吸水链霉菌17997格尔德霉素部分生物合成基因簇的克隆和分析

吸水链霉菌17997(Streptomyceshy groscopicus17997)是我所从中国云南土壤中分离到的格尔德霉素(geldanamycin,GDM)产生菌,GDM具有良好的抗肿瘤和抗病毒活性,但其肝毒性和水溶性差的缺点限制了其在临床上的应用。为了实现对GDM结构的生物学改造,首先要获得GDM的生物合成基因。根据GDM后修饰基因——氨甲酰基转移酶基因(gdmN)的保守序列筛选S.hygroscopicus17997的柯斯质粒基因组文库,共获得6个阳性克隆,选择CT-4阳性柯斯质粒进行亚克隆和测序,又通过PCR延伸的方法获得了与CT4连锁的将近5kb的外源序列,共获得28.356kb的外源DNA序列,其中包含了13个可能阅读框架,通过同源比较证实该序列与S.hygroscopicusNRRL3602中的GDM生物合成基因有很高的同源性。为进一步研究GDM生物合成基因的功能,并通过组合生物学的方法改造GDM的结构奠定了基础。     

格尔德霉素生物合成基因功能的验证

格尔德霉素(Geldanamycin, Gdm)作为热休克蛋白90的特异性抑制剂, 是非常有前景的抗肿瘤和抗病毒的药物,我们已从吸水链霉菌17997(Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997)的基因文库中获得了Gdm大部分生物合成基因。为了研究主要基因的功能, 选择了聚酮合酶基因(Polyketide synthase gene, pks)的第六模块、单加氧酶基因(Mono-oxygenase gene, gdmM)和氨甲酰基转移酶基因(Carbamoyltransferase gene, gdmN)3个基因作为靶点分别进行基因阻断, 获得了基因同源双交换的阻断变株△pks、△gdmM和△gdmN。经HPLC检测证实这些基因的阻断变株均不产生Gdm, 基因回复实验排除了基因阻断所可能造成的极性效应对其它基因表达的影响, 说明所克隆的pks、gdmM和gdmN基因确实是Gdm生物合成所必须的基因。     

吸水链霉菌Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997中噬菌体基因转移系统的建立及其应用

由吸水链霉菌Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997产生的格尔德霉素geldanamycin(GA)属安莎类抗生素,具有良好的抗肿瘤和抗病毒活性。本文应用链霉菌温和噬菌体ΦC31衍生的KC515载体,在吸水链霉菌S．hygroscopicus 17997中建立并优化了S．hygroscopicus 17997的基因转染体系。利用所建立的基因转染体系,以基因阻断技术从S．hygroscopicus 17997基因文库含有多组PKS基因柯斯质粒中,鉴定了与GA PKS生物合成相关基因的柯斯质粒,该工作为GA生物合成基因簇的克隆奠定了基础。     

阿扎霉素B产生菌吸水链霉菌NND-52的诱变筛选*

用紫外线 ,紫外线加氯化锂 (Li Cl)、吖啶橙 3种诱变方式对阿扎霉素 (Azalomycin) B产生菌 Strepto-myces hygroscopicus NND- 52菌株进行诱变处理 ,确定了它们的最佳诱变剂量 ,获得了数株 Azalomycin B产量较出发菌株提高 3倍以上的高产菌株 ,编号 Al3的菌株摇瓶产量达 110 0 mg/ L,且传代稳定。经过对 3种诱变方式的比校 ,发现后两种诱变方式对产量的提高更为有效。     

吸水链霉菌HS023 milF基因敲除构建产5-酮米尔贝霉素基因工程菌

【目的】通过敲除吸水链霉菌HS023的mil F基因,构建产5-酮米尔贝霉素的基因工程菌。【方法】构建mil F基因敲除质粒p MSST-Δmil F,转入米尔贝霉素产生菌——吸水链霉菌HS023,获得mil F基因敲除的双交换突变株F2-18。【结果】发酵结果表明:mil F基因敲除突变株F2-18不再产生米尔贝霉素,仅产生中间产物5-酮米尔贝霉素,且发酵单位较出发菌株略有提升。【结论】通过敲除mil F基因,发酵可生产5-酮米尔贝霉素,并直接用于驱虫药米尔贝肟和乐平霉素的化学合成,可大大简化从米尔贝霉素到米尔贝肟和乐平霉素的合成步骤。     

变铅青链霉菌体内游离胞嘧啶的发现及检测

【背景】胞嘧啶(cytosine,C)是核酸分子4种基本碱基之一。胞嘧啶首先是以胞苷三磷酸(cytosine triphosphate,CTP)的形式合成,在核酸基础代谢中没有形成游离胞嘧啶的特定途径。杀稻瘟菌素(blasticidin S,BS)和谷氏菌素生物合成途径均以游离的胞嘧啶为前体,前者的生物合成基因簇中包含一个能水解胞苷单磷酸(cytidine monophosphate,CMP)生成胞嘧啶的水解酶BlsM,后者的生物合成基因簇及其产生菌的基因组中均没有这个水解酶对应的同源蛋白。【目的】检测不同细菌中是否普遍存在游离的胞嘧啶,探究是否存在能产生游离胞嘧啶的同工酶或新途径。【方法】在BS异源表达菌株Streptomyces lividans WJ2中敲除blsM,高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测突变株和WJ2发酵产物;液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)检测10个经过分级纯化的微生物细胞裂解液上清中是否存在游离的胞嘧啶。【结果】突变株WJ2?blsM菌株仍能合成杀稻瘟菌素,但各组分产量与WJ2菌株相比均明显降低;除了变铅青链霉菌,在10株被检测的菌株中,金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyl...     

