云南散白蚁属和钩歪白蚁属四新种：（等翅目：鼻白蚁科,白蚁科）

本文记述了云南散白蚁属Reticulitermes(Holmgren)和钩歪白蚁属PseudocapritermesKemner四新种: 1.江城散白蚁Reticulitermes(Frontotermes)jiangchengensis新种; 2.短头散白蚁Peticulitermes(Planifrontotermes)curticeps新种; 3.平颠钩歪白蚁Pseudocapritermes Planimentus新种; 4.江城钩歪白蚁Pseudocapritermes jiangchengensis新种。     

近扭白蚁属一新种记述(等翅目,白蚁科)

记述白蚁科近扭白蚁属1新种,宜宾近扭白蚁Pericapritermes yibinensis sp.nov..新种形态与近扭白蚁P.nitobei(Shirak,1909)相近,但个体较小,头部前端在头长约1/4处渐向前下方形成斜面,头中央纵缝由后端向前延伸过头长的3/4,中央纵缝两侧各有一条纵缝由后端前伸至约1/3处,上唇前缘平直,前胸背板橙黄色,前缘中央具浅凹,中胸、后胸和腹部呈淡黄色,触角第6、7、8、9节等长,均明显长于除柄节外的其余各节,第4节最短小,明显短小于相邻的第3、5节;有翅成虫囟圆形下凹,位于头背面中点稍后,明显大于复眼,囟孔椭圆形,色稍浅,头中央纵缝较明显,单眼卵圆形,与复眼距离小于单眼宽度,触角第3、4、5节明显小于其余各节,其中第5节最为短小,前胸背板近梯形,前阔后窄,前缘近似直线,直立翘起,侧缘前半部垂直于前缘,近1/2处明显缩窄,后缘中央浅凹,背板表面中前部有T型浅凹.模式标本保存于成都市白蚁防治研究所.     

象白蚁属一新种：等翅目：白蚁科,象白蚁亚科

本文记述我国浙江省龙王山自然保护区等翅目白蚁属一新种,安吉象白蚁Ｎａｓｕｔｉｔｅｒｍｅｓａｎｊｉｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

中国大白蚁亚科壤白蚁新属新种（等翅目：白蚁科）

壤白蚁属Parahy potermes Zhu et Huang,新属 模式种:曼允壤白蚁Parahy potermes manyunensis,新种。 属征:兵蚁头近卵圆形,头背面被毛稀少,两侧缘于触角前骤然狭缩,头中部最宽,后缘宽圆,头背面中部明显隆起;左上颚内缘中部第1缘齿上方具2—3枚小齿。 比较与讨论:本新属与地白蚁属Hypotermes Holmgren较接近。但Hypotermes头两侧缘触角前不呈狭缩状;左上颚第1缘齿上方不具锯齿状小齿;头背面中部呈弧状隆起。     

云南蛮白蚁属及钩白蚁属四新种（等翅目：白蚁科）

1.勐仓蛮白蚁Microtermes menglunensis Zhu et Huang 新种 兵蚁(图Ⅰ:1—8)     

深圳口岩进口原木截获的白蚁（等翅目）

记录深圳口岸1998－2001年期间从进口原本中截获的3科7属12种白蚁,包括黄檀新白蚁Neotermes dalbergiae (Kalshoven),大家白蚁Comptotermes curvignathus Holmgren,塞庞乳白蚁C.sepangensis Krishna,波罗乳白蚁C.borneensis Oshima,非洲乳白蚁C.sjostedti Holmgren,沙捞越长鼻白蚁Schedorhinotermes sarawakensis (Holmgren),中暗长鼻白蚁S.mediobscurus (Holmgren),哈氏象白蚁Nastutitermes havilandi (Desneux),镰锯白蚁Microcerotermes distans (Havilandi),邻白蚁Termes propinquus (Holmgren), 印度弓白蚁Amitermes belli (Desneux)和齿弓白蚁A.dentatus (Havilandi)。编制了分种检索表,并对上述国内没有分布的白蚁种类兵蚁的形态和鉴定特征作了描述的图示。     

云南大白蚁属一新种（等翅目：白蚁科）

我国已知大白蚁属１８种,其中仅１种属于大,中,小（兵蚁,工蚁）三态类型,由李桂祥,平正明定名为三型大白蚁。作者等于１９９４年,在云南省南亚热带地区,发现另一三态类型大白蚁,定名为箕头大白蚁新种。     

