Ecological footprint study on tourism itinerary products in Shangri-La, Yunnan Province, China

The eco-footprint analysis of tourism is one of the most up-to-date and effective methods used to analyze the environmental effects of tourism. This study constructs a model to calculate the ecological footprint (EF) of tourism itinerary products by using a component approach, rudimentarily exploring the calculation methods for EF which target necklace-like tourism itinerary products and base tourist trips. By applying the model to calculate and analyze an “8-day tour of Shangri-La”, a typical tourism itinerary product, results of this study suggest that: (a) Tourism is a kind of life style with tremendous ecological consumption, that is, per capita EF that tourists produce in the course of travel is more than the one that local people produce in their daily life in tourist source areas, and it also exceeds the per capita EF that local people produce in their daily life in tourist destination; (b) According to the component approach, EF of tourism itinerary products is broken down into 7 components, among which “Transport”, “Food”, “Waste” and “Accommodation” play important roles; (c) There exist significant differences in ecological efficiency between different departments of tourism; the travel and entertainment sectors maintain a relatively high ecological efficiency, while the food and lodging departments have relatively low ecological efficiency.     

物种急剧丧失·生态严重超载·跨越“地球边界”·区域公平失衡·“一个地球”生活——《地球生命力报告2014》解读

2014年9月30日,世界自然基金会(WWF)、Zoological Society of London(ZSL)、Global Footprint Network、Water Footprint Network联合发布《地球生命力报告2014》,除了以前主要使用的地球生命力指数(Living Planet Index,LPI)、生态足迹(Ecological Footprint,EF)、水足迹(Water Footprint)等指标外,首次使用"地球边界"揭示地球面临的严峻挑战。报告显示:(1)LPI自1970年以来已下降52%,温带和热带地区分别下降36%、56%,陆生和海洋物种均下降39%,淡水物种减少76%;(2)1961年全球生态足迹76亿全球公顷(global hectare,ghm~2)、生物承载力99亿ghm~2、生态盈余23亿ghm~2,2010年全球生态足迹为181亿ghm~2、生物承载力120亿ghm~2、生态赤字61亿ghm~2,1961年碳足迹占人类总生态足迹的36%,2010年碳足迹占比为53%;(3)全球生产水足迹排名中,印度、美国、中国、巴西和俄罗斯以大量的绿水足迹位居前五名;全球200多个河流流域、26亿7千万人每年至少1个月严重缺水;(4)生物多样性丧失、气候变化和氮循环3个"地球边界"被打破,并且已经对人类健康及人类所需要的食物、水和能源产生明显影响;(5)高收入国家将生物多样性丧失及其影响转嫁给低收入国家,这是另一种资源进口方式;大多数高收入国家人均生态足迹均已超过地球上人均可获得的生物承载力,依靠进口其他国家的生物承载力弥补超载;低收入国家生态足迹最小,生态系统却遭受最大破坏,高收入国家较高的人类发展水平是以高生态足迹为代价。报告指出人类对生态系统和生态功能的过度索取,正在危害着人类未来的安康、经济、食物安全、社会稳定乃至生存,特别提到当前人类所作选择和所采取措施的重要性。确保有恢复力、健康的生态环境维持人类繁荣发展,比现在人口增长、资源消耗增加、气候变化和生态退化的警钟更具挑战性。整篇报告可以概括为5个主题:物种急剧丧失、生态严重超载、跨越"地球边界"、区域公平失衡、"一个地球"生活。     

Ecological Risk Assessment of Sediments in Sydney Harbour,Nova Scotia,Canada

Contamination within sediments of Sydney Harbour (once a major industrial port) were evaluated using a multiple lines-of-evidence (LOE) ecological risk assessment (ERA) approach prior to divestiture of the harbor. The multiple LOE approach included: (1) measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals, metalloids, petroleum hydrocarbons(PHCs), and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations in surface sediments from multiple Sydney Harbour locations; (2) identification and application of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) from various jurisdictions; (3) comparisons of harbor sediment chemistry against background/reference sediment chemistry; (4) determining number and frequency of exceedances over SQGs; (5) calculating mean probable effect level-quotients (PEL-Qs); (6) PAH forensic source evaluation; (7) review of previous sediment chemistry and biota tissue data; and (8) characterizing benthic habitat at harbor stations. The ERA determined that current sediments exhibited mostly low probability of adverse effects. Furthermore, contaminated sediments exhibiting a high probability of adverse effects were localized to only a few stations within the harbor. Ongoing natural recovery of harbor sediments is likely responsible for attenuating contaminants that historically were higher than those measured in this study and were previously distributed over much wider areas of the harbor. Results suggest that legacy industrial activities and current urban sewage effluents are the major sources of contamination in Sydney Harbour sediments.     