Rapid identification of elaiophylin and geldanamycin inStreptomyces fermentation broths using CPC coupled with a photodiode array detector and LC-MS methodologies

During the course of screening microbial broth extracts in various high through-put bioassays (eg receptor binding or enzyme inhibition), several actinomycete cultures were discovered to produce active metabolites. The natural products elaiophylin and/or geldanamycin are produced by severalStreptomyces violaceusniger strains, and the bioactivity of the extracts from these cultures was frequently associated with the fractions containing these metabolites. CPC coupled to a photodiode array detector and LC-MS techniques were applied to these broth extracts to ascertain rapidly when these natural products were present. These methodologies allowed us to identify the metabolites quickly in the crude extract, and the application demonstrated further the utility of CPC-photodiode array detection and LC-MS as powerful, initial analytical tools in analyses of the complex metabolite profiles produced by microorganisms.     

Cloning and analysis of geldanamycin partial biosynthetic gene cluster of streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997

A geldanamycin (GDM)-producing strain, Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997, was isolated from the soil of Yunnan, China, by the researchers of the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, CAMS & PUMC. GDM is an ansamycin antibiotic, which has the ability to bind with Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) and alter its function. Hsp90 plays a key role in regulating the physiology of cells exposed to environmental stress and in maintaining the malignant phenotype of tumor cells. As an inhibitor of Hsp90, GDM possesses potent antitumoral and antiviral bioactivity, but the hypatotoxicity and poor solubility in water limit its clinical use. To accomplish the structural modification of GDM by genetic means, an attempt to obtain the biosynthetic gene cluster of GDM from S. hygroscopicus 17997 was made. In this study, a pair of primers was designed according to a conserved sequence of one of the possible post-PKS (polyketides synthase) modification genes, the carbamoyltransferase (CT) gene (gdmN) in GDM biosynthesis. The 732-bp PCR product was obtained from the S. hygroscopicus 17997 genomic DNA. Through the colony-PCR Binary Search Method, using the CT gene primers, six positive cosmid clones, CT1-6, were identified from the S. hygroscopicus 17997 cosmid genomic library. The CT-4 positive cosmid was then sub-cloned and sequenced. Approximately 28.356 kb of foreign gene sequence from CT-4 cosmid and by further PCR extension reaction was obtained. According to BLAST analysis, this sequence contains 13 possible ORFs, and they are believed to be involved in GDM production. The obtained possible GDM biosynthetic gene cluster in S. hygroscopicus 17997 will facilitate the further functional analysis of the genes and the modification of the structure of GDM through combinatorial biosynthesis.     

吸水链霉菌BS-112产生的抗真菌活性物质的分离纯化与结构鉴别

【目的】分离纯化吸水链霉菌(Streptomyces hygroscopicus)BS-112产生的抗真菌活性物质,究明各活性组分的结构,测定其对黄曲霉的抑制作用,为该菌株及其产生的抗真菌活性物质的应用提供依据。【方法】通过大孔吸附树脂柱层析、硅胶柱层析及制备HPLC等方法,对该菌株产生的抗真菌活性物质进行分离纯化;利用质谱(MS)和核磁共振谱(NMR)解析各活性组分的结构;采用微量液体稀释法测定各活性组分对黄曲霉的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MFC)。【结果】从BS-112菌株发酵液中分离获得4个抗真菌活性组分,利用波谱技术确定其结构分别为Tetrins A和B、Tetramycins A和B。96孔板法测得这4个化合物对黄曲霉的MIC分别为3.13μg/mL、12.56μg/mL、1.56μg/mL、6.25μg/mL,MFC分别为6.25μg/mL、25.0μg/mL、3.13μg/mL、12.56μg/mL。【结论】BS-112菌株产生的抗真菌活性物质由Tetrins A和B、Ttramycins A和B 4个化合物组成,它们对黄曲霉均具有良好的抑制作用。     

Identification and characterization of hmr19 gene encoding a multidrug resistance efflux protein from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. yingchengensis strain 10-22

[(The over-usage of antibiotics may result in the develop-)]ment of extensive antibiotic resistance in microorganisms[1]. Export of toxic compounds as means of resistancehas been well documented in pathogenic bacteria as wellas antibiotic-producing microorganisms [2,3]. Drugresistance efflux proteins comprise the primary efflux[(system, namely the )58.3(A)106.2(TP-binding cassette \(ABC\) family)][(transporters ener)10.9(gized by )68.1(A)104.5(T)0.8(P)113.8(,)-0.1( and the secondary active)…     

