Expression of Rotavirus Capsid Protein VP6 in Transgenic Potato and Its Oral Immunogenicity in Mice

Murine rotavirus gene six encoding the 41 kDa group specific capsid structural protein VP6 was stably inserted into the Solanum tuberosum genome by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. The molecular mass of plant synthesized VP6 capsid protein determined by immunoblot was similar to the size of both purified virus VP6 monomeric peptides and partially assembled virus-like particles. The amount of VP6 protein synthesized in transgenic potato leaf and tuber was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to be approximately 0.01% of total soluble protein. Oral immunization of CD-1 mice with transformed potato tuber tissues containing VP6 capsid protein generated measurable titers of both anti-VP6 serum IgG and intestinal IgA antibodies. The presence of detectable humoral and intestinal antibody responses against the rotavirus capsid protein following mucosal immunization provides an optimistic basis for the development of edible plant vaccines against enteric viral pathogens.     

猪瘟病毒T细胞表位E290多肽与猪细小病毒VP2蛋白在干酪乳杆菌中的共表达及免疫小鼠特异性抗体的测定

将分别编码猪瘟病毒T细胞表位E290多肽和猪细小病毒主要保护性抗原VP2蛋白的重组基因插入干酪乳杆菌分泌型表达载体pPG中,构建了重组表达载体pPG-VP2-E290,将其电转化干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus casei 393,获得了猪瘟病毒T细胞表位E290多肽与猪细小病毒VP2蛋白的乳酸菌共表达系统,经2%乳糖在MRS培养基中的诱导表达,对诱导表达的菌体及培养上清液进行SDS-PAGE检测表明,有约70kDa蛋白得到了表达,表达蛋白的大小与理论值相符。Western blot分析结果表明所表达的蛋白具有与天然病毒蛋白一样的抗原特异性。以诱导表达上清液作为抗原进行的间接ELISA实验也表明,重组的目的蛋白获得了分泌表达。将该重组干酪乳杆菌经口服接种途径免疫BALB/c小鼠,收集粪便样品检测小鼠产生抗PPV的特异性sIgA抗体,采集血液样本检测血清中抗PPV及抗E290的特异性IgG。结果表明分泌型的重组菌pPG-VP2-E290/L.casei 393免疫小鼠能够产生明显的抗体水平,为重组猪瘟与猪细小病毒乳酸菌口服活菌疫苗的研制奠定了重要的物质基础。     

Induction of Immune Responses in Mice after Intragastric Administration of Lactobacillus casei Producing Porcine Parvovirus VP2 Protein

Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 was selected as an antigen delivery vehicle for mucosal immunization against porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection. A 64-kDa fragment of PPV major protective antigen VP2 protein was used as the parvovirus antigen model. A recombinant Lactobacillus expressing VP2 protein was constructed with plasmid pPG611.1, where expression and localization of the VP2 protein from recombinant Lc393-rPPV-VP2 was detected via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Both local mucosal and systemic immune responses against PPV were induced in BALB/c mice immunized orally with the recombinant Lactobacillus expressing VP2 protein. The induced antibodies demonstrated neutralizing effects on PPV infection. These data indicated that the use of recombinant lactobacilli could be a valuable strategy for future vaccine development of PPV.     

猪细小病毒VP2蛋白主要抗原表位基因真核表达载体的构建及表达

Using a pair of specific primers designed according to the relevant nucleotide sequences from GenBank, the main antigen domain for VP2 gene of Porcine parvovirus was ampilified with PCR method using the genomic DNA as template. The PCR product was cloned into the expression vector pIREShyg to get a recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pIREShyg-VP2, which was then transfected into the CHO-K1 cells. The expressed product was detected by IFA after the positive cell clone was selected with hygromycin. The result revealed that the main antigen domain for VP2 gene of porcine parvovirus was stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells.     

