A study of the hatching process in aquatic invertebrates. XVI. Events of eclosion in Calopsectra neoflavellus Malloch (Diptera,Tendipedidae). XVII. Hatching in Argulus megalops Smith (Crustacea,Branchiura)

Summary Hatching in the tendipedid, Calopsectra neoflavellus involves first a slow uptake of water by the embryo during development, whereby it increases in size and comes to fill entirely the space within the chorion. After completion of embryonic development, the prolarva increases still more in size by swallowing and absorbing water. Internal pressure thus generated results in the bursting of the chorion. The larva then frees itself by active movements.In the branchiuran, Argulus megalops, hatching is similar to that previously described for Copepoda, in that an inner egg membrane swells osmotically and splits the outer chorion. Subsequent bursting of the inner membrane throws the larva nearly out of the egg, but final emergence is by active struggle of the larva.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausschlüpfen von Calopsectra neoflavellus enthält erstens eine langsame Wasseraufnahme durch den Embryo, wodurch der Embryo wächst und das Wasser den ganzen Raum zwischen Embryo und Chorion füllt. Nach Vollendung der Entwicklung quillt der Embryo noch mehr auf durch den Schluckakt und Aufnahme des Wassers. Dann zerreisst das Chorion durch den intraovularen Druck. Endlich befreit sich die Larve durch Sträuben.In Argulus megalops (Branchiura) gleicht das Ausschlüpfen dem vorher dargestellten für den Copepoden. Eine innere Membran schwillt osmotisch und zerreisst; das Chorion dann zerreist auch die innere Membran selbst and wirft die Larve nahezu aus dem Ei hinaus, aber die schliessiiche Befreiung geschieht durch Sträuben.

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Supported by National Science Foundation grant GB-219, entitled A study of hatching and of the ecology of egg masses of aquatic invertebrates.     

La diversité floristique de la végétation psammophile de la région de Tlemcen (nord–ouest Algérie)

This study is devoted to the analysis of the psammophyte of the coastal and semi-continental dunes in Tlemcen. Interesting results have been obtained, in particular, on the biological and ecological aspects of the psammophyte. The interpretation from Factoriel analysis of correspondences enabled us to identify the different phytosociological classes (Cakiletea maritimae, Ammophiletea, Quercetea ilicis, Therobrachypodietea and Stellarietea mediae). Some of these classes (Cakiletea maritimae and Ammophiletea) inhabit, exceedingly well, the embryonic dunes. Some species (Therobrachypodietea) colonize the quickset dunes. Lastly, some others (Quercetea ilicis) settle in the more mature and stable dunes. By using the phytosociological and phytodynamical data, we have been able to understand the vegetation and its diversity. To cite this article: H. Stambouli-Meziane et al., C. R. Biologies 332 (2009).     

Interet de la microscopie electronique a balayage pour l'etude morphologique des spores de levures

The morphology of spores is an important aspect of yeasts systematic. It is a good thing to state the size, the shape and the ornamentation of these spores; only scanning electron microscopy is able to bring a satisfactory answer. This preliminary work applied toEndomycopsis javanensis (Klöcker)Dekker spores shows that their warty aspect is due to the presence of warts and mamelons and that the width of the equatorial edge varies considerably for a given spore and from one spore to another.

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Laboratoire de Botanique Appliquée I.B.A.N.A. — Faculté des Sciences — Dijon.

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avec la collaboration technique deM. Bert, responsable de la microscopie électronique à balayage à la Faculté des Sciences de Dijon.     

Pathogenesis of anAspergillus flavus infection ofGalleria mellonella eggs

Egg masses of the greater wax moth,Galleria mellonella L. experimentally infected with conidia ofAspergillus flavus Link became rapidly covered with the mycelium and were eventually destroyed. Germ tubes from conidia penetrated not only infertile, but also damaged eggs. Healthy eggs were often penetrated both by conidial germ tubes and mycelia elements. Once penetrated, eggs become filled with mycelium in as little as two days, after which conidiophores and mycelia protrude outwardly through the chorion.

