Nutritive value of leaf-protein concentrate from potato haulm for rats and chicks

A leaf-protein concentrate (LPC), containing approximately 45% protein, was prepared from potato haulm by standard methods. Its content of essential amino acids was similar to that recommended for chicken diets, except for the sulphur-containing amino acids, especially cystine. The biological value estimated in rats was high (64), almost as high as that of soya protein (65), but its true digestibility was lower (82 and 91, respectively). The concentrate contained carotenoids (295 mg/kg), but these were not converted into vitamin A in chicks. Leaf-protein concentrate may be a usable protein source for chicks, provided that not more than 25% of it is included in their diet.     

Nutritive value of leaf protein coagulum and cereals mixtures

Experiments were performed to compare the composition and nutritive value of mixtures containing leaf protein coagulum from lucerne with cereals (ground barley, ground wheat and wheat bran), with non-processed cereals alone or with the addition of separately-dried leaf protein. The chemical composition of mixtures and amino acid composition of their proteins were determined by conventional methods. The biological value and true digestibility of cereals and mixture proteins were determined on rats by the Thomas-Mitchell balance method.The biological values of mixture proteins were higher, but their digestibility was lower, than those of cereals alone. Generally, better results were obtained when cereals were mixed with separately-dried leaf protein and with barley rather than wheat.     

High-analysis granular sulphur assemblages as sources of sulphur for lucerne

Summary A growth chamber study was conducted to compare five granulated sulphur assemblages and a commercially available prilled sulphur with gypsum and flowers of sulphur as sources of sulphur for lucerne grown on two sulphur deficient soils, one from the Armstrong area of B.C. and one from California. Following one surface application of the various sulphur supplying materials at rates of 37.5 mg, 75 mg and 150 mg of sulphur per 3750 g of soil, four consecutive harvests were removed from the Enderby silt loam during a 145 day period and three cuttings were taken over a 119 day cropping interval on the Willits soil from California.Although gypsum and finely divided sulphur were the most effective sources, three of the five assemblages also had a favourable influence upon yield of lucerne, sulphur concentration and sulphur uptake. The three acceptable assemblages were sulphur-bentonite, sulphur-goulac-ammonium sulphate and sulphur-gypsum-goulac and they produced beneficial effects upon lucerne growth that were often comparable to those obtained with finely divided sulphur.On the basis of this investigation, it appears that certain granular high-analysis sulphur assemblages made from finely divided sulphur and binding agents, such as gypsum, ammonium sulphate, goulac and bentonite have satisfactory agronomic properties. Because these assemblages have suitable agronomic and physical properties they should be ideal for bulk blending with other granular fertilizer materials or for use in direct application to the soil. Wider scale testing of the sulphur-bentonite, sulphur-goulac-ammonium sulphate and sulphur-gypsum-goulac assemblages would seem to be justified.This paper was presented before the 12th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Soil Science, June 28, 1967, Macdonald College, Quebec.     

Enhanced nisin and pediocin production on whey supplemented with different nitrogen sources

Production of nisin and pediocin were followed, respectively, in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CECT 539 and Pediococcus acidilactici NRRL B-5627 grown with lactose and four different nitrogen sources. Neither NH₄Cl nor glycine improved production of the bacteriocins. Both yeast extract and Casitone increased pediocin production from 55 BU ml^–1 to 195 BU ml^–1 and 185 BU ml^–1, respectively. Nisin increased from 21 BU ml^–1 to 74 BU ml^–1 and 59 BU ml^–1 with these nitrogen sources.     

Nutritive value of peas for nonruminant diets

Peas, the seeds of Pisum sativum, are produced usually in temperate regions but are accepted as a food source worldwide. Traditionally, nonruminant diets utilized peas which had been rejected by the food industry but specific cultivars of feed (or field) peas also have been developed for livestock use. In view of the diversity of varieties, seeding times (spring or winter-sown) and agronomic conditions during the growing season, there is a considerable range in the composition and nutritive value of peas. The seed coat (hull) represents 70 to 140 g kg⁻¹ of the total weight and consists mainly of non-starch polysaccharides, while the major components of the dehulled pea are starch ( 450 g kg⁻¹) and protein ( 250 g kg⁻¹). Published energy values for the whole seed range from 12.2 to 16.6 MJ ME kg⁻¹ DM for pigs and 10.1 to 12.8 MJ TME_N kg⁻¹ DM for poultry. Reported analyses for crude protein vary from 156 to 325 g kg⁻¹ DM, while content and availability of the constituent amino acids vary also with cultivar, seed type and analytical methods. Most concerns about low digestibilities relate to the sulphur amino acids and tryptophan. Potentially detrimental constituents in raw peas include anti-proteases, haemagglutinins, phytic acid and tannins although these appear negligible in Canadian peas. When analytical data are lacking, the following limits to use of peas are suggested: 100, 200 and 350 g kg⁻¹, respectively, in pig starter, grower and finisher diets; 200 g kg⁻¹ in broiler, 250 g kg⁻¹ in turkey and 300 g kg⁻¹ in layer diets.     

