滇产丛枝瑚属之丛枝瑚亚属和艳丛枝瑚亚属

本文讨论了丛枝瑚菌属中的丛枝瑚亚属,其中云南产的一新种:洱源丛枝瑚Ramaria eryuanensis;在滇西北高山林带蕴育着极为丰富的艳丛枝瑚亚属的种类,在现知该亚属的18种中,本区计有如下的13种新种:即棕顶丛枝瑚Ramaria brunneipes、离生丛枝瑚Ramaria distinctissima、枯皮丛枝瑚Ramaria ephemeroderma、脐孢丛枝瑚Ramaria hilaris、光孢丛枝瑚Ramaria laeviformosoides、拟细丛枝瑚Ramaria linearioides、细丛枝瑚Ramaria linearis、短孢丛枝瑚Ramaria nanispora、朱细丛枝瑚Ramaria rubri-attenuipes、华联丛枝瑚Ramaria sino-conjunctipes、红肉丛枝瑚亮色变种Ramaria rubricarnata var.laeta、红顶丛枝瑚微孢变种Ramaria botrytoides var.microspora、新美丛枝瑚中华变种Ramaria neoformosa var.sinensis。在亚属等级下并附有分种检索表,对鉴定用的化学指示液的配制亦作了说明。对孢子大小的测定标准,其中E指所测的20枚孢子中,孢径的平均值;L~m示孢子最大的长径;E~m示孢子最大的阔径。     

RAMARIA SUBGENERA RAMARIA AND LAETICOLORA IN YUNNAN

15.红柄丛枝瑚 Ramaria sanguinipes Petersen et Zang. Acta Bot. Yunnan 1986. 8: 289. Fruitbodies up to 6×5 cm, curved-obovate to generally circular in outline. Stipe up to 3×3 cm, single or fasciculate, stout, smooth to Somewhat marbled, off-white to ivory-colored, not canescent, often with aborted branchlets, rounded at base, tapering sharply downward, watery brunnescent, stained maroon ("Vandyke red," "madder red") at base, and suffused in this color upward; flesh solid, dry,     

中国珊瑚菌一新记录属——扁枝瑚菌属

报道了中国热带珊瑚菌类的一新纪录属--扁枝瑚菌属Scytinopogon.目前该属在我国仅在云南的西双版纳采到两种,即扁枝瑚菌S.pallescen和刺孢扁枝瑚菌S.echinosporus.文中对这两个种进行了描述,并附有插图.研究标本保存于中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本室(HKAS).     

中国珊瑚菌一新记录属——扁枝瑚菌属

报道了中国热带珊瑚菌类的一新纪录属——扁枝瑚菌属Scytinopogon。目前该属在我国仅在云南的西双版纳采到两种,即扁枝瑚菌S.pallescen和刺孢扁枝瑚菌S.echinosporus。文中对这两个种进行了描述,并附有插图。研究标本保存于中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本室(HKAS)。     

中国珊瑚菌一新记录属——扁枝瑚菌属

报道了中国热带珊瑚菌类的一新纪录属——扁枝瑚菌属Scytinopogon。目前该属在我国仅在云南的西双版纳采到两种,即扁枝瑚菌S. pallescen和刺孢扁枝瑚菌S. echinosporus。文中对这两个种进行了描述,并附有插图。研究标本保存于中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本室(HKAS)。     