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Résumé Des pontes de la Teigne des ruches,Galleria mellonella, infectées expérimentalement avec des conidies deAspergillus flavus ont été rapidement recouvertes de mycélium et furent éventuellement détruites. Les tubes germinatifs issus des conidies ont pénétré non seulement les œufs infertiles mais aussi les œufs blessés. Les œufs sains furent souvent pénétrés à la fois par des tubes germinatifs conidiens et des éléments mycéliens. Une fois pénétrés, les œufs se remplissent de mycélium en moins de 2 jours, après lesquels le mycélium et les conidiophores ressortent à l'extérieur à travers le chorion.

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Authorized for publication on November 7, 1968 as paper No. 3503 in the Journal Series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station.     

La variabilité cytologique dans la descendance des femelles de Luffia ferchaultella steph. (Lepidoptera psychidae)

Summary The procedure which leads to the restoration of the diploid chromosomal number in the egg of the parthenogenetic Luffia ferchaultella is similar in all the eggs laid by one female. But it may vary in the eggs of closely related females (mother and daughters or sisters). Therefore it is not a characteristic of the parthenogenetic strain.

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Au Professeur Bauer, en témoignage d'admiration.

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Travail subventionné par le Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique.     

Les régulateurs de croissance d'insectes (RCI), mimiques de l'hormone juvénile,en tant que moyen de lutte morphogénétique et ovicide contre les tordeuses des vergers

Résumé La métamorphose des insectes est régie par un équilibre hormonal complexe dans lequel l'hormone juvénile (HJ) joue un rôle important. Au dernier stade larvaire, la teneur en HJ est particulièrement faible dans le corps de l'insecte. Si un régulateur de croissance d'insectes (RCI)-un mimétique de l'HJ-est appliqué à ce moment-là, la mue nymphale est pertubée provoquant des déformations morphogénétiques caractéristiques. La teneur en HJ est également très faible dans les ufs fraîchement pondus. Les traitements aux RCI peuvent par conséquent perturber le développement embryonnaire de certaines espèces et produire ainsi un effet ovicide. Depuis quelques années deux RCI-le fenoxycarb et le CGA 45 128-ont été testés pour leur activité morphogénétique sur le dernier stade larvaire de quelques ravageurs tels qu'Adoxophyes orana F.v.R., ainsi que pour leur activité ovicide sur les ufs frais de Cydia pomonella L. et Grapholita funebrana Tr. Après quelques années d'expérimentation et de commercialisation des RCI dans les vergers européens, il s'avère que l'utilisation de ces produits peu toxiques, sélectifs et peu nocifs pour la faune utile, constitue une amélioration considérable pour l'aménagement de la lutte intégrée.

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Insect growth regulators (IGR), mimics of juvenile hormone, as morphological and ovicidal means of control against orchard tortricids

Summary Metamorphosis is regulated by a complex hormonal balance in which juvenile hormone (JH) plays an important part. At the last larval instar the content of JH is particularly low in the insect body. If an insect growth regulator (IGR) — a mimic of JH-is applied at this time, the pupal moult may be disturbed with the characteristic morphogenetical deformations. The JH content is also very low in freshly laid eggs. Therefore IGR treatments may disturb the embryonic development of some species and produce an ovicidal activity. During a few years two IGR-fenoxycarb and CGA 45128-were evaluated for their morphogenetical effect on the last larval instar of Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. and their ovicidal effect on freshly laid eggs of Cydia pomonella L. and Grapholita funebrana Tr. After a few years of experimentation with both compounds and of commercialisation of fenoxycarb in European orchards, IGR confirmed to present a considerable improvement in integrated pest management due to selectivity, and low mammal toxicity.

     

Contribution à l'étude de l'organogenèse des Hétéropodes (Mollusca,Prosobranchia)

The histological larval anatomy of Oxygyrus keraudreni Lesueur, Carinaria lamarcki Péron and Lesueur, Pterotrachea coronata Forskal and Firoloida desmaresti Lesuour relating to the veliger organisation of Atlanta is described at the stages close to the metamorphosis.