犬细小病毒VP2基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的表达犬细小病毒VP2蛋白（CPVVP2）,用于犬细小病毒病的诊断、疫苗研制和VP2蛋白功能研究。方法采用PCR方法对CPVVP2基因进行扩增,将CPVVP2基因克隆到毕赤酵母（Pichiapastoris）分泌表达载体pPICZαA中,构建真核重组表达载体pPICZαA—VP2,将该重组质粒线性化后,转化毕赤酵母菌GS115中,在甲醇诱导下表达CPVVP2,SDS-PAGE和Western blotting鉴定表达蛋白。结果成功扩增了CPVVP2基因,构建了真核重组表达载体pPICZαA-VP2在毕赤酵母菌中表达出约64．35kD蛋白。Western blotting鉴定表明,表达VP2蛋白与犬细小病毒阳性血清有反应性。结论在毕赤酵母中成功地表达了CPVVP2蛋白,能被犬细小病毒阳性血清识别。     

Induction of immune responses in mice after intragastric administration of Lactobacillus casei producing porcine parvovirus VP2 protein

Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 was selected as an antigen delivery vehicle for mucosal immunization against porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection. A 64-kDa fragment of PPV major protective antigen VP2 protein was used as the parvovirus antigen model. A recombinant Lactobacillus expressing VP2 protein was constructed with plasmid pPG611.1, where expression and localization of the VP2 protein from recombinant Lc393-rPPV-VP2 was detected via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Both local mucosal and systemic immune responses against PPV were induced in BALB/c mice immunized orally with the recombinant Lactobacillus expressing VP2 protein. The induced antibodies demonstrated neutralizing effects on PPV infection. These data indicated that the use of recombinant lactobacilli could be a valuable strategy for future vaccine development of PPV.     

Production of porcine parvovirus virus-like particles using silkworm larvae

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a significant causative agent of porcine reproductive failure, causing serious economic losses in the swine industry. PPV is a nonenveloped virus, and its capsid is assembled from three viral proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3). The major capsid protein, VP2, is the main target for PPV neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development. In this study, PPV-VP2 protein was expressed in silkworm larvae, and its antigenicity and production were compared with those in B. mori cells (Bm5). The recombinant VP2 protein was expressed successfully in silkworm larvae and Bm5 cells with a size of approximately 64 kDa. The formation of virus-like particles (VLPs) by recombinant PPV-VP2 was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy. The recombinant PPV-VP2 protein assembled into spherical particles with diameters ranging from 20 to 22 nm. The antigenicity of PPV-VLPs was comparatively analyzed between Bm5 cells and silkworm larvae by ELISA, hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition assays. Consequently, it was confirmed that the PPV-VLPs produced in the silkworm larvae were more antigenic than VLPs produced in Bm5 cells. Therefore, it is expected that economical and effective vaccine development will be possible by mass production of PPV-VLPs in silkworm larvae.     

不同载体表达的人类细小病毒B19壳蛋白VP2的抗原性比较研究

构建表达质粒pcDNA3 VP2,将其转染CHO细胞建立了稳定表达的细胞系;用间接免疫荧光法和Western印迹证明了表达的VP2蛋白的特异性。对昆虫杆状病毒系统表达的VP2蛋白作初步纯化。分别用由大肠杆菌、CHO细胞和昆虫杆状病毒表达系统表达的VP2蛋白,以间接免疫荧光法和ELISA法检测人群血清中的VP2抗体,结果表明,间接免疫荧光法的敏感性高于ELISA法。     