Biosynthesis of dTDP-6-deoxy-beta-D-allose, biochemical characterization of dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose reductase (GerKI) from Streptomyces sp. KCTC 0041BP

dTDP-6-deoxy-d-allose, an unusual deoxysugar, has been identified as an intermediate in the mycinose biosynthetic pathway of several macrolide antibiotics. In order to characterize the biosynthesis of this deoxysugar, we have cloned and heterologously overexpressed gerK1 in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. This gene encodes for a protein with the putative function of a dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose reductase, which appears to be involved in the dihydrochalcomycin (GERI-155) biosynthesis evidenced by Streptomyces sp KCTC 0041BP. Our results revealed that GerK1 exhibited a specific reductive effect on the 4-keto carbon of dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-allose, with the hydroxyl group in an axial configuration at the C3 position only. The enzyme catalyzed the conversion of dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose to dTDP-6-deoxy-beta-D-allose, according to the results of an in vitro coupled enzyme assay, in the presence of GerF (dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose 3-epimerase). The product was isolated, and its stereochemistry was determined via nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.     

Chemical Constituents of <i>Pedicularis longiflora</i> var. <i>tubiformis</i> (Orobanchaceae), a Common Hemiparasitic Medicinal Herb from the Qinghai Lake Basin,China

Pedicularis longiflora var. tubiformis (Orobanchaceae) is an abundant parasitic herb mainly found in the Xiaopohu wetland of the Qinghai Lake Basin in Northwestern China. The species has an important local medicinal value, and in this study, we evaluated the chemical profile of its stems, leaves and seeds using mass spectrometry. Dried samples of stems, leaves and seeds were grinded, weighted, and used for a series of extractions with an ultrasonic device at room temperature. The chemical profiles for each tissue were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Twenty-seven amino acids and organic acids were identified and quantified from stems, leaves and seeds. The content of amino acids detected in leaves and seeds was higher than the amount found in stems. Six flavonoids were also detected, including isoorientin, orientin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin, apigenin and tricin. The concentrations of luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin and tricin were the highest and more concentrated in leaves, while that of orientin was the lowest and mainly found in stems. Soluble monosaccharides and oligosaccharides below tetramer were also examined, and our analyses detected the presence of arabitol, fructose, galacturonic acid, glucose, glucuronic acid, inositol, sucrose, and trehalose. This is the first study to identify and quantify the main components of amino acids, organic acids, flavonoids and soluble sugars from stems, leaves and seeds of P. longiflora var. tubiformis. Eight of the amino acids detected are essential for humans, highlighting the medicinal importance of this species. Results shown here can be used as a reference case to develop future studies on the chemical constituents of Pedicularis herbs and other medicinal plants from the Tibetan region.     

Ansaetherone,a New Radical Scavenger from Streptomyces sp.

We identified a new radical scavenger, ansaetherone (C₂₆H₃₃NO₇), from a culture of the Streptomyces sp. USF-4727 strain. In our previous study, it was shown that this strain produced four lipoxygenase inhibitors, tetrapetalones A, B, C and D. The chemical structure of ansaetherone was elucidated by the spectroscopic method, indicating that this compound was constructed with an aglycon and a sugar moiety. This chemical structure suggested that ansaetherone was related to the tetrapetalones. This finding provided information regarding tetrapetalone biosynthesis. Ansaetherone showed radical scavenging activity with an ED₅₀ value of 300 μM in our assay.     

Isolation and identification of Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk,a good producer of Staurosporine and some derivatives

In this study, strain Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk was isolated based on a method developed for the isolation of myxobacteria. Due to the low efficiency of the majority of conventional DNA extraction techniques, for molecular identification of the strain Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk, a new technique for DNA extraction of Actinobacteria was developed. In order to explore potential bioactivities of the strain, extracts of the fermented broth culture were prepared by an organic solvent (i.e. ethyl acetate) extraction method using. These ethyl acetate extracts were subjected to HPLC fractionation against standard micro-organisms, followed by LC/MS analysis. Based on morphological, physiological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence data, strain Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk is likely to be a new species of Streptomyces, close to Streptomyces genecies and Streptomyces roseolilacinus. Antimicrobial assay indicated high antifungal activity as well as antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Gram-positive bacteria for the new strain. HPLC and LC/MS analyses of the extracts led to the identification of three different compounds and confirmed our hypothesis that the interesting species of the genus Streptomyces being a good producer of staurosporine and some derivatives.     

Nucleotide sequence of a carboxyphosphonoenolpyruvate phosphonomutase gene isolated from a bialaphos-producing organism, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, and its expression in Streptomyces lividans.

Summary The carboxyphosphonoenolpyruvate (CPEP) phosphonomutase gene of bialaphos-producing Streptomyces hygroscopicus, which encodes a C-P bond forming enzyme was cloned into Streptomyces lividans and sequenced. The amino acid composition of the protein coded in an open reading frame of 295 codons and its calculated molecular mass, 32,800 Da, coincided well with those of the purified enzyme. Introduction of the CPEP phosphonomutase gene, the expression of which is controlled by the promoter of the aph gene, into S. lividans resulted in the production of this enzyme at a level almost equivalent to that in the parent strain.