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Contribution n° 50 du Groupe Scientifique du Centre Océanologique de Bretagne.     

habitat de Nocardia asteroides,Phialophora pedrosoi y Cryptococcus neoformans en Venezuela

Resumen Se estudiaron 336 muestras de tierra, madera y plantas provenientes de diferentes zonas del Edo. Mérida/Venezuela y Estados vecinos. Fueron inoculados cobayos y hamsters intratesticularmente y ratones por via endovenosa. Testículos y pulmones respectivamente fueron examinados por medio de cultivos e histológicamente.De 11 muestras se aislaronNocardia asteroides, de 6Phialophora pedrosoi y de unaCryptococcus neoformans.Se discuten las probables causas de porqué no se logró aislarParacoccidioides brasiliensis.

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Summary 336 samples of soil, wood and plants from several aereas of the State of Mérida/Venezuela and adjacent regions were studied.The samples were injected into the testes of guinea pigs and into mice intravenously. The testes and lungs of the animals respectively were cultured and examined histologically. From eleven samples were isolatedNocardia asteroides, from sixPhialophora pedrosoi and from oneCryptococcus neoformans.It is discussed, why it was not possible to isolateParacoccidioides brasiliensis.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden 336 Erd-, Holz- und Pflanzenproben aus verschiedenen Gebieten des Staates Mérida/Venezuela und benachbarten Zonen untersucht. Das Material wurde Meerschweinchen intratestikulär und weissen Mäusen intravenös injiziert. Hoden und Lungen der Tiere wurden auf Nährböden verbracht und histologisch untersucht.Elfmal wurdeNocardia asteroides, sechsmalPhialophora pedrosoi und einmalCryptococcus neoformans isoliert und histologisch nachgewiesen. Es werden die möglichen Gründe diskutiert, warum es nicht gelangParacoccidioides brasiliensis zu isolieren.

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Del Instituto de Anatomía Patológica y Laboratorio de Micología de la Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida/Venezuela y del Laboratorio de Micología, Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Cincinnati/Ohio EEUU.

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Este trabajo pudo realizarse con la ayuda económica proporcionada por el Sr. Rector de la U.L.A., Dr.P. Rincón Gutiérrez a quien damos nuestras gracias más sinceras.A Wm. Bridge Cooke, Ph. D. y al Dr.G. A. de Vries agradecemos la identificación de las cepas dePhialophora pedrosoi.

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A los Dres.R. Kohler yP. N. Tablante G., y al Sr.Oswaldo Juergenson nuestro agradecimiento por la ayuda prestada en la recolección de las muestras.     

Dois novos taxa de Sphaeropsidaceae sôbre Palmaceae

Summary This paper deals with two new fungi studied on Palmaceae:Asteromella cocoes Batista &Bezerra n. sp. on leaves ofCocos nucifera L. andAsteropsis insectorum Batista &Bezerra n. sp. onCoccideae scales on leaves ofOenocarpus distichus Mart.

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Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit beschreibt zwei neue Pilze, welche auf Palmaceae studiert wurden:Asteromella cocoes Batista &Bezerra n. sp. auf Blättern vonCocos nucifera L. undAsteropsis insectorum Batista &Bezerra n. sp. aufCoccideae Schuppen auf Blättern vonOenocarpus distichus Mart.

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Dedicado à Memória do Prof.Raffaele Ciferri     

Analyse de la structure fine des chromosomes du Gorille (Gorilla gorilla)

Summary Prometaphasic chromosomes of Gorilla, Homo and Pan are compared, using R, Q, T and H-bands techniques in complement of a previous work (Lejeune et al., 1973). Various mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements are demonstrated with particular reference to heterochromatic segments. Some phylogenic conclusions are proposed.

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Zusammenfassung Prometaphase-Chromosomen von Gorilla, Mensch und Schimpanse werden mit hilfe der R-, Q-, T- und H-Bandentechnik verglichen; frühere Arbeiten (Lejeune et al., 1973) werden dadurch ergänzt. Verschiedene Mechanismen von Chromosomen-Rearrangements werden dargestellt; dabei finden die Heterochromatin-Segmente besondere Beachtung. Einige phylogenetische Folgerungen werden gezogen.

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Travail de l'E.R.A. n^o 47 du C.N.R.S.     