基于遥感生态指数模型的渭南市生态环境质量动态监测与分析

本文基于1995和2015年的Landsat系列遥感影像,利用主成分分析法确定绿度、湿度、干度、热度4个指标的权重,采用遥感生态指数(RSEI)评价模型,对渭南市1995—2015年的生态环境质量进行监测与分析.结果表明: 1995—2015年,渭南市的生态环境质量总体呈上升趋势,RSEI均值由0.489上升至0.556;生态环境改善的地区主要分布在渭南市中部,占总面积的49.6%;生态环境退化的地区主要分布在韩城市部分矿区和渭南市南部区县(秦岭北麓渭南段),仅占总面积的15.4%.研究区生态环境质量受城市规划建设影响较大,但总体上其生态环境质量有所改善,得益于近年来该市对生态环境的关注与投入.     

Research progress on distribution,migration, transformation of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environment

Antimicrobial and antibiotics resistance caused by misuse or overuse of antibiotics exposure is a growing and significant threat to global public health. The spread and horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by the selective pressure of antibiotics in an aquatic environment is a major public health issue. To develop a better understanding of potential ecological risks die to antibiotics and ARGs, this study mainly summarizes research progress about: (i) the occurrence, concentration, fate, and potential ecological effects of antibiotics and ARGs in various aquatic environments, (ii) the threat, spread, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs, and (iii) the relationship between antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB. Finally, this review also proposes future research direction on antibiotics and ARGs.     

追踪物种丧失•聚焦生态超载•共享一个地球——《2006地球生命力报告》解读

世界自然基金会和环球足迹网络等2006年10月在中国北京联合发布《2006地球生命力报告》,用生命地球指数和生态足迹两个主要指标描绘了全球生物多样性的变化状态和人类所面临的环境压力。报告显示:生命地球指数1970～2003年总体下降约三分之一,其中陆栖指数减少约31%、海洋指数减少约27%、淡水指数减少约30%,生物多样性正快速持续地遭到损失;自1961年人类的生态足迹不断增加,1987年转入生态赤字下运行,此后生态超载不断加剧,2003年生态赤字达25.28%;化石燃料足迹增长最快,2003年几乎占到一半,达到48%;阿联酋、美国、加拿大等国家人均足迹最大,阿富汗最小,中国排名69位;北美、欧盟、中东和中亚、亚太区处于生态超载状态,非欧联盟、拉丁美洲和加勒比海地区、非洲处于生态盈余;过去40多年,人均足迹高收入国家增长2倍多,2003年达6.5gha,低收入国家一直在0.8gha以下徘徊,中收入国家也从未超过2.0gha。地球的经济怎样才可能在过度消耗中持续发展?3种预测情景也许会让我们走出生态超载的困境、走向可持续发展,共享"一个地球生活"的美好未来。整篇报告可以概括为4个主题:追踪物种丧失、聚焦生态超载、3种情景预测、一个地球生活。     

基于LUCC的城市生态安全研究进展

近代工业革命以来特别是二战以后,世界范围内城市化发展迅速,受城市化驱动的土地利用／覆盖变化（Land use／cover change,LUCC）及其环境影响越来越突出,不仅对城市生态安全产生了危胁,甚至在区域和全球尺度上影响生态系统的结构与功能,成为当今地球生态系统平衡与人类社会可持续发展的研究热点。尽管LUCC与城市生态安全态势有密切联系,然而目前研究中对土地利用变化的驱动机制较为侧重,涉及LUCC对城市生态安全影响的研究文献仍很缺乏。从城市生态安全的概念辨析入手,评述了国内外LUCC与城市生态安全响应研究的进展,将相关研究分为两个阶段：即定性和（半）定量研究阶段。指出了现有研究在理论体系与研究方法在指导实践中的不足之处,即：（1）基于LUCC城市尺度的生态安全研究的理论体系尚不成熟,目前的研究多未结合研究区域LUCC的动态特征对城市生态安全状态进行评价,因而也难以应用于指导城市生态建设实践;（2）目前的城市土地利用的生态影响实例研究中仍很缺乏采用数学模型、地理信息系统（GIS）、环境影响评价（EIA）、生态风险评价技术（ERA）及政策仿真等手段进行动态化的、多场景（Multi-Scenarios）模拟分析的综合运用,也缺乏对这些研究方法在实践中的应用的比较研究;（3）缺乏从土地利用动态监测、驱动力机制、生态响应等方面进行区域生态安全演变及调控的综合研究,现实指导意义有限。在上述工作的基础上,探讨了此研究领域未来的发展方向,即：（1）实现不同研究尺度的紧密结合;（2）多种研究方法的集成运用;（3）基于多学科知识体系的评价方法与指标体系的明细化与合理化。     

