Nematode Community Structure in Forest Woodlots. II. Ordination of Nematode Communities

Intersite relationships among nematode communities of 18 Indiana mixed hardwood stands of varying composition, soils, physiography and past management practices were determined by community ordination techniques. All sites were sampled in April, July and October of 1968 and 1969, and ordinations were based on the number of individuals of each nematode species at each site at each sampling period. The resulting groupings correlated well with groupings based on forest types and successional stages of the tree communities at the sites, and also with groupings based on well-defined soil types. Results were similar to those obtained previously with a resemblance equation which used qualitative data only; but the present study provided more information on species associations and relationships and ecological distance between sites.     

Evaluation of secondary dispersal in a large-seeded tree Aesculus turbinata: a test of directed dispersal

Gap characteristics and gap phase replacement of major tree species were examined in two primary old-growth (mean DBHs of the canopy trees were 45.2 and 56.1 cm) and four secondary developing (range of mean DBH of the canopy trees was 23.5–39.9 cm) beech (Fagus crenata) stands in the Daisen Forest Reserve, southwestern Japan, and these were analyzed in relation to stand development as expressed by the difference of mean DBH of canopy trees. Percentage gap area (percentage of total gap area to total surveyed area) and mean and maximum gap size varied widely and ranged from 1.7 to 20.0%, from 19.4 to 162.8 m2, and from 35.7 to 585.1 m2, respectively. Mean percentage gap area and mean gap size were significantly greater in old-growth than in developing stands. However, they and maximum gap size might not increase linearly with stand development, and the gap feature of less developed stands was greater than that of later stages in developing stands. The cause was a higher formation rate, in younger developing stands, of gaps formed by simultaneous death (multiple trees falling down in domino fashion) which tends to produce larger gaps. In developing stands mean DBH of gapmakers (canopy trees that formed a gap) was smaller than that of canopy trees, though the inverse trend might be found in old-growth stands. Three typical types of death or injury states of gapmakers such as standing dead, trunk broken and uprooted were found in every study stand and the difference in stand development may not cause stand-to-stand variations for them. Importance of F. crenata (the most dominant species) in the canopy layer increased and its importance in the understory layer decreased with stand development. Shade-intolerant Quercus mongolica in the canopy layer was more important in younger than in old-growth stands, and there was no Quercus regeneration in old-growth stands. Acer mono consistently appeared, though in much less abundance than other species, in both canopy and understory layers of all