云南野生贸易真菌资源调查及研究

野生贸易真菌即市场上出售的野生真菌,云南的野生贸易真菌资源十分丰富且长期以来受到关注。但以往对于这一资源的全面调查和研究较为缺乏。本项目通过市场调查、标本采集和鉴定,自1997－2001年连续4年对云南野生贸易真菌从种类、地理分布、季节变化、基于贸易量的优势度评价和经济价值5方面进行研究。云南野生贸易真菌已知共64属207种（含变种、变型）,以担子菌中的牛肝菌属（Boletus)、口蘑属（Tricholoma)、鸡Chong菌属（Termitomyces)、革菌属（Thelephora)、红菇属（Russula)、乳菇属（Lactarius)、丛枝瑚属（Ramaria)为主,表现出较高的多样性和较强的地区特有性。尽管具有人为选择的因素,但云南野生贸易真菌仍表现出较强的地理分布特异性：滇南地区包含较多的热带种类,具有较强的热带性质,而滇西北则具有较强的温带高山、亚高山性质,滇中、滇西南等地表现出亚热带和温带的过渡特征。以上各地区既有各自的代表种类,又通过某些过渡类群存在一定的联系。根据各个种贸易量的相对大小即优势度将贸易真菌分为4个等级,其中的优势Ⅰ级和优势Ⅱ级为主导种类。云南贸易真菌中约近90％的种类为食用菌,5％为药用菌,另有约7%为有毒种类。对每一种贸易真菌的经济价值给予了评价。     

我国西藏担子菌类数新种

西藏的东南隅是真菌区系极为丰富和复杂的一个地区。作者在此地区采到的910号真菌标本,经鉴定有担子菌类5个新种,即：牛肝菌科(Boletaceae)的木生小牛肝菌(Boletitzusligicolus Zang sp．nov),巨孢牛肝菌(Bolctus magasporus Zang sp. Nov.),喇叭菌科(can-tharellaceae)的疣孢鸡油菌(Cantharellus tuberculosporus Zang sp. Nov),灰包科(马勃科)(Lycoperdaceae)的纺锤形灰包(Lycoperdon fusiforme Zang sp. Nov.)和鸟巢菌科(Nidulariaceae)的盘状黑蛋巢(Cyathus dis~oideus Zang sp. Nov.)。     

地衣的有性生殖

地衣的繁殖是以破裂,或粉芽、珊瑚芽和碎裂片等营养繁殖方式为主,但作为较高一级的生殖方式——有性生殖,对地衣的生活同样具有重要意义。作为地衣的共生藻,大多数形态简单,无特殊分化的繁殖器官,一般仅以二裂形式增加其数目。于是研究地衣的有性生殖,基本上就变成了研究与之共生的真菌的性生有殖。构成地衣的共生菌只有一种属藻状菌纲;约有16种属担子菌纲,如产于热带的毛布衣(Dictyonema sericeum)印是在其原叶体下表面发育成担子,担子上生出4个担子梗,     

中国六种重要药用真菌名称的说明

对我国6种重要药用真菌的名称进行了考证,按照国际命名法规及《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》对这些种类的拉丁和汉语学名进行了讨论。建议下列汉语名称和拉丁名称为规范的汉语学名和拉丁学名：樟芝Taiwanofungus camphoratus (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu et al.,桦褐孔菌Inonotus obliquus (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilát,木耳Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél.,刺槐多年卧孔菌Perenniporia robiniophila (Murrill) Ryvarden,滑子蘑Pholiota microspora (Berk.) Sacc.,冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung et al.,其他相关名称均应为异名。     

银杏根际丛枝菌根真菌生长与根系黄酮含量的相关性研究

试验通过调查银杏根际丛枝菌根真菌的菌丝体长度、孢子密度及根系菌根侵染率,并测定银杏根系黄酮含量的季节性变化,研究二者的变化规律,分析相关关系。试验结果表明,年周期内银杏根际丛枝菌根真菌菌丝体长度、孢子密度与根系黄酮类化合物含量呈规律性变化:1月~3月根际丛枝菌根真菌菌丝长度有限,孢子密度、根系菌根侵染率与根系黄酮类化合物含量都最低;3月上中旬皆迅速增加,到9月达到全年最高峰;11月后,丛枝菌根真菌菌丝长度、孢子密度及根系菌根侵染率与根系黄酮类化合物含量均有所下降。通过数学模型分析,银杏根际丛枝菌根真菌菌丝长度、孢子密度及根系菌根侵染率与根系黄酮类化合物含量表现显著的正相关。     

中国棒瑚菌属地衣的研究

<正>1 INTRODUCTION The genus Multiclavula R.H. Petersen is a member of the family Clavariaceae belonging to Agaricales in Basidiomycota. The Multiclavula was erected by Petersen (1967), who segregated it from Lentaria based on unbranched basidiomata of small size usually lichenized with algae.     