新型鸭细小病毒样颗粒的制备及鉴定

【背景】鸭短喙侏儒综合征(beak atrophy and dwarfism syndrome, BADS)是由新型鸭细小病毒(novel duck Parvovirus, NDPV)感染导致雏鸭生长发育迟缓、上下喙萎缩的疾病。BADS的暴发给我国养鸭业造成了巨大的经济损失。【目的】利用大肠杆菌表达系统制备NDPV病毒样颗粒(virus-like particles, VLPs),为研制NDPV相关疫苗奠定基础。【方法】对NDPV VP2序列全长进行密码子优化、合成,连接至pColdTF表达载体,获得pColdTF-NDPV-VP2重组质粒,酶切、测序鉴定正确后将重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达,利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE)对蛋白表达进行可溶性分析;使用凝血酶(thrombin)切除trigger factor (TF)标签,利用镍柱(Ni-NTA)亲和层析方法纯化重组蛋白;利用Western blotting对纯化后的VP2蛋白进行反应原性分析;利用透射电镜、动态光散射观察重组蛋白形态以及能否形成VLPs。【结果】构建了pColdTF-NDPV-VP2重组质粒,在大肠杆菌中主要以可溶性形式表达,融合蛋白TF-VP2大小约为115 kDa,去除TF标签经镍柱纯化后得到67 kDa的VP2蛋白;Western blotting试验表明VP2蛋白能与NDPV鸭阳性血清发生特异性结合;通过透射电镜可以观察到形状规则、直径约为20−25 nm的病毒样颗粒。【结论】利用大肠杆菌表达系统制备了NDPV VLPs,为下一步研发BADS相关亚单位疫苗及生物相关制品提供了基础。     

Chemiluminescence immunoassay for the rapid and sensitive detection of antibody against porcine parvovirus by using horseradish peroxidase/detection antibody‐coated gold nanoparticles as nanoprobes

A rapid, simple, facile, sensitive and enzyme‐amplified chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) method to detect antibodies against porcine parvovirus has been developed. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the detection antibody were simultaneously co‐immobilized on the surface of gold nanoparticles using the electrostatic method to form gold nanoparticle‐based nanoprobes. This nanoprobe was employed in a sandwich‐type CLIA, which enables CL signal readout from enzymatic catalysis and results in signal amplification. The presence of porcine parvovirus infection was determined in porcine parvovirus antibodies by measuring the CL intensity caused by the reaction of HRP–luminol with H₂O₂. Under optimal conditions, the obtained calibration plot for the standard positive serum was approximately linear within the dilution range of 1:80 to 1:5120. The limit of detection for the assay was 1:10,240 (S/N = 3), which is much lower than that typically achieved with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (1:160; S/N = 3). A series of repeatability measurements using 1:320‐fold diluted standard positive serum gave reproducible results with a relative standard deviation of 4.9% (n = 11). The ability of the immunosensor to analyze clinical samples was tested on porcine sera. The immunosensor had an efficiency of 90%, a sensitivity of 93.3%, and a specificity of 87.5% relative to the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus structural protein VP1 in tobacco chloroplasts

A tobacco chloroplast expression vector, pTRVP1, containing the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1 gene and the selective marker aadA gene, was constructed and transferred to tobacco by biolistic method. Three resistant lines were obtained through spectinomycin selection, and each transgenic line was subjected to a second round of spectinomycin selection. PCR and PCR southern blot analysis revealed that the VP1 gene had integrated into the chloroplast genome. Western blot and quantification ELISA assays indicated that the VP1 gene was expressed in tobacco chloroplasts and accounted for 2–3% of total soluble protein. This suggested that plant chloroplasts were an efficient expression system for the potential production of recombinant antigens in plants.     

Synthesis and assembly of a cholera toxin B subunit-rotavirus VP7 fusion protein in transgenic potato

A gene encoding VP7, the outer capsid protein of simian rotavirus SA11, was fused to the carboxyl terminus of the cholera toxin B subunit gene. A plant expression vector containing the fusion gene under control of the mannopine synthase P₂ promoter was introduced into Solanum tuberosum cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The CTB::VP7 fusion gene was detected in the genomic DNA of transformed potato leaf cells by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification methods. Immunoblot analysis of transformed potato tuber tissue extracts showed that synthesis and assembly of the CTB::VP7 fusion protein into oligomers of pentameric size occurred in the transformed plant cells. The binding of CTB::VP7 fusion protein pentamers to sialo-sugar containing GM1 ganglioside receptors on the intestinal epithelial cell membrane was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA results showed that the CTB::VP7 fusion protein made up approx 0.01% of the total soluble tuber protein. Synthesis and assembly of CTB::VP7 monomers into biologically active pentamers in transformed potato tubers demonstrates the feasibility of using edible plants as a mucosal vaccine for the production and delivery system for rotavirus capsid protein antigens.     