Nutritive value of maygrass,Phalaris caroliniana

Maygrass, Phalaris caroliniana,a native annual grass used as a food resource by prehistoric Indians of the eastern United States, was analyzed for nutritive value. Protein nutrient density of maygrass grains is higher than that for other starchy seeds, oily seeds, and nuts commonly found in paleoethnobotanical samples from the region. Maygrass grains are a good source of several vitamins and minerals, especially thiamin and dietary iron. The amino acid in shortest supply is lysine. Nutritional quality of the grains may have served as an inducement for its protection or cultivation.     

Stereoselectivity of the interactions of thioglucoside glucohydrolase and epithiospecifier protein from various sources

(S)-2-Hydroxy-3-butenylglucosinolate (epi-progoitrin) was converted to erythro- and threo-1-cyamo-2-hydroxy-3,4-epithiobutanes by combinations of thioglucoside glucohydrolase and epithiospecifier protein (ESP) from various sources. In all combinations studied the erythro/threo product ratio was about 1.4, except when the thioglucoside glucohydrolase was from Sinapis alba L. and the ESP from Brassica campestris in which case the ratio was about 1.8.     

Nutritive value of almond hulls for sheep

The chemical composition of exocarp and mesocarp of Prunus amygdalus Batsch (almond hulls) was studied for five years. Digestibility trials on whether lambs were carried out over two years with different samples of almond hulls in order to study the nutritive value (digestibility and intake) according to the effect of supplementary nitrogen (Trial I) and presentation form, ground or coarse (Trial II).The increase in nitrogen content of the diet had a positive effect (P ≤ 0.01) on intake. Grinding had a negative influence (P ≤ 0.01) on digestibility, but did not modify the intake of almond hulls. The digestibility of organic matter of coarse almond hulls was 63.3 (Trial I) and 66.7% (Trial II). The concentration of digestible energy (DE) was estimated at 12.04 MJ/kg DM.     

Nutritive value of poultry wastes for sheep

The present study included four successive experiments to determine the chemical composition of the manures and the effects of including varying levels of poultry manure in sheep rations on nutrients digestibility, nitrogen balance and the possible adaptation to the experimental diets as the experimental period was prolonged. Four different poultry wastes were used. These wastes were: pure layer droppings, HELWAN (Experiment I); pure layer droppings, SAKHA (Experiment II); layer litter (Experiment III); and broiler litter (Experiment IV). Three levels of each waste (0, low and high) were tested in the rations of six mature Ossimi fat-tailed rams (two animals for each treatment).Results showed a wide variation in ash and crude protein contents of the different wastes. Layer droppings (HELWAN) contained the highest ash percentage (43·9), while broiler litter contained the lowest (18·8). For crude protein content, broiler litter had the highest value (34·0%) and layer droppings (SAKHA) the lowest (15·4%).Feed intake (g OM per kg^0.75 day⁻¹) decreased with increasing level of manure. Water intake and excretion were, in general, related to food and minerals intake. Feed intakes sometimes improved with advancing experimental period. In most experiments, digestibilities of ash and crude fiber increased while those of other components decreased with the inclusion of the waste materials in the diets.In vitro DMD or OMD were lower for diets containing waste materials than the control diets.Results of some rumen liquor parameters are tabulated and discussed.     

Nisin and pediocin production on mussel-processing waste supplemented with glucose and five nitrogen sources

AIMS: Optimization of bacteriocin production by L. lactis subsp. lactis CECT 539 and Ped. acidilactici NRRL B-5627 on mussel-processing wastes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The concentrations of glucose and five nitrogen sources that optimize nisin and pediocin production were determined using a second order orthogonal factorial design. NH4Cl, glycine and glutamic acid were poor nitrogen sources. Enhanced pediocin and nisin productions were achieved in a medium supplemented with yeast extract or Bacto casitone. CONCLUSIONS: Mussel-processing wastes could be successfully used as a culture medium for bacteriocin production at low production cost. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Average optimization led to a threefold increase in pediocin production (from 322 to 934 BU ml(-1)) and in nisin production (from 32 to 100 BU ml(-1)) when compared with the unsupplemented medium. For this reason, mussel-processing waste warrants further investigation due to its potential use as a cheap culture medium for upscaling bacteriocin production.     