Multiclavula ichthyiformis (Fungi: Basidiomycota: Cantharellales: Clavulinaceae), a remarkable new basidiolichen from Costa Rica

The new basidiolichen Multiclavula ichthyiformis Nelsen, Lücking, Uma?a, Trest & Will-Wolf is described from Costa Rica. The new species differs from other species of Multiclavula in having a basidiocarp with tomentose stipe and flattened lamina with nonamphigenous hymenium. Molecular sequence data (ITS) confirmed its placement within Multiclavula in the Clavulinaceae (Cantharellales, Agaricomycetes). The new lichen was discovered in a Central American paramo remnant, illustrating the importance of biotic inventories of fungi and lichens to increase our knowledge of the diversity of these groups in endangered tropical ecosystems. The new species was found as part of the TICOLICHEN project in Costa Rica.     

A new lineage of lichenized basidiomycetes inferred from a two-gene phylogeny: The Lepidostromataceae with three species from the tropics

The lichen habit has apparently evolved independently in at least five major clades of mushroom-forming basidiomycetes (Agaricomycetes). Tracing the origin of lichenization in these groups depends on a clearer understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of basidiolichens to other fungi. We describe here a new family of basidiolichens made up of tropical, soil-inhabiting fungi that form lichenized, scale-like squamules and erect, coral-like fruiting structures. These structures are common to two basidiolichen genera, Multiclavula and Lepidostroma. Molecular studies have confirmed the phylogenetic position of Multiclavula species in the Cantharellales, but Lepidostroma species have never been sequenced. We obtained nuclear small and large subunit ribosomal sequences from specimens of L. calocerum collected in Costa Rica and Mexico and also from specimens of two Multiclavula spp. recently described from Rwanda. The phylogenetic placement of these fungi within the Agaricomycetes was investigated using likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Our results indicate that L. calocerum and the Rwandan species form a natural group unrelated to Multiclavula and sister to the Atheliales, members of which are neither lichen-forming nor clavarioid. The independent evolution of morphologically similar forms in so many groups of basidiomycetes is a remarkable example of convergence, indicating similar pathways to lichenization in these fungi.     

Two new species of Multiclavula (lichenized basidiomycetes) from savanna soils in Rwanda (East Africa)

Two new species of Multiclavula are described from Rwanda: M. akagerae , with a thallus consisting of turgescent glomerules, and M. rugaramae , with a thallus composed of flattened, rounded, marginate, and dispersed squamules. They grow on soil in frequently burned savannas or on lateritic soils in eastern Rwanda. The genus Lepidostroma should probably be reduced into synonymy with Multiclavula .  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 155 , 457–465.     

中国北方珊瑚状真菌

本文描述了采集于吉林、黑龙江省的珊瑚菌,并对其系统分类位置和生物地理分布做了记录。描述的类群分别隶属于Clavaria, Lentaria, Multiclavula, Pterula, Ramaria,和Rcrmariopsis属,其中Ranurria crmericana var. orientalis为新变种。     

Evolutionary history of the hybridogenetic hybrid frog Rana esculenta as deduced from mtDNA analyses [published erratum appears in Mol Biol Evol 1986 Sep;3(5):463]