A molecular study of hybridization and homoploid hybrid speciation in Argyranthemum (Asteraceae) on Tenerife,the Canary Islands

Examples of recurrent homoploid hybrid speciation are few. One often‐cited example is Argyranthemum sundingii. This example includes two described species, A. lemsii and A. sundingii, resulting from reciprocal hybridization between A. broussonetii and A. frutescens on Tenerife. The four species and artificial F₁ and F₂ hybrids have previously been investigated morphologically and cytologically. Here, we examine population differentiation based on amplified fragment length polymorphism to get a better understanding of the genetic relationships among the species and the extent of hybridization. We aim to investigate if there is molecular support for treating the hybrid species as one taxon. Seven parental and four hybrid species populations (149 individuals) were analysed and we scored 85 polymorphic markers. A few (2–5) were private to each species but variably present and mostly rare. Our principal coordinate, STRUCTURE and BAPS analyses and AMOVA resulted in a clear separation of the parental species. The hybrid species were genetically less divergent but not identical. Our data indicate that hybridization and introgression are common in all these species on Tenerife and support the hypothesis that homoploid hybrid speciation has occurred repeatedly. Intrinsic post‐zygotic barriers are notoriously weak in Argyranthemum and reproductive isolation and speciation result primarily from strong ecological selection. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 19–31.     

基于激光雷达数据的物种分布模拟: 以美国加州内华达山脉南部区域食鱼貂分布模拟为例

生态位模型通过拟合物种分布与环境变量之间的关系提供物种空间分布预测, 在生物多样性研究中有广泛应用。激光雷达(LiDAR)是一种新兴的主动遥感技术, 已被大量应用于森林三维结构信息的提取, 但其在物种分布模拟的应用研究比较缺乏。本研究以美国加州内华达山脉南部地区的食鱼貂(Martes pennanti)的分布模拟为例, 探索LiDAR技术在物种分布模拟中的有效性。生态位模型采用5种传统多类分类器, 包括神经网络、广义线性模型、广义可加模型、最大熵模型和多元自适应回归样条模型, 并使用正样本-背景学习(presence and background learning, PBL)算法进行模型校正; 同时对这5种模型使用加权平均进行模型集成, 作为第6个模型。此外, 一类最大熵模型也被用于模拟该物种的空间分布。模型的连续输出和二值输出分别使用AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve)以及基于正样本-背景数据的评价指标F_pb进行评价。结果表明, 仅考虑气候因子(温度和降水)时, 7个模型的AUC和F_pb平均值分别为0.779和1.077; 当考虑LiDAR变量(冠层容重、枝下高、叶面积指数、高程、坡度等)后, AUC和F_pb分别为0.800和1.106。该研究表明, LiDAR数据能够提高食鱼貂空间分布的预测精度, 在物种分布模拟方面存在一定的应用价值。     

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘多枝柽柳光合作用及水分利用的生态适应性

光合作用和水分利用是陆地生态系统中限制植物光合同化和个体生长发育的重要因素。为了从根本上认识到荒漠绿洲过渡带植物对特殊生境和气候变化的响应和适应机制,有必要深入的了解植被对不同环境因子适应过程的协调性。本文以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠绿洲过渡带的建群种多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）为研究对象,分别在自然状态,模拟降水、遮光处理以及降水和遮光双因子处理下,利用LI-6400光合作用系统和Model 3500植物水分压力室分别测定光合作用和枝条水势,研究多枝柽柳枝条水势对浅层土壤水分和光照变化的响应,以及在不同条件下的水分利用效率（WUE）和光能利用效率（LUE）的日进程。结果表明：这四种处理方式下,枝条水势随土壤水分的变化没有明显的差异,趋势表现为黎明前枝条水势最高（-1.2 MPa）,正午枝条水势最低（-3.2 MPa）,太阳落山后枝条水势逐渐升高的趋势;WUE和LUE日变化呈现出近似双峰型抛物线,WUE日变化曲线在11:00和16:00有两个不明显的波峰,LUE日变化曲线在10:00和16:00出现两个明显波峰。当光照发生变化时,遮光处理下的WUE和LUE日变化都较自然状态下的日变化低,分别降低了1.5 ?mol CO2?mmol-1 H2O的WUE和0.20*10-2 ?mol CO2??mol-1APAR的LUE。研究表明,作为深根系植物的多枝柽柳,生存主要依靠地下水来补给水分,所以浅层土壤水分条件变化没有明显引起光合和蒸腾的响应。而午间光强、高温是构成多枝柽柳光抑制现象的主要原因,这是多枝柽柳长期在荒漠绿洲过渡带形成的对抗环境胁迫的一种表现。     