基于猪细小病毒病毒样颗粒的结肠癌靶向纳米载体的构建

【目的】获得具有结肠靶向的纳米载体。【方法】采用SOE-PCR方法将具有结肠靶向的TK肽序列插入到猪细小病毒(PPV)结构蛋白VP2的环2和环4区域得到TK-vp2(?vp2)基因,在Bac-to-Bac?杆状病毒表达系统中构建、表达和自组装。【结果】通过SOE-PCR方法扩增获得?vp2基因,在Bac-to-Bac?杆状病毒表达系统中构建得到Bacmid-?vp2,经脂质体转染至Sf9昆虫细胞得到重组杆状病毒。直接免疫荧光试验、SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测结果表明?VP2蛋白在Bac-to-Bac?杆状病毒表达系统中获得融合表达,目的蛋白约70 k D;透射电子显微镜结果显示?VP2能自组装形成病毒样颗粒(TK-VLPs),直径范围在22 nm-30 nm。【结论】获得纳米载体TK-VLPs,为进一步研究其作为结肠靶向的纳米载体奠定物质基础。     

Formation of empty B19 parvovirus capsids by the truncated minor capsid protein.

We previously reported that empty capsids of B19 parvovirus were formed by the major capsid protein (VP2) alone expressed in a baculovirus system, but the minor capsid protein (VP1), longer by 227 amino acids, alone did not form empty capsids. We report here further investigations of the constraints on capsid formation by truncated versions of VP1. Studies were performed with recombinant baculoviruses expressed in Sf9 cells. Severely shortened VP1, extended beyond the VP2 core sequence by about 70 amino acids of the unique region, formed capsids normal in appearance; longer versions of VP1 also formed capsids but did so progressively less efficiently and produced capsids of more markedly dysmorphic appearance as the VP1-unique region was lengthened.     

Expression and Purification of a Functional Porcine Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 1

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) plays a vital role in the pathogen-triggered amplification loop required for proinflammatory responses. Blockade of TREM-1 signaling may inhibit expansion of sepsis and prolong survival of animals. In the present study, the gene of porcine soluble TREM-1 was cloned and expressed in E. coli. After purification, the bioactivity of recombinant porcine soluble TREM-1 was tested in vitro on porcine alveolar macrophages. The results showed that supplementation with the recombinant porcine sTREM-1 protein rapidly and dose-dependently attenuated the upregulation of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-16, IL-18, and TNF-α) caused by LPS stimulation in the cultured porcine alveolar macrophages. These results indicate that the recombinant porcine sTREM-1 protein can prevent TREM-1-mediated hyperinflammatory responses after exposure to LPS.     

猪细小病毒VP2与大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位在干酪乳杆菌表面共表达

将分别编码猪细小病毒(PPV)主要免疫保护性抗原VP2蛋白与大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位(LTB)基因插入乳酸杆菌细胞表面表达载体pPG中, 成功构建了重组表达载体pPG-VP2-LTB, 将其电转化干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus casei 393, 获得了表达猪细小病毒VP2-LTB融合蛋白的重组乳酸菌表达系统, 经2%乳糖诱导, SDS-PAGE和Western-blot检测表明, 有大小约78 kD的蛋白得到了表达, 具有与天然病毒蛋白一样的抗原特异性, 全细胞ELISA结果表明, LTB同     

Canine Parvovirus VP2 Protein Expressed in Silkworm Pupae Self-Assembles into Virus-Like Particles with High Immunogenicity