Au sujet de la caractérisation des produits a base deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner par rapport au titrage biologique de la toxine soluble thermostable

Summary Industrial products based onB. thuringiensis have been found to contain several toxins, differing in their ranges of activity and occuring in varying quantities. The presence of the ?thermostable toxin activeper os? is in particular unnoticed in the assay of the active material in the products, in spite of the fact that many studies of the application of products based onB. thuringiensis, concern insects whose sensitivity is limited to or dominated by the thermostable toxin. Biological assay can be envisaged for the estimation of the thermostable toxin in industrial products, while awaiting the development of other assay methods In this manner, the products will be charasterized as to their active material, for the benefit of the understanding of experimental or practical results. It is suggested that it would be more rational, on the international scale, to use as reference a standard preparation based on an autoclaved filtrate ofB. thuringiensis var.thuringiensis, than to use a standard biological assay method which involves an test insect. The precision of assay for ?thermostable toxin activeper os? can be greater or smaller, according to the insects for which the product is recommanded or on which it is tested.

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Ce mémoire a été présenté à l' ?International Symposium on the identification and assay of viruses and Bacillus thuringiensisused for insect control?, Londres, 13 juillet 1964.

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I.N.R.A., Station de Recherches de Lutte biologique et de Biocœnotique, La minière.     

Wirkung von Sulfhydrylverbindungen auf embryonale Induktionsfaktoren

Zusammenfassung Rohfraktionen aus 9 Tage alten Hühnerembryonen, die neuralisierenden und mesodermalisierenden Induktionsfaktor enthielten, sowie angereicherter mesodermalisierender Faktor wurden mit Thioglykolsäure sowie mit 2-Mercaptoäthanol behandelt. Die Fraktionen wurden an Gastrulen vonTriturus alpestris oderAmbystoma nach der Implantationsmethode getestet. Der mesodermalisierende Faktor wird inaktiviert. Die Aktivität des neuralisierenden Faktors bleibt dagegen erhalten.

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Action of sulfhydryl compounds on embryonic inducing factors

Summary Crude extracts from 9 days old chicken embryos containing neuralizing and mesodermalizing inducing factors as well as purified mesodermalizing factor were incubated with thioglycolic acid and with 2-Mercaptoethanol. The fractions were tested by implanting into early gastrulae ofTriturus orAmbystoma. The mesodermalizing factor is inactivated whereas the neuralizing factor does not lose its activity.

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Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft danken wir für Unterstützung der Arbeit.     

Ultrastructure de la paroi des basidiospores deLycoperdon et deScleroderma (Gastéromycètes) comparée à celle de quelques autres spores de champignons

Résumé La paroi des basidiospores deLycoperdon est composée d'une couche fibrilleuse ou lamellaire pigmentée et de verrues isolées de texture homogène. La spore est entourée d'une ectospore ayant la structure en bâtonnets décrite chez les conidies dePenicillium et d'Aspergillus. Chez lesScleroderma la couche fibrilleuse ou lamellaire a une structure plus complexe et l'ornementation est en continuité avec une assise de texture homogène. Une ectospore en bâtonnets est également présente dans ce genre ainsi que chezTulostoma brumale, Geastrum fimbriatum, Podaxis pistillaris etLacrymaria velutina.

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Comparative ultrastructure of the spore wall ofLycoperdon andScleroderma (Gasteromycetes) and some other fungi

Summary The wall ofLycoperdon basidiospores is made up of a fibrillar or lamellar pigmented layer and of isolated warts, homogeneous in texture. The spore is enclosed in an ectospore with the rodlet pattern described for conidiae ofPenicillium andAspergillus. InScleroderma, the fibrillar or lamellar layer has a more complex structure and the ornamentation is continuous with a layer of homogeneous texture. A rodlet ectospore is also present in this genus as well as inTulostoma brumale, Geastrum fimbriatum, Podaxis pistillaris, andLacrymaria velutina.

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Aspirant du F. N. R. S.     