经济快速增长区建筑用地变化及其对生态质量的影响——以福建晋江为例

改革开放以来,中国经济增长促进了建筑用地的快速增加,并在很大程度上影响着区域生态质量.本文以东南沿海经济快速增长的福建省晋江市为例,利用遥感技术重点研究经济快速增长导致的建筑用地变化及其对区域生态质量的影响.基于晋江市1996和2015年的Landsat遥感影像,利用建筑用地指数(IBI)提取建筑用地信息,并进行建筑用地变化分析;同时利用遥感生态指数(RSEI)对生态质量进行评价,定量分析城镇建筑用地变化与生态质量变化之间的关系.结果表明: 1996—2015年,晋江市建筑用地面积共增加68.54 km²,增幅达45%,建筑用地扩展强度为0.55.建筑用地的增加导致该市生态质量总体下降,RSEI均值从1996年的0.532下降到2015年的0.460,降幅达13.5%;生态优良等级所占面积的比例从1996年的39%下降到 2015年的21%.建筑用地扩展强度与生态质量呈显著负相关关系.     

基于生态网络的江苏省生态空间连通性变化研究

经济社会高速发展背景下,人类土地利用强度加大,部分地区生境斑块趋于破碎,生物交流通道趋于阻断,研究生态空间连通性变化,有针对性的进行保护和修复,对区域可持续发展意义重大。研究以江苏省为例,采用形态学空间格局分析（Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis,MSPA）方法分析景观格局变化并识别重要生态源地破碎与新增情况,利用最小累积阻力（Minimum Cumulative Resistance,MCR）模型构建生态网络并分析生态空间连通性。研究选取整体连通性指数量化斑块/廊道的相对重要性;结合生态网络结构,具体分析廊道连通性的变化、原因及其影响;并运用电路理论、障碍改善方法识别廊道维护与疏通关键点,提出生态网络保护和修复建议。研究结果表明：（1）2000-2015年,江苏省生态网络呈现西密东疏的格局,局部地区生态节点破碎12处,新增5处,源地斑块整体趋于破碎;（2）新沂市马陵山风景区等6处节点的破碎使北部生态网络多条廊道结构功能下降,亟须修复;（3）因沿河防护林及道路林网建设,中部网络与北部网络间廊道连通性有所改善,但缺乏中间节点;（4）丹阳市打雁山丘陵节点的破碎使南部网络与长江湿地间联系削弱,宁镇山脉的结构重要性相对凸显;（5）东部沿海滩涂节点与其他节点间的联系尚处于薄弱状态,有待改善;（6）建议修复生态节点7处,新增生态节点7处,建设踏脚石44处,维护廊道关键点18处,疏通其中5处。     

当地生态知识在海洋哺乳动物研究中的应用与展望

当地生态知识(local ecological knowledge,LEK)是指人们在长期的生活体验和生产实践中,获得的有关周边环境、生物资源及其相互关系的经验和知识。近几十年来,LEK在海洋哺乳动物研究中得到了广泛的应用和发展,尤其是在基础相对薄弱的发展中国家或地区,LEK作为一种低成本、短周期且适合大范围调查的手段,日益成为研究人员获取目标物种生态信息的重要渠道。LEK与野外实地调查等获得的数据可以互补,从而为评估海洋哺乳动物的生存状况和环境变化提供多维度的信息来源;该方法还往往是了解目标物种生存状况历史变动的有效手段,回答传统方法很难甚至无法回答的科学问题,如目标物种在较长时间尺度上的生态信息历史变化趋势等。本文介绍了LEK的定义及特征、海洋哺乳动物及其传统生态调查方法、LEK在海洋哺乳动物中的研究进展、应用LEK开展海洋哺乳动物研究的步骤,还讨论了LEK在我国海洋哺乳动物研究中的应用前景和推广价值,旨在为今后相关研究提供参考资料。     