The VP2 structural protein of parvovirus can produce virus-like particles (VLPs) by a self-assembly process in vitro, making VLPs attractive vaccine candidates. In this study, the VP2 protein of canine parvovirus (CPV) was expressed using a baculovirus expression system and assembled into parvovirus-like particles in insect cells and pupae. Electron micrographs of VLPs showed that they were very similar in size and morphology when compared to the wild-type parvovirus. The immunogenicity of the VLPs was investigated in mice and dogs. Mice immunized intramuscularly with purified VLPs, in the absence of an adjuvant, elicited CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell responses and were able to elicit a neutralizing antibody response against CPV, while the oral administration of raw homogenates containing VLPs to the dogs resulted in a systemic immune response and long-lasting immunity. These results demonstrate that the CPV-VLPs stimulate both cellular and humoral immune responses, and so CPV-VLPs may be a promising candidate vaccine for the prevention of CPV-associated disease.     

犬细小病毒VP2亲水性编码区的表达与免疫原性分析

目的：探讨犬细小病毒VP2亲水性编码区的免疫原性,为进一步研究基因工程亚单位疫苗奠定基础。方法：利用蛋白质分析软件Protean对已克隆的犬细小病毒VP2基因序列进行分析,选择亲水性好、抗原性强的293-520位氨基酸区域（命名为VP2S）作为靶序列,然后以已有VP2序列作为模版通过PCR扩增的方法获得VP2S,将VP2S克隆入pQE-31载体获得pQE-31-VP2S;将pQE-31-VP2S的原核表达产物经Western-blotting确认后免疫小鼠,用血凝抑制试验测定抗体水平。结果：293～520位氨基酸区域的亲水性好、抗原性强;重组质粒pQE-31-VP2S可成功表达大约29KDa的能被CPV抗血清识别的VP2S;VP2S能诱导小鼠产生高滴度的血凝抑制（HI）抗体（25）。结论：VP2S具有较强的免疫原性,能作为基因工程亚单位疫苗进行开发研究。     

猪圆环病毒2型－细小病毒－伪狂犬重组病毒免疫小鼠试验研究

为了研究表达猪2型圆环病毒ORF2基因和猪细小病毒VP2基因的重组伪狂犬病毒疫苗株SA215(D)的疫苗价值,对该病毒株安全性、免疫原性、保护力及对PRV Fa株定值进行了研究。研究结果表明重组病毒SA215（D）毒力显著低于PRV Fa强毒株,可以抵御伪狂犬病强毒Fa株的攻击,并能抵御其在小鼠体内的定植;抗体检测显示SA215（D）免疫小鼠后第2周抗PRV、PCV2和PPV的抗体水平均很低,加强免疫后第4周抗体水平大幅上升,且显著高于阴性对照组,而与阳性对照组无明显差异,表明SA215（D）可诱导小鼠产生体液免疫反应。淋巴细胞增殖试验显示SA215（D）可诱导小鼠产生较强的淋巴细胞增殖反应,与亲本株SA215组相比,差异显著(0.01     

Report of a collaborative study to calibrate the Second International Standard for parvovirus B19 antibody

A collaborative study was undertaken to assess the suitability of a replacement for the First International Standard for parvovirus B19 IgG, human serum and to calibrate it in IU. The proposed standard, which is a pool of sera from 16 US blood donors, was assayed along with the First International Standard, a coded duplicate of the proposed standard and a plasma sample from a single blood donor. Nine laboratories from eight countries participated in the studies and five different assay kits were used. Two kits contained VP1+VP2, one kit contained VP1 only and two kits, one of which was used by five participants contained VP2 only. Differences in detection of the proposed standard and the individual plasma were observed with assay kits containing different antigens, VP1, VP2 or VP1+VP2. However, since VP1 is a minor capsid protein and on its own does not assemble into virus like particles and the dominant response in individuals appears to be against VP2, it was considered reasonable to utilize only the data from kits containing VP2 antigen for the calibration of the proposed standard. The results of this study demonstrated that the proposed standard coded 01/602 was suitable to serve as the replacement International Standard for parvovirus B19, serum IgG, and this preparation was established as the Second International Standard for parvovirus B19 antibody, plasma human, with an assigned unitage of 77 IU per ampoule by the Expert Committee on Biological Standardisation of the World Health Organisation in February 2003.