Zur Frage eines Photoinaktivierungs-Effektes bei der Polaritätsinduktion inEquisetumsporen undFucus zygoten

Summary Polarity was induced in spores ofEquisetum variegatum and zygotes ofFucus serratus by monochromatic light; the cells were lit partially or by combinations of different types of irradiation.1. Partially lit cells yield the same energy-effect curve which has been found after irradiation with polarized or with unilateral unpolarized light in previous investigations. The energy requirement of the first primary process depends upon the type of irradiation. — 2. The first decline of the curve is caused by photoinactivation of the photoreceptor molecules responsible for the first primary process; this is indicated by the apparent coexistence of active and inactivated pigment in a cell. —3. The cells require approximately 20 minutes at the temperature of 20°C to restore or synthesizede novo the previously inactivated pigment.

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Mit 5 Textabbildungen     

Données nouvelles sur l'assortiment chromosomique de Meriones tristrami Thomas (Rodentia: Gerbillinae)

The chromosome complement of Meriones tristrami Thomas (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), the Israel desert jird, studied by the new technique of chromosome identification (Q and G banding) is described. The diploid number is 72. There are two pairs of submetacentric autosomes (1 and 2) and 33 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The X chromosome is the largest submetacentric and the Y is the fourth in length among the submetacentric chromosomes of the karyotype. The Fundamental Number (F.N.) is therefore 78 and not 76 as described by Matthey in 1957.

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(Travail effectué avec l'appui du Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique Médicale).     

Early Stages and Biology of Melitaea robertsi Butler, 1880 (Lepidoptera,Nymphalidae)

The external morphology of the egg (including the chorion), the last instar larva, and the pupa of Melitaea robertsi Butler, 1880 from East Iran is described; data on the host plant of the species are given.

     

L'activité sexuelle et la compétitivité des mâles accouplés d' Acrolepiopsis assectella (Lepidoptera: Hyponomeutoidea)

Summary The leek-moth males, able to respond to the female sex pheromones the night following emergence, can copulate only once in 24 hr. Inhibition of post-copulatory sexual receptivity is related to emptying of the male simplex and accessory glands. Kept in competition with virgin males, mated males maintain all their sexual potentialities.

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L'activité sexuelle et la compétitivité des mâles accouplés d' Acrolepiopsis assectella (Lepidoptera: Hyponomeutoidea)

     

La mouche de l'olive,Dacus oleae gmel. et ses parasites en Corse,en 1959 et 1960

Summary Three known ectoparasites ofD. olea are found in Corsica. These are Chalcidians:Pnigalio mediterraneus, a very active primary parasite,Eurytoma rosae, primary parasite of little importance,Eupelmus urozonus, primary parasite (some-times pseudo-endoparasites) secondary or tertiary, very active and which appear to hinder the action ofP. mediterraneus. Myopites stylata (Dipt. Trypetidae onInula viscosa) does not seem to constitute a host forE. urozonus. The action of the indigenous parasites lessens towards the end of summer and could be relayed by introducing foreign parasites.

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I.N.R.A., Station de Zoologie Centre de Recherches agronomiques du Sud-Est.     

Influence des toxines deBacillus thuringiensis sur divers caractères physiologiques de Drosophiles adultes

Summary The effects of culture extracts ofB. thuringiensis Serotype I have been analysed on adult Drosophiles. The thermostable toxin, administered every day, causes a reduction of longevity and fecundity as well as a decrease in the size of the eggs. The various characteristics studied are not sensitive to the toxic effects to the same extent. The method used also made it possible to demonstrate differences in toxicity between the preparations. The signification of these observations is discussed.

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Avec le concours de MlleM. F. Clavel, biologiste adjointe au C.N.R.S.     

Zur Struktur und Entwicklung des Riesenfasersystems erster Ordnung von Sepia officinalis L. (Cephalopoda)

Summary The differentiation and course of the first order giant nerve fibres in the medial and posterior suboesophageal lobes of the brain of Sepia officinalis is examined in different developmental stages. In earlier embryonic stages one pair of first order giant cells differentiates on each side. Later, as a normal phenomenon, one cell of each pair degenerates.The two remaining giant fibres cross in the palliovisceral lobe. On either side of the intersection one branch of the contralateral and one branch of the ipsilateral axon are connected with the second order giant fibres. This structure, which differs from that found in Loligo, apparently mediates the functional bilaterality of the giant fibre system.

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Supported by grant NONR 2100 through the Anton and Reinhard Dohrn foundation.