广西白蚁八新种——等翅目:鼻白蚁科, 白蚁科

我们先后于1973、1975和1985年对广西白蚁作了专题调查,特别是对森林茂盛的自然保护区:龙胜的花坪林区天平山、武鸣的大明山、金秀的大瑶山、宁明县陇瑞自然保护区和贺县滑水冲自然保护区,进行重点采集;此外,广西林科,所、广西科学院生物室、南宁、桂林和玉林白蚁所,惠赠了部分标本。现对所得标本初步分类鉴定,计有4科22属68种,内有8个新种,描述如下。 1.粗颚异白蚁Heteratermes solidimandibulas新种 兵蚁(图1) 体型中等。头部、上唇、触角黄色,前胸背板淡黄色,上颚棕褐色,腹部和足黄白色。头部有稀疏、分散的直立刚毛,上唇有2根端毛外,有些个体仍有侧端毛和     

中国象白蚁亚科近针白蚁新属和象白蚁属四新种(等翅目:白蚁科)

近针白蚁属,新属Periaciculitermes,gen.nov. 兵蚁(图1,1.—5) 体小型,兵单态。头部具有短毛和少量长刚毛。 头除鼻呈前窄后宽的卵形,近后头1/3处最宽,后缘稍呈弧形圆出,中间稍平。侧看鼻基后缘与头部交接处稍隆起,象鼻平直。象鼻瘦长,管状。上颚钝凸,无尖刺。触角12节。胫节距式为2:2:2。跗节4节。 工蚁 工蚁左上颚端齿明显大于第l缘齿(图1,6),第2缘齿退化,与第1缘齿后切     

中国象白蚁亚科华象白蚁新属及三新种(等翅目:白蚁科)

华象白蚁属,新属Sinonasutitermes Li,gen.nov. 本新属兵蚁,体大型,多态(二态或三态)。 大兵蚁(图1、3、4、5)头部黄色,象鼻黄色带褐。除象鼻端部有几根毛外,头部、胸部几乎无毛,腹部背板有少量幼小短毛。 头除象鼻外,宽明显大于长,宽圆形,两侧圆形凸出,后缘宽圆形。触角13节,第3节长为第2节2倍或更多。上颚有极短小尖刺,前胸背板马鞍状,前半部直立翘起。胫节距式为2:2:2。跗节4节。 小兵蚁(图1、3、5)色泽、毛序、头型均似大兵蚁。上颚尖刺极小,多数仅是点尖状。触角仅12节。距式2:2:2。跗节4节。     

Silicified Kalotermitidae (Isoptera) frass in conifer wood from a mid-Tertiary rainforest in central Queensland, Australia

Silicified Kalotermitidae frass closely comparable to frass of the extant termite Neotermes has been found associated with a Tertiary rainforest flora in central Queensland. This is the first evidence of Kalotermitidae in the fossil record in Australia. The presence of the family in Australia by the mid-Tertiary indicates either a Gondwanic history and possible origin for some genera of the Kalotermitidae or alternatively the family was pantropical by this time. □ Kalotermitidae, Neotermes, termite, Isoptera, Tertiary.     

Two permanent linear chains of sex chromosomes in Neotermes fulvescens and karyotypes of two other neotropical Kalotermitidae species (Insecta, Isoptera).

Meiosis and (or) mitosis of males and females of Cryptotermes brevis, Eucryptotermes wheeleri, and Neotermes fulvescens, all of them from the neotropical region, were analyzed. Cryptotermes brevis showed a similar karyotype to that obtained by other authors for specimens of the neartic and Australian regions (2n = 36 for females and 2n = 37 for males, with XX and XYY sex mechanisms, respectively). Eucryptotermes wheeleri, the only species that has been described in this genus, showed the lowest number of chromosomes reported for Isoptera (2n = 22) until now. The male meiosis of this species presents a linear chain of six sex chromosomes, three of them being X and three of them Y chromosomes. Neotermes fulvescens showed a diploid number of 40 for males and 42 for females and, in the first male meiosis, two linear chains of chromosomes, both related to sex. One of the chains, named A, presented nine chromosomes and the other, named B, seven chromosomes. Hypotheses to explain these mechanisms are formulated in this paper and putative ancestral relationships with other species of Kalotermitidae are presented.     