mtDNA of the hybridogenetic hybrid frog Rana esculenta from Switzerland, Austria, and Poland was compared to mtDNA of the parental species R. ridibunda and R. lessonae using electrophoretic analysis of restriction enzyme fragments. Two mtDNA phenotypes, with 3.4% sequence divergence, are present in R. lessonae: type C is found in Poland, and type D is found in Switzerland. Rana ridibunda from Poland has either of two mtDNA phenotypes: type A is the typical ridibunda mtDNA, and type B is a lessonae mitochondrial genome, introgressed into R. ridibunda, that differs from type C mtDNA of R. lessonae by only 0.3%. Each of the three lessonae genomes differs from A, the typical ridibunda mtDNA, by approximately 8%. All four types of mtDNA (A and B of R. ridibunda, C and D of R. lessonae) are found in R. esculenta. Of 62 R. esculenta from Poland, 58 had type C, three had type A, and one had type B mtDNA. All nine R. esculenta from Switzerland had type D mtDNA. All three R. esculenta from Austria, from a population in which males of R. esculenta are rare, had ridibunda mtDNA, two having type B and one having type A. Both field observations and studies of mating preference indicate that the primary hybridizations that produce R. esculenta are between R. ridibunda females and R. lessonae males; thereafter, R. esculenta lineages are usually maintained by matings of R. esculenta females with R. lessonae males. The presence of ridibunda mtDNA in the three R. esculenta sampled from Austria, its occasional presence in R. esculenta populations in Poland, and its absence from R. esculenta in Switzerland support both the direction of the original hybridization and the rarity of formation of new R. esculenta lineages. The preponderance of R. esculenta individuals with lessonae mtDNA in our samples from central Europe suggests that most lineages have gone through at least one mating between an R. lessonae female and an R. esculenta male. This reveals a greater reproductive role for R. esculenta males than their partial sterility and infrequent matings would suggest.      

Vegetative compatibility and parasexual segregation in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, a fungal pathogen of the common bean

The heterokaryotic and vegetative diploid phases of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum are described using nutritional and biochemical markers. Nitrate non-utilizing mutants (nit), derived from R2047, R89, R73, R65, and R23 isolates, were paired in all possible combinations to obtain heterokaryons. Although pairings R2047/R89, R2047/R73, R65/R73, and R73/R23 showed complete vegetative incompatibility, prototrophic heterokaryons were obtained from pairings R2047/R65, R2047/R23, R65/R89, R65/R23, R73/R89, R89/R23, R2047/R2047, R65/R65, R89/R89, R73/R73, and R23/R23. Heterokaryons gave rise to spontaneous mitotic segregants which carried markers corresponding to one or the other of the parental strains. Heterokaryons spontaneously produced prototrophic fast-growing sectors too, characterized as diploid segregants. Diploids would be expected to yield auxotrophic segregants following haploidization in basal medium or in the presence of benomyl. Parental haploid segregants were in fact recovered from diploid colonies growing in basal medium and basal medium containing the haploidizing agent. Although barriers to the formation of heterokaryons in some crosses were detected, the results demonstrate the occurrence of parasexuality among vegetative compatible mutants of C. lindemuthianum.     

Identification of rDNA-specific non-LTR retrotransposons in Cnidaria

Ribosomal RNA genes are abundant repetitive sequences in most eukaryotes. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) contains many insertions derived from mobile elements including non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons. R2 is the well-characterized 28S rDNA-specific non-LTR retrotransposon family that is distributed over at least 4 bilaterian phyla. R2 is a large family sharing the same insertion specificity and classified into 4 clades (R2-A, -B, -C, and -D) based on the N-terminal domain structure and the phylogeny. There is no observation of horizontal transfer of R2; therefore, the origin of R2 dates back to before the split between protostomes and deuterostomes. Here, we in silico identified 1 R2 element from the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis and 2 R2-like retrotransposons from the hydrozoan Hydra magnipapillata. R2 from N. vectensis was inserted into the 28S rDNA like other R2, but the R2-like elements from H. magnipapillata were inserted into the specific sequence in the highly conserved region of the 18S rDNA. We designated the Hydra R2-like elements R8. R8 is inserted at 37 bp upstream from R7, another 18S rDNA-specific retrotransposon family. There is no obvious sequence similarity between targets of R2 and R8, probably because they recognize long DNA sequences. Domain structure and phylogeny indicate that R2 from N. vectensis is the member of the R2-D clade, and R8 from H. magnipapillata belongs to the R2-A clade despite its different sequence specificity. These results suggest that R2 had been generated before the split between cnidarians and bilaterians and that R8 is a retrotransposon family that changed its target from the 28S rDNA to the 18S rDNA.