Studies on blood biochemical constituents and rumen fermentation in growing buffalo calves fed ammoniated straw-based rations supplemented with different protein sources

Studies were done on blood biochemical constituents and rumen fermentation pattern of growing buffalo calves fed ammoniated wheat straw (UAS)-based rations supplemented with three different protein supplements. Eighteen buffalo calves (140 kg) were divided into three groups of six calves each and were fed on UAS supplemented with a concentrate mixture (roughage:concentrate ratio 58:42) containing 8% (or 3.5% of total ration) untreated groundnut cake (GNC) (group I), 8% formaldehyde treated GNC (group II) and 8% fish meal (group III), respectively, for 19 weeks. During this growth study, blood biochemistry was studied. Rumen fermentation study was done on three fistulated growing buffalo calves using a 3×3 Latin square switch over design. Blood glucose and ammonia-N did not differ significantly among the treatments. However, blood urea-N of calves in group III was higher (P<0.05) than in groups I and II, but the latter two did not differ from each other in this respect. Total protein in group I was comparable to group II and group III which were significantly different from each other. The rumen pH, total volatile fatty acids, ammonia-N and total protozoal count were similar, however, total N and TCA insoluble N in group II and group III were higher (P<0.01) than in group I. Fish meal containing diet favoured holotrichs, whereas, protected GNC containing diet favoured spirotrichs as indicated by significantly higher count. It was concluded that the beneficial effects of supplementing formaldehyde protected GNC at 8% in the concentrate mixture to the UAS-based diets were greater than supplementation of unprotected GNC or low quality fish meal in ration of buffalo calves growing at 400 g because of improved rumen fermentation, absorption and metabolism of nutrients as observed in blood biochemistry.     

Growth of heat-injured Vibrio parahaemolyticus in media supplemented with various cations.

Mid- to late logarithmic growth phase cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) containing 0.5, 3.0, and 7.5% NaCl were heated for 8 min at 45 degrees C in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 3% NaCl. Colony formation on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) containing 2% NaCl was greatest for unheated cells that had been grown in 7.5% NaCl-TSB; cells grown in 0.5% NaCl-TSB formed a greater number of colonies on 1.0% NaCl-TCBS. Thermal injury was evident in heated cells, regardless of the NaCl concentration in TSB growth medium. The effects of Mg2+, K+, and Li+ added as chlorides to 0.5% NaCl-TSB on the growth of nonheated and heated V. parahaemolyticus were studied. Lower levels of Mg2+ and slightly higher levels of K+ were required to replace Na+ in TSB inoculated with thermally injured cells that had been originally grown in 3.0 and 7.5% NaCl-TSB. LiCl had an inhibitory effect on both nonheated and heated cells when present in the recovery medium (0.5% NaCl-TSB) at concentrations as low as 0.5%. Increased numbers of colonies were formed by heated cells plated in MgCl2-supplemented TCBS, regardless of the NaCl concentration in the original growth medium. Potassium had little, if any, effect on colony formation by nonheated V. parahaemolyticus recovered on TCBS and may have had a detrimental effect on heat-injured cells.     

Nutritive value of ensiled broiler litter for cattle

Broiler litter, consisting of bedding material (chopped wheat straw or rice hulls), excreta, wasted feed and feathers was ensiled at 40 or 50% moisture for 42 days. Cheddar cheese whey was added to adjust the moisture level in some of the silage. The dry matter digestibility in vitro (IVDMD), after 21 days of ensiling was greater for silage containing the wheat straw base than for that with the rice hull base. Whey improved the IVDMD of the wheat straw base silage but not that of the rice hull base silage. Moisture levels did not influence the IVDMD. In a second trial, broiler litter consisting of chopped wheat straw bedding, excreta, wasted feed and feathers was ensiled for 28 days at approximately 45% dry matter. The litter was ensiled as: (1) litter alone; (2) litter plus Irish potato cannery waste (IPW); (3) litter plus ground maize, and (4) litter plus ground grain sorghum. The materials added supplied 33% of the dry matter of the silages. The pH of the silages 1 and 4 weeks after ensiling was (1) 6.00, 5.83; (2) 5.00, 4.56; (3) 4.96, 4.80; and (4) 4.92, 4.78. Total faecal and urine collection trials were conducted using 12 Holstein steers having an average body weight of 200 kg. Dry matter digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) for silages 2, 3 and 4. Digestible energy and protein were 61.2, 70.6; 65.3, 74.6; 65.2, 71.2; and 68.2, 76.4% for silages 1 through 4.