快速城市化地区生态质量退降的自组织临界性 ——以深圳市南山区为例

弄清快速城市化地区生态退降过程的机制,可以为相关景观动态模型建设和调控策略选择创造有利条件。借助于自组织临界性理论和方法,在基于多时段遥感影像数据的景观分类和生态质量制图结果支持下,以深圳市南山区为例进行了快速城市化地区生态质量退降的自组织临界性研究,以期揭示城市化过程与生态质量退降过程的响应关系和生态质量退降的过程特点。结果表明,工作区内建设用地扩张过程和生态质量退降过程均具有典型的自组织临界性特点;区域生态质量退降主要是由建设用地扩张导致3种不同生态质量区域之间发生的3种主要生态质量退降过程造成的;建设用地扩张和3种主要生态退降过程的动态分形指数都呈现出不断增加的趋势;具有自组织临界特征的建设用地扩张过程是同样具有白组织临界性特点的各种生态质量退降过程发生和发展的主要驱动力来源。     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Multivariate Analysis, Description, and Ecological Interpretation of Weed Vegetation in the Summer Crop Fields of Anhui Province, China

Two surveys were conducted to investigate weed vegetation in a 153-hm^2 sampling area of summer crop fields from Anhui Province, China, through visual scoring of the level of weed infestation compared with summer crops on a seven-class scale. In total, 155 sampling sites were selected in the field based on crops, tillage, rotation systems, geographical regions, and soil types across the province. Data on weed communities and environmental factors were collected and analyzed through principal component analysis （PCA） and canonical correspondence analysis （CCA）, and the output was interpreted ecologically. Results showed that the main factors influencing the structure and distribution of weed communities in summer crop fields were the soil submersion period, latitude, and soil type and pH. The CCA indicated a significant relationship between weed dominance and soil submersion duration, latitude, and soil pH. From the result of the PCA and CCA ordination, the 155 sampling sites could be divided into three groups based on geographic and floristic composition, as well as weed abundance. The southern dry land group, which was characterized by a double-cropping system in the hilly regions of southern and central Anhui Province with a continuous summer crop and an autumn dry land crop, was dominated by Galium aparine Linn. var. tenerum （Gren. et Godr） Robb., Avenafatua L., and Veronica persica Poir. The northern dry land group, which had the same cropping system as the southern dry land group, was dominated by G. aparine var. tenerum, Galium tricorne Stokes, Descurainia sophia （L.） Schur., and Lithospermum arvense L. in the North Anhui Province, China. These two dry land groups could be combined into one large dry land group, in which the Galium weed vegetation type dominated. The third group was the paddy soil group, which was characterized by a continu- ous summer crop and double- or triple-cropping systems of rice, and prevailed in the south and central areas of Anhui Province; Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. was the dominant weed in this group. Other main weeds in this group included Malachium aquaticum （L.） Fries, Stellaria alsine Grimm, Alopecurusjaponicus Steud., and Lapsana apogonoides Maxim. Thus, the weed community distributions in this group were described as the Alopecurus weed vegetation type. The paddy soil group could be divided into two subgroups, one southern and one central paddy soil subgroup. A strategy for integrated weed management is suggested according to the weed distribution pattern. The present study serves as a good example of how a quantitative research method was used to associate a visual estimate of weed infestation with multivariate analyses, such as PCA and CCA, and how this method can be applied to the study of weed vegetation on arable land.     

Electromagnetic fields: mechanism,cell signaling,other bioprocesses,toxicity, radicals,antioxidants and beneficial effects

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) played a role in the initiation of living systems, as well as subsequent evolution. The more recent literature on electrochemistry is documented, as well as magnetism. The large numbers of reports on interaction with living systems and the consequences are presented. An important aspect is involvement with cell signaling and resultant effects in which numerous signaling pathways participate. Much research has been devoted to the influence of man-made EMFs, e.g., from cell phones and electrical lines, on human health. The degree of seriousness is unresolved at present. The relationship of EMFs to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS) is discussed. There is evidence that indicates a relationship involving EMFs, ROS, and OS with toxic effects. Various articles deal with the beneficial aspects of antioxidants (AOs) in countering the harmful influence from ROS-OS associated with EMFs. EMFs are useful in medicine, as indicated by healing bone fractures. Beneficial effects are recorded from electrical treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease, depression, and cancer.     

福寿螺的生物防治现状、问题与对策

福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)作为一种世界性入侵生物,引入中国已有30余年,现已在中国南方十多个省市大面积分布,造成不可估量的经济损失和生态灾害。本文系统总结了福寿螺生物防治中的天敌资源种类,涵盖了腹足纲、环带纲、昆虫纲、软甲纲、辐鳍鱼纲、爬行纲、鸟纲、哺乳纲等8个类别。并从天敌的引入、研发、利用等方面以及福寿螺应对天敌的防御策略上指出了目前福寿螺生物防治中面临的主要问题。最后对其未来的研究提出了展望,即重点从原产地天敌、寄生性天敌、微生物、生物防治植物和本地经济动物等方面进行筛选,以期为利用中国丰富的生物资源进行福寿螺的生物防治提供参考。