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1.
Tilapia nilotica reaches maturity in the first year of life; females mature shortly before males (11·4 and 14·3 cm in length). The distinctive morphological features of the different stages of development of the gonads are characterized. The sex ratio varied in populations of different age (size)-groups: a ratio of 2·81:1 and 0·47:1 (females:males) was obtained in populations of young and old fish. In medium-sized populations the sexes were equally abundant. There is evidence that females breed more than once a season. Fecundity varied more with body length ( r =0·860) and weight ( r =0·806) than with age ( r =0·604). These variations were of the order of 2·02; 0·83 and 0·83 exponentials of length, weight and age, respectively.  相似文献   

2.
The length-weight relationship of a sample of 233 roach ( Rutilus rutilus ) can be described by the following equations: y =0·0356 x 3·405 and y =0·0215 ×3·606 for males and females respectively. In both equations y equals the body weight in grams and × is the standard length in centimetres. The average condition factor K was 2·01 with a range of 1·71 to 2·26. The roach's span of life was 13 years for both sexes. The growth increment is greater during the first year of life (about 56 mm), decreasing to approximately 17 mm at the end of the sixth year of life and then becoming constant at about 12 mm per year. Roach become sexually mature at age 1 + for males and one year later for females. The mean absolute fecundity was 9294 eggs; with a range from 920 to 32 810. The growth of the gonads is related to the age of the fish. Spawning occurs during the first half of April, at a mean water temperature of 10° C.  相似文献   

3.
Scales from Lough Neagh pollan display a large number of checks, making age determination difficult. Sclerite counts showed that an annual check is formed on scales in May and a second accessory check in most young fish in October. The method of ageing from scales was supported by inspection of length-frequency plots and by following the growth of pollan in their first 2 years of life. The body-scale relationship was curvilinear. Back-calculation showed that pollan of both sexes attain a fork length of 29 cm in 5 years (1 ∞=28.9 cm; k = 0.65; l 0= -0.06 year). There is no evidence that annual growth rates have changed since 1965. Possible environmental causes of scale check formation are discussed.  相似文献   

4.
Gonadal differentiation and development of sex cells are described in the tropical representative of the family Mullidae, manybar goatfish Parupeneus multifasciatus, using histological methods and observations of oocytes in vivo. Anatomical differentiation of the gonads is registered by approximately 5 cm fork length (FL) and 1.5 g body weight of the fish, and cytological differentiation (in the females) occurs by approximately 6 cm body length and 2.6 g body weight. In the ovaries of sexually mature females before spawning, oocytes of all phases and periods of development can be found. Based on the gonadal structure and frequency distribution of oocyte diameter, the type of oogenesis is continuous.  相似文献   

5.
In 'runted' populations of Tilapia zilli positive correlations were found between maturation stages and the following: gonadosomatic index, gonad weight, fish weight and fish length. The minimum size at maturity was 9·0 cm in males and 11·0 cm in females. The mean fecundity in the 'stunted' females was 2359 eggs and it increased with length ( L ) weight (HO and depth ( D ) of the fish. There was, however, no correlation between fecundity and egg size. The results indicated that growth in this 'stunted' T. zilli population was not isometric. The relative condition factor ( Kn ) which approached one indicates good condition.  相似文献   

6.
The scales of Tilapia mossambica Peters * from Lake Sibaya show clear rings formed by broken, widely-spaced circuli in the anterior field. In order to determine the rate and time of scale ring formation, the number of circuli in the marginal increment was determined. Five scales from the pectoral region of 2223 fishes caught at regular intervals over two years were examined. When plotted as histograms, the number of circuli in the marginal increment showed a sharp movement to the left in September–October and again in January, indicating that the rings were formed during these months in the majority of fish examined. Pre- and postbreeding feeding migrations, and increases in condition factor, were associated with scale ring formation. Otoliths and opercula were also examined for age determination. Annual length increments were calculated for 450 T. mossambica collected throughout the year, and growth curves plotted. T. mossambica from Sibaya reach maturity after one year at a standard length of about 8 cm in females, and after two years at 10 cm in males. The breeding population had a standard length mode of 11–12 cm in females and 17 cm in males. The maximum final size was about 24 cm.  相似文献   

7.
The reproductive biology of the Oxleyan pygmy perch Nannoperca oxleyana is described from simultaneous studies of wild populations in north-eastern New South Wales and mature fish held in aquaria. In the wild, 50% of males and females matured at total lengths of 24·0–25·9 and 28·0–29·9 mm, respectively. The species displays sexual dichromatism during the spawning season, with males developing more intense red and brown fin and body colouration, and black pelvic fins. Captive male broodfish displayed territoriality during the breeding season, closely guarding sites within artificial, plant-like substrata in which pairs of fish spawned adhesive eggs. Protracted serial spawning of wild and captive fish occurred from September to April and May at mean water temperatures ≥16·6° C and day length ≥10·7 h. Captive broodfish spawned on an average of 57% of days during the 256 day spawning period. Gonado-somatic indices averaged 0·7% for all ripe males and 4·1–4·2% for all ripe females collected. Mean total and batch fecundities of captive females were 1323 eggs per fish and 7·8 eggs per fish per day, respectively, and relative fecundity was 587 eggs g−1 of body mass. Batch fecundity of wild females was estimated at 7·8 eggs per fish. The adaptive significance of this reproductive strategy in a harsh, variable environment is discussed.  相似文献   

8.
The Sr/Ca ratios in otoliths of silver Japanese eels Anguilla japonica , in Pearl River, China, indicated that both sexes did not stay in brackish water and grew in fresh water from the glass eel stage until spawning migration. This did not support the hypothesis that females tended to distribute upstream and males might be restricted to estuaries. The back-calculated total length of males at glass eel stage was not significantly different from that of females, indicating that the hypothesis that small glass eels became males and larger ones became females may not be true. The mean (±S.D.) age and total length of males at migration were 6·4±1·6 years and 48·3±4·5 cm, which were significantly smaller than for females, 8·3±1·6 years and 61·4±4·1 cm. The age of migration was related inversely to growth rate for both sexes. Growth parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation were K =0·21 cm year°1, L =55·7 cm and t o=-0·55 year for males and K =0·14 cm year−1, L =77·5 cm and t o=-0·60 year for females. The difference in asymptotic length ( L ) between males and females may be because females postpone migration to achieve larger size for maximizing reproductive success.  相似文献   

9.
Reproduction in the dusky grouper from the southern Mediterranean   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Demographic data and gonad histology confirmed that the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus is a protogynous hermaphrodite that follows a monandric pathway to sexual development. Females reached first sexual maturity at 36·7 cm Ls and estimated mean length at first maturity (L50) was 43·8 cm Ls for females and 81·3 cm Ls for males. Adult sex ratios during the reproductive period were c. 3·5: 1 females to males. Females exhibited group-synchronous ovarian development and multiple ovulation occurred over the spawning period. Gonads were ripe from early May and spawning occurred from June until early September. The size of ripe testes (0·6% W )indicated strong oligospermy and suggested a mating system with no sperm competition. Sexual transition was protogynous involving regression of ovarian tissue and proliferation of testicular tissue in the gonads. Transitional individuals occurred from May through November and accounted for 9% of sampled adult population. Sex change occurred in fish 69–93 cm (Ls) long and the size distributions of males and females overlapped over 27% of the Ls range. Special zones were recognized as gathering areas for sexually mature dusky groupers during the reproductive period.  相似文献   

10.
幼草鱼鳞片环纹,以孵出后第二个月生长最快,往后生长减慢,冬季停止生长。幼鱼体长一般在47—70毫米形成幼轮。鳞片的“切割相”是区别年轮和幼轮的标志。幼鱼在饥饿时,环片不仅不增长,反而出现环片被吸收的现象。鳞片上各种副轮标记的形成与摄食条件的变化有关。计算了体长与鳞径、环纹数以及鳞径与环纹数的迴归方程,它们之间都呈直线正相关,相关显著性均在99%以上。    相似文献   

11.
Acanthobrama terraesanctae (local name lavnun), an endemic planktivorous cyprinid, dominates total fish numbers (>80%) in Lake Kinneret, and may have a significant top-down impact on the lake ecosystem. The length of young-of-the-year fish calculated from the von Bertalanffy equation agreed with field observations of juvenile growth. An unusual bi-modal length-frequency distribution observed in May 1993 provided additional help in age identification. Males grew more slowly than females and reached a lower maximum length. Total mortality coefficients (exponents) of males and females >12 cm (minimal legal size of fish in the catch) were similar ( c. 1·52). An average cohort reaches maximum biomass during its second year. Maximum production is created at the end of the second year. The production: biomass ratio of the population was 1·16, and 36% of total lavnun standing stock was taken by fishing. From the late 1980s to early 1990s, when standing stock and population structure were stable, the average harvest of 1000 t was consistent with a total lavnun biomass of 2800 t, which constitutes 50–70% of the total fish stock measured acoustically in the lake. Such a biomass could be sustained by the known production of zooplankton. Absence of verified growth data for lavnun contributed to the collapse of the fishery in 1993, because it hampered timely revision of fishery policy in response to the drastic changes in the lavnun stock in 1992.  相似文献   

12.
Check formation on scales of roach Rutilus rutilus was examined during their production cycle at a fish farm in England through analysis of circuli patterns. Regular check formation was associated with the movement of fish from one type of grow-out facility to another; this resulted in a sudden shift in growth rate and the formation of a new check. As these had the characteristics of annual marks, their formation potentially invalidates their use as structures to determine the age of individuals during recapture events that may follow their introduction to the wild. At low growth rates, the number of circuli was constant throughout the year; this situation changed when fast growth rates were achieved. Five methods of backcalculation were also validated. When the proportionality between the body length and scale radii was weak, backcalculation methods were poor in determining length at check formation.  相似文献   

13.
湘华鲮的生物学研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
湘华鲮是湖南沅江中上游的一种主要经济鱼类。主要以硅藻为食。1+龄鱼的平均体长为22厘米,平均体重为273.7克;2+龄鱼的平均体长31.3厘米,平均体重704克;3+龄鱼的平均体长为39.2厘米,平均体重1479克。渔获物中的年龄组成,以2+、3+、4+龄为主,渔获物中最大年龄和最大体重为6+龄、3400克。江河生长的湘华鲮,雌性性成熟年龄多为3年,雄性提早成熟一年;达性成熟年龄的雌性以Ⅳ期卵巢越冬;达性成熟年龄的雄性精巢,在冬季发育至Ⅴ期;它的生殖季节为4月底至5月下旬。在江河中有自然产卵场;4—5龄的雌性湘华鲮,成熟卵巢系数为8—17.6%,卵径约2.0—2.2毫米,每克卵粒数为293—321。    相似文献   

14.
Ontogenetic changes in temperature preference of Atlantic cod   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Final thermal preferendum ( T ) experiments were conducted in a horizontal thermal gradient tank from the beginning of August 2001 to mid‐November 2001 using Atlantic cod Gadus morhua from 6·5 to 79·0 cm fork length ( L F). The value of T varied significantly ( P  < 0·005) with L F( T  = 7·23–0·054 L F), with smaller (younger) fish choosing higher temperatures than larger (older) fish. The preferendum varied from 6·9° C for fish of 6·5 cm to 3·0° C for those of 79·0 cm. Experiments comparing fish positions in the gradient tank between thermal gradients of 0·5–11·0 and 4·5–14·5° C demonstrated that fish positions were determined by temperature selection instead of undesirable tank effects. This study is the first to demonstrate the effect of ontogeny on temperature preferences of a marine fish species.  相似文献   

15.
Backcalculated lengths at the end of the first growth season in wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar differed significantly between parr smolting at age 1, 2 and 3 years over a period of 11 years (i.e. 1983–1993). Mean body lengths of the respective age groups at the end of the first growth period were 11·1, 6·2 and 4·7 cm, respectively. The mean percentage distribution of fish smolting at age 1, 2 and 3 was 14, 78 and 7%, and the mean smolt age was 1·95 years. Mean lengths at smolting of age groups 1, 2 and 3 were 13·6, 15·8 and 17·5 cm, respectively. Females outnumbered males among the downstream migrating smolts with a mean sex ratio (females/ males) estimated at 1·61, with a significant female surplus in 7 of the 11 years sampled. Of the smolts sampled, 14% exhibited enlarged gonads indicative of parr maturation, and all were males (37% of the parr males sampled). Mean annual smolt density from 1975 to 1996 was 13·4 individuals 100 m−2 ranging between 0·3–31 smolts 100 m−2. Mean densities (100 m−2) of the smolts aged 1, 2 and 3 years were 1·5, 9·3 and 0·9 fish, respectively. Mean annual biomass for the 22-year period (1975–1996) was estimated at 437 g 100 m−2, with a range of variation from 136 to 683 g 100 m−2. Smolt age 2 made up 81% of the mean annual biomass (355 g 100 m−2) and smolt age 1 and 3, 8% (35 g 100 m−2) and 11% (47 g 100 m−2), respectively.  相似文献   

16.
Age and growth of albacore Thunnus alalunga in the North Pacific Ocean   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The age and growth of North Pacific albacore Thunnus alalunga were investigated using obliquely sectioned sagittal otoliths from samples of 126 females and 148 males. Otolith edge analysis indicated that the identified annulus in a sagittal otolith is primarily formed during the period from September to February. The assessments of the fish age at first annulus formation indicated that the first annulus represents an age of <1 year. This study presents an age estimate (0·75 years) for the formation of the first annulus. The oldest fish ages observed in this study were 10 years for females and 14 years for males. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters of females estimated were L(∞) = 103·5 cm in fork length (L(F) ), K = 0·340 year(-1) and t(0) = -0·53 years, and the parameters of males were L(∞) = 114·0 cm, K = 0·253 year(-1) and t(0) = -1·01 years. Sexual size dimorphism between males and females seemed to occur after reaching sexual maturity. The coefficients of the power function for expressing the L(F) -mass relationship obtained from sex-pooled data were a = 2·964 × 10(-5) and b = 2·928.  相似文献   

17.
本文报道了1942年横断鸭绿江而成的水丰水库的池沼公鱼生物学,内容包括性状变异、年龄和生长、食性、繁殖、群体结构、群体消长变化及渔业利用。水丰水库的池沼公鱼一龄体长(到尾叉的体长,后同)74毫米,体重3克;二龄体长99毫米,体重6.5克。体长体重关系式:logW=2.5306logL-1.7590。主要以浮游动物为食,但不同栖息地点食物组成有明显差异。一龄即达性成熟;性比为1♀:1.24♂;个体繁殖力905—19051粒,平均4330粒;个体繁殖力Y(百粒鱼卵)与体长L(厘米)的相关方程式为Y=58.4860L-402.7606;群体增殖速度(Vp)等于1494;4至5月在水库岸边产卵,卵粘性,水温10—15℃,约经12天孵出仔鱼。群体由1—3龄3个龄组组成,1321尾标本的平均年龄为1.15;65.1—80毫米体长组的个体为主要渔获对象,占整个渔获的65.5%。池沼公鱼是目前水丰水库第一位的经济鱼类,1982年鱼产量120万斤,占总鱼产的57.8%。    相似文献   

18.
The growth of individuals is analyzed in the mass tropical species manybar goatfish Parupeneus multifasciatus from the Nha Trang Bay of the South China Sea. The relationship between the body weight and body length is determined for the females and males. Among the fishes larger 180 mm fork length (FL), the males prevail. Linear growth of the sagitta is characterized by negative allometry in relation to body length, and sagitta growth in length is faster than in width. Age of fish assessed based on the analysis of daily increments on the sagitta does not exceed three years, and the majority of individuals reach the first sexual maturity by the age of one year. The growth rate of the fish is characterized by a large individual variation.  相似文献   

19.
The spawning pattern of the anadromous brown trout Salmo trutta was studied in Själsöån, a small stream in Gotland, Sweden, during eight winters between 1992–1993 and 1999–2000. The total length ( L T) at spawning was normally distributed (185–890 mm) for females and multimodal for males (300, 400 and 550 mm most frequent length classes). Spawning males were significantly younger (2+ to 4+ years) than females (3+ to 5+ years). The sex‐ratio at the beginning and at the end of the spawning season favoured males. The mean ±  s . d . number of spawners was 70 ± 16 individuals per year. Migration into and out of the stream occurred between November and June. The highest number of spawning fish was found in the stream at the end of November or at the beginning of December. Migration mainly occurred during high water flow and at night. The majority of the females entered the stream and spawned the same (29·3% of all the females) or the next night (32·8% of all the females) while males may have stayed for 2 to 3 weeks (21·3% of all the males) in the stream before spawning. Males usually remained much longer in the stream (mean ±  s . d . 45 ± 56 days) than females (16 ± 30 days). Females lost more mass in the stream (mean ±  s . d . 17·3 ± 8·6%) than males (7·7 ± 9·6%). For both sexes, mass loss was positively correlated with the time spent in the stream. Only 7·3% of the males and 5·7% of the females occurred in the stream for >1 year. Spawning took place only during the night.  相似文献   

20.
The effect of particle size of a commercial pelleted feed on the growth of Atlantic salmon from first feeding alevins to first and second year smolts was investigated using 20-day feeding experiments. Ten experiments were performed over a two year period, each comprising six groups of fish separately selected from stock populations. Each group was presented with one of six sizes of food particle ranging from larger than the respective mean mouth breadth (100% feed size), through 50%, 25%, 12·5%, 6·25% to 3·125%. Experiments were performed in six radial flow/circumferential drain tanks under ambient photoperiod and water temperature. Growth rate was found to be closely related to feed size. Maximum growth in each case was shown only on one size of particle; larger and smaller sizes resulted in reduced growth. The particle size for maximum growth increased in direct proportion to fish length. Fish from 4·2 to 20·3 cm in length showed maximum growth on particle diameters 0·022 to 0·026 × fish fork length (PFR). First feeding alevins were found to show comparable growth rate on particle diameters 0·0115 to 0·090 PFR. Some seasonal variation in growth response was indicated. The results are discussed in relation to developmental and seasonal effects. Possible factors affecting the energetics of prey size related differential growth are discussed.  相似文献   

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