Specific Features of Nitrogen Fixation and Denitrification in Termites Neotermes castaneus, Zootermopsis angusticollis, and Reticulitermes lucifugus

We studied specific features of microbial nitrogen fixation and denitrification in laboratory cultures of the termites Neotermes castaneus, Zootermopsis angusticollis, and Reticulitermes lucifugus, as well as in their nest materials. The nitrogenase activity in the termites was much higher than in the materials of termitarium. Denitrification was found only in the nest materials of termitarium. Studies of the bacterial community of gut nitrogen fixers Neotermes castaneus have shown the predominance of anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria that amount to up to 60% of the total number of gut bacteria. In the materials of termitarium, aerobic cellulose-destroying myxobacteria predominated, which are typical inhabitants of plant substrates, a food for the termites.     

Coevolution of symbiotic spirochete diversity in lower termites.

The phylogenetic relationships of symbiotic spirochetes from five dry-wood feeding lower termites (Cryptotermes cavifrons, Heterotermes tenuis, Kalotermes flavicollis, Neotermes mona, and Reticulitermes grassei) was compared to those described in previous reports. The 16S rDNA bacterial genes were PCR-amplified from DNA isolated from intestinal samples using a spirochete-selective primer, and the 16S amplicons were cloned into Escherichia coli. Sequences of the cloned inserts were then used to determine closest relatives by comparison with published sequences. Clones sharing more than 97% sequence identity were grouped into the same phylotype. Forty-three new phylotypes were identified. These termite whole-gut-spirochetes fell into two previous defined clusters, designated as Treponema Clusters I and II, and one new Cluster III. Thirty-seven phylotypes were grouped in Cluster I. Cluster II comprised three phylotypes, two from Reticulitermes grassei (LJ029 and LJ012) and one from Heterotermes tenuis (LQ016). Three phylotypes, LK057, LK050 and LK028, were affiliated to Cluster III. Members of Cluster I showed the following characteristics: (i) spirochete phylotypes from a particular species of termite were more closely related to each other than to phylotypes of other termite species; (ii) spirochetes obtained from different genera of the same family, such as Cryptotermes sp., Kalotermes sp., and Neotermes sp., all from the family Kalotermitidae, were also related to each other. It was therefore concluded that spirochetes are specific symbionts that have coevolved with their respective species of termites, are stably harbored, and are closely related to members of the same termite family.     

The gut flagellate community of the termite Neotermes cubanus with special reference to Staurojoenina and Trichocovina hrdyi nov. gen. nov. sp

At least seven species of flagellates have been found to inhabit the paunch of the termite Neotermes cubanus. Staurojoenina sp. is the largest species, measuring 100-150mum in length. Three small parabasalids belong to the genera Tritrichomonas, Metadevescovina, and Foaina. A fourth small type is described as Trichocovina hrdyi nov. gen. nov. sp.; the combination of features in this flagellate, such as the presence of a costa, undulating membrane and spiralled dictyosome, does not fit to any known genus. The two oxymonad species do not possess a rostellum. One belongs to the family Polymastigidae; it has one unattached flagellum and three partially attached flagella. The second is a member of the family Pyrsonymphidae, but this one possesses ring-like surface structures, one free flagellum and three spirally attached flagella. It is the first report of a pyrsonymphid in a kalotermitid termite.     

Spirochaeta coccoides sp. nov., a novel coccoid spirochete from the hindgut of the termite Neotermes castaneus

A novel spirochete strain, SPN1, was isolated from the hindgut contents of the termite Neotermes castaneus. The highest similarities (about 90%) of the strain SPN1 16S rRNA gene sequence are with spirochetes belonging to the genus Spirochaeta, and thus, the isolate could not be assigned to the so-called termite clusters of the treponemes or to a known species of the genus Spirochaeta. Therefore, it represents a novel species, which was named Spirochaeta coccoides. In contrast to all other known validly described spirochete species, strain SPN1 shows a coccoid morphology and is immotile. The isolated strain is obligately anaerobic and ferments different mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides by forming formate, acetate, and ethanol as the main fermentation end products. Furthermore, strain SPN1 is able to grow anaerobically with yeast extract as the sole carbon and energy source. The fastest growth was obtained at 30 degrees C, the temperature at which the termites were also grown. The cells possess different enzymatic activities that are involved in the degradation of lignocellulose in the termite hindgut, such as beta-D-glucosidase, alpha-L-arabinosidase, and beta-D-xylosidase. Therefore, they may play an important role in the digestion of breakdown products from cellulose and hemicellulose in the termite gut.     

