生物多样性不同层次尺度效应及其耦合关系研究进展

生物多样性包含遗传、物种、生态系统和景观多样性4个层次,虽然各个层次的研究较多,但是各层次间相互关系的研究较少。物种多样性多采用野外样方调查法,景观多样性采用遥感、地理信息系统和野外调查,研究方法较为成熟;生态系统多样性研究因生物地理地域和尺度的不同,常采用不同的分类体系,尚无统一评估标准。物种多样性的尺度效应在α、β、γ指数上均有不同体现,景观多样性的尺度效应非常明显。生境异质性与物种α和β多样性指数密切相关,在一定尺度上,丰富的景观多样性提高了物种多样性。未来研究需要揭示不同生物多样性层次之间的耦合关系,并将研究结果应用到生态系统红色名录制定、区域生物多样性综合监测与评估等实践之中。     

谈谈“食人鲳"——兼论生物外来种的入侵

“食人鲳”是脂鲤目脂鲤科锯鲑脂鲤属鱼类的俗称,这类鱼原产南美洲亚马逊河流域,目前已经作为观赏鱼类被引入到包括中国在内的世界上很多国家和地区。本文简要地介绍了有关“食人鲳”的形态学和生物学信息,并以“食人鲳”为例,对如何看待生物外来种的问题,提出了作者的观点。即应全方位、多角度地考虑外来种的问题,不能忽视外来种的积极影响;在正确评价外来种的危害时,应以科学为指导,才能制定正确的政策,从而采取有效的措施,防范外来种的危害。     

景区入侵生物之防控

生物入侵可导致严重的直接危害和衍生危害。鉴于景区的特殊性,提出景区对外来入侵物种的防控策略与措施。     

生物的竞争与适应

竞争和适应是生物生存过程中的两个现象。竞争是种内或种间争夺有限共同资源产生的,是一种生存斗争,整体来说是不利的。适应是通过本身的变化使其能在环境中更好地生存或保存自己,对生物来说是有利的。探讨物种竞争和适应的形式、特点等,对于生物多样性保护具有重要的意义。     

长江三峡与生物多样性

简要介绍了长江三峡生物多样性保护取得的成绩。     

一条河流的挽歌——物种灭绝、气候变迁及长江生物多样性保护的最后希望

<正>淡水生物多样性受到全球性威胁,在世界上大型河流中生存的一些体型最大的、最有魅力的物种正在面临灭绝。其中一个标志性的物种是白鱀豚,它已于2007年被公布成为第一个因为人类活动造成功能性灭绝的鲸类物种。作为白鱀豚科唯一的代表物种,它的灭绝标志着一个进化枝系的消失。不幸的是,白鱀豚只是长江众多受到严重威胁的物     

中国外来入侵生物的危害与管理对策

本文探讨了外来入侵生物的概念及其在我国的危害状况,入侵原因,提出了外来入侵生物 预防及管理对策,随着国际贸易往来和旅游业的发展,生物入侵在我国不断加剧,正在成为威胁我国生物多样性与生态环境的重要因素之一,外来入侵种的生态代价是造成本地物种多样性不可弥补的消失以及物种的灭绝,其经济代价是农林牧渔业产量与质量的惨重损失与高额的防治费用,生物入侵在我国大部分是由于人为因素引起的,这些因素包括：缺乏对引进种的利益与风险进行评估,淡薄的生态意识与不顾生态后果的经济利益驱使下的盲目引进,缺乏严格的科学监管体系或监管不力,缺乏全面检疫的体系与机制。外来入侵生物的综合性与系统性研究已成为当今我国生态环境保护、农业生产和经济可持续发展的重大研究领域,我国对外来入侵生物的预防与管理应着重于国家能力、研究能力,监测与管理能力三大体系的建设上,根据我国国情和目前的紧急现状应制定出优先行动计划,对特定外来种的入侵生物学基础研究,特定生态系统或地理区域入侵种现状及影响的关键评估研究,特定外来入侵生物对生态环境影响的风险评估体系及经济损失的模式研究、发展控制外来有害生物的环保型技术与方法研究,外来生物受控制后生态系统的恢复与栖息生境的复原技术与方法等,无意 目前亟待研究的课题。     

生物多样性的进化原理及其保护对策

本文论述了传统进化论学说对生物多样性解释的不足,探讨用生物适化学说解释生物多样性的形成,提出生物多样性产生的表达式： B_d=∫^T_Ｏ［(G_c-m+M)·E_c-(N_t+A_p+H_f)］dt, 并以此说明制订保育它们的原则对策。     

生物多样性国际研究态势分析

生物多样性研究是综合性和高度交叉性的跨学科研究领域,是1997年底Science周刊上预测的1998年及近期的6个重大科学热点之一。检索1986—2008年间SCIE文献数据库中关于生物多样性的研究论文(article,proceedings paper和review),利用Thomson Data Analyzer(TDA)分析工具和Aureka分析平台进行数据挖掘。分析表明,该研究涉及多个学科领域,近年来在生态学领域的论文数量增加最多,而生物多样性保护、进化生物学、生物化学与分子生物学方面的论文增长速度较快。生物多样性研究越来越重视全球变化和人类社会对生物多样性的影响,DNA技术和基因工程等先进技术在生物多样性研究和保护中的作用也更加突出。     

“物种”与“个体”:究竟谁是生物多样性保护的恰当对象?

生物多性保护实践涉及到两大基本问题:一是我们要保护的是什么,二是我们优先保护什么。从保护对象的角度看,物种和个体均不是生物多样性保护的恰当对象,准确的目标是“物种多样性”。所有的物种都在物种分化程度与分化时间上千差万别,从而导致不可能有统一的标准去划分不同的物种。从多样性或者说物种多样性的目标出发,作为保护对象的物种必须是独立进化的单元,同时,它必须有一个可操作的、相对合理的界定方法,而整合分类法可能就是一条极具吸引力的道路。生物分类学家应当尽可能利用整合分类思想和整合方法,建立可操作的、相对合理的物种概念和优先保护级别划分体系,以避免实际工作中的冲突与困境,更好地服务于生物多样性保护事业。     

Components,processes and consequences of biotic homogenization: A review

Among the major changes induced by human beings, biotic homogenization is gaining popularity at regional as well as global level. Biotic homogenization is a multifaceted process which results from species extinction, introduction and environmental modification often induced by human beings. This human mediated introduction of alien species and the extirpation of native species, either independently or in combine have caused loss of taxonomic regional distinctiveness among formerly disparate faunas and floras. Ample evidence reveals that extent of homogenization differed between various ecosystems and taxa, as well as in different regions. Although biotic homogenization leads to increase in species richness at local level but causes loss of diversity at global level (i.e., paradox of gaining species but loosing diversity). Potentially biotic homogenization could affect any of the many processes in communities that vary in space and time, such as spatial subsidies and food-web dynamics, and thereby have cascading effects elsewhere on the landscape. Biotic homogenization does have relevance to conservation as it has utility in reserve selection and management. Current knowledge pertaining to patterns, mechanisms and implications of biotic homogenization is highly variable across taxonomic groups, but in general is incomplete. This article is an attempt to review literature pertaining to patterns, mechanisms and implications of biotic homogenization.     

On defining and quantifying biotic homogenization

Ongoing species invasions and extinctions are changing biological diversity in different ways at different spatial scales. Biotic homogenization (or BH) refers to the process by which the genetic, taxonomic or functional similarities of regional biotas increase over time. It is a multifaceted process that encompasses species invasions, extinctions and environmental alterations, focusing on how the identities of species (or their genetic or functional attributes) change over space and time. Despite the increasing use of the term BH in conservation biology, it is often used erroneously as a synonym for patterns of species invasions, loss of native species or changes in species richness through time. This reflects the absence of an agreed-upon, cogent definition of BH. Here, we offer an operational definition for BH and review the various methodologies used to study this process. We identify the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches, and make explicit recommendations for future studies. We conclude by citing the need for researchers to: (1) consider carefully the definition of BH by recognizing the genetic, taxonomic and functional realms of this process; (2) recognize that documenting taxonomic homogenization requires tracking the identity of species (not species richness) comprising biotas through space and time; and (3) employ more rigorous methods for quantifying BH.     

Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization

Biotic homogenization, the gradual replacement of native biotas by locally expanding non-natives, is a global process that diminishes floral and faunal distinctions among regions. Although patterns of homogenization have been well studied, their specific ecological and evolutionary consequences remain unexplored. We argue that our current perspective on biotic homogenization should be expanded beyond a simple recognition of species diversity loss, towards a synthesis of higher order effects. Here, we explore three distinct forms of homogenization (genetic, taxonomic and functional), and discuss their immediate and future impacts on ecological and evolutionary processes. Our goal is to initiate future research that investigates the broader conservation implications of homogenization and to promote a proactive style of adaptive management that engages the human component of the anthropogenic blender that is currently mixing the biota on Earth.     

Toward a mechanistic understanding and prediction of biotic homogenization

The widespread replacement of native species with cosmopolitan, nonnative species is homogenizing the global fauna and flora. While the empirical study of biotic homogenization is substantial and growing, theoretical aspects have yet to be explored. Consequently, the breadth of possible ecological mechanisms that can shape current and future patterns and rates of homogenization remain largely unknown. Here, we develop a conceptual model that describes 14 potential scenarios by which species invasions and/or extinctions can lead to various trajectories of biotic homogenization (increased community similarity) or differentiation (decreased community similarity); we then use a simulation approach to explore the model's predictions. We found changes in community similarity to vary with the type and number of nonnative and native species, the historical degree of similarity among the communities, and, to a lesser degree, the richness of the recipient communities. Homogenization is greatest when similar species invade communities, causing either no extinction or differential extinction of native species. The model predictions are consistent with current empirical data for fish, bird, and plant communities and therefore may represent the dominant mechanisms of contemporary homogenization. We present a unifying model illustrating how the balance between invading and extinct species dictates the outcome of biotic homogenization. We conclude by discussing a number of critical but largely unrecognized issues that bear on the empirical study of biotic homogenization, including the importance of spatial scale, temporal scale, and data resolution. We argue that the study of biotic homogenization needs to be placed in a more mechanistic and predictive framework in order for studies to provide adequate guidance in conservation efforts to maintain regional distinctness of the global biota.     

人类活动是导致生物均质化的主要因素

随着全球化和现代化的持续发展,生物均质化（不同地区的生物群落在物种组成、基因库和功能上趋向于相似或简单化）在全球范围内广泛发生,给保护生物多样性和种质资源库带来严峻的挑战。人类活动是当前全球生物均质化最为重要和直接的推动因素。农业耕作活动直接导致了农田生态系统的普遍生物均质化：垦荒可直接导致生物多样性大幅减少,大面积单一化的作物类型、品种和耕作管理模式,农药化肥的大量使用,机械化、集约化和转基因作物的推广所带来生物均质化问题都直接威胁粮食生产和安全。遗憾的是我们对农田生物均质化的现状、发生规律和趋势都一无所知,相关研究任务紧迫,尤其是当前我国农业耕作模式正经历着巨大的变革。城市所带来的普遍相似的高强度人工干扰、交通运输和建设、规划、破坏自然生境等各种人类活动必然驱动全球生物大规模的均质化。人类活动直接导致的少数成功种恶性扩散并迅速取代大量失败种从而导致生物均质化的现象普遍。生物入侵和灭绝、本地种以及新的杂交种的恶性扩散都直接导致生物均质化。一般而言,在大尺度空间范围内外来种容易导致生物均质化,而在较小的空间范围内外来种容易导致生物异质化。生物均质化的隐患严重威胁着我国的环境和经济社会安定发展,然而相关研究在我国尚未起步,当前我国生物均质化研究的具体迫切任务主要有：1）建立有效的均质化评估方法体系;2）研究我国各种主要生态系统类型以及主要生物类群的均质化现状、规律和趋势;3）掌握我国农业生态系统生物均质化的现状、规律和趋势;4）建立和完善均质化长期监测研究的相关数据库资源。     

Functional biotic homogenization of bird communities in disturbed landscapes

Aim  Worldwide, functional homogenization is now considered to be one of the most prominent forms of biotic impoverishment induced by current global changes. Yet this process has hardly been quantified on a large scale through simple indices, and the connection between landscape disturbance and functional homogenization has hardly been established. Here we test whether changes in land use and landscape fragmentation are associated with functional homogenization of bird communities at a national scale.
Location  France.
Methods  We estimated functional homogenization of a community as the average specialization of the species present in that community. We studied the spatial variation of this community specialization index (CSI) using 1028 replicates from the French Breeding Bird Survey along spatial gradients of landscape fragmentation and recent landscape disturbance, measured independently, and accounting for spatial autocorrelation.
Results  The CSI was very sensitive to both measures of environmental degradation: on average, 23% of the difference in the CSI values between two sample sites was attributed to the difference in fragmentation and the disturbance between sites. This negative correlation between CSI and sources of landscape degradation was consistent over various habitats and biogeographical zones.
Main conclusions  We demonstrate that the functional homogenization of bird communities is strongly positively correlated to landscape disturbance and fragmentation. We suggest that the CSI is particularly effective for measuring functional homogenization on both local and global scales for any sort of organism and with abundance or presence–absence data.     

Biological invasions drive biotic homogenization of North American crayfishes

Hydrobiologia - The invasion of non-native species, and declines or extinctions of native species, can act together to drive either biotic homogenization or differentiation between regions over...