genera have been well studies is notes, and composition of the subgenera is presented. The question of a taxonomic intercalary rank "species complex" is considered in detail in the context of the coevolution between some complexes of closely related species of ixodid ticks and some closely related species (genospecies, strains) of pathogens. The question of the taxonomic rank "species complex" in ixodid ticks as a phyletic species association is postulated on the basis of comparative ontogenetic data. Nomenclature status of the intercalary association "species complex" is specified in conformity with the fourth edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Species composition of most studied complexes is presented. Some variants of morphological differentiation between species complexes within subgenus are considered. Significance of the taxonomic concept "species complex" for zoological. parasitological, and medical aspects of the ixodid ticks study was evaluated. Prognostic significance of the rank "species complex" for the study of the relationships between ixodid ticks and pathogens is discussed.     

A novel SINE family occurs frequently in both genomic DNA and transcribed sequences in ixodid ticks of the arthropod sub-phylum Chelicerata

Reassociation kinetics and flow cytometry data indicate that ixodid tick genomes are large, relative to most arthropods, containing>or=10(9) base pairs. The molecular basis for this is unknown. We have identified a novel small interspersed element with features of a tRNA-derived SINE, designated Ruka, in genomic sequences of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Boophilus (Rhipicephalus) microplus ticks. The SINE was also identified in expressed sequence tag (EST) databases derived from several tissues in four species of ixodid ticks, namely R. appendiculatus, B. (R.) microplus, Amblyomma variegatum and also the more distantly related Ixodes scapularis. Secondary structure predictions indicated that Ruka could adopt a tRNA structure that was, atypically, most similar to a serine tRNA. By extrapolation the frequency of occurrence in the randomly selected BAC clone sequences is consistent with approximately 65,000 copies of Ruka in the R. appendiculatus genome. Real time PCR analyses on genomic DNA indicate copy numbers for specific Ruka subsets between 5800 and 38,000. Several putative conserved Ruka insertion sites were identified in EST sequences of three ixodid tick species based on the flanking sequences associated with the SINEs, indicating that some Ruka transpositions probably occurred prior to speciation within the metastriate division of the Ixodidae. The data strongly suggest that Class I transposable elements form a significant component of tick genomes and may partially account for the large genome sizes observed.     

Characteristic features of biodiversity in European ixodid ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) as vectors of diseses with natural foci

The diapason of some biodiversity characteristics of ixodid ticks of the fauna of Europe and adjacent territories is analyzed. These characteristics include taxonomic and morphological diversity, the diversity of life cycles, host-parasite relations, species ranges, and biotopic associations. The significance of different aspects of biodiversity of ixodid ticks as a prerequisite of interrelations with pathogens with natural foci is estimated.     

The identification of a shared immunogen present in the salivary glands and gut of ixodid and argasid ticks

The identification of a 70-kDa immunogen present in salivary gland extracts of several ixodid species, namelyHyalomma truncatum (sweating-sickness-inducing (SS+) and non-inducing (SS-) strains),Hyalomma marginatum. rufipes andRhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, is reported. The immunogen was identified by Western blots using a monoclonal antibody of the IgM isotype directed against a 70-kDa immunogen present in the salivary glands of (SS-) femaleH. truncatum ticks. Cross-reactivity with the gut of unfed adult ixodid ticks,Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus simus simus, R. evertsi evertsi, Rhipicentor nuttali, H.m. rufipes, and salivary glands of adult argasid species,Ornithodoros savignyi andOrnithodoros moubata, was demonstrated using ELISA.