Antennal cropping in the Asian dry-wood termite, Neotermes koshunensis

Antennal cropping, a behavior inferred to exist because queens and kings have shorter antennae than fresh alates, is widespread in termites. However, the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. We studied the occurrence of antennal cropping in queens and kings of the dry-wood termite Neotermes koshunensis (Kalotermitidae). Observation of the antennal tip structure with scanning electron microscopy and the occurrence of antennal cropping in new kings and queens reared in isolation indicated that self-cropping is an important proximate mechanism. Previous studies inferred that antennal cropping may play a key role in the life-history of alates at the colony-founding stage. However, we also found antennal cropping in adultoid reproductives (secondary reproductives) that had not experienced a colony founding. We propose a new hypothesis that antennal cropping is important for individuals in regulating their physiology when they change from the non-reproducing to the reproducing phase.     

Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Staurojoenina mulleri sp. nov. (Trichonymphida,Parabasalia) from the Hindgut of the Kalotermitid Neotermes jouteli

Staurojoenina is a large and structurally complex genus of hypermastigont parabasalians found in the hindgut of lower termites. Although several species of Staurojoenina have been described worldwide, all Staurojoenina observed to date in different species of North American termites have been treated as the same species, S. assimilis. Here, we characterize Staurojoenina from the North American termite Neotermes jouteli using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA, and compare it with S. assimilis from its type host, Incisitermes minor. The basic morphological characteristics of the N. jouteli symbiont, including its abundant bacterial epibionts, are similar as far as they may be compared with existing data from S. assimilis, although not consistently identical. In contrast, we find that they are extremely distantly related at the molecular level, sharing a pairwise similarity of SSU rRNA genes comparable to that seen between different genera or even families of other parabasalians. Based on their evolutionary distance and habitat in different termite genera, we consider the N. jouteli Staurojoenina to be distinct from S. assimilis, and describe a new species, Staurojoenina mulleri, in honor of the pioneering parabasalian researcher, Miklos Muller.     

Colony structure and caste distribution in living trees of the Ryukyu drywood termite,Neotermes sugioi (Blattodea: Kalotermitidae) in Okinawa Island

Termites are major pests of houses and buildings, and also living plants such as agricultural crops, trees in forests, urban areas and gardens. However, in Japan, the basic ecology of termites nesting in living trees is not fully understood. In this study, we observed 255 colonies (nests) of the drywood termite Neotermes sugioi, collected in the field on Okinawa Island, and reported the frequency composition of the reproductive castes, the size of wood with termite gallery, the population size of colonies, and the relative position of the reproductive and non-reproductive castes within nests. Most colonies were headed by a primary queen and a primary king. However, colonies headed only by primary queens, primary kings, or neotenic kings, each accounted for approximately 5% of the colonies. A colony size of 1,000– 4,000 individuals (2058.2 ± 1695.0 [mean ± SD]) was common and the average length of colony branches was less than 100 cm. Queens and kings were found in the same or nearby nest areas, and more predominantly in the central or root side of nest wood areas. The termites may experience colony fragmentation and reproductive loss as a consequence of typhoons. Incipient colonies (i.e., colonies at an early stage of development) were found on 11.3% of branches of Leucaena leucocephala that did not show any obvious signs of infestation. In future research, it will be necessary to update the list of trees damaged by this termite species, compare the damage by tree species, and evaluate the economic impact.     

Genetic variability in two hydrophilous species ofPotamogeton,P. pectinatus andP. filiformis (Potamogetonaceae)

Genetic variability inPotamogeton pectinatus andP. filiformis was studied by means of isozymes. The overall levels of variability were similar to some other well studied hydrophilous species, and were shown to be distributed more between than within populations. This partitioning of variability was attributed to three main factors. (1) Clonal growth (as measured by the frequency of multi-enzyme phenotypes) was shown to be a major factor in both species, although more important inP. pectinatus. (2) Low levels of sexual reproduction were shown to be a likely contributor to the partitioning of variability inP. pectinatus; such reproduction is probably limited by seedling recruitment rather than by infrequent flowering. (3) Geographical isolation was indicated as a factor regulating gene flow at distances of more than about 1000 km in both species, with the data suggesting that dispersal between populations is mainly by seed rather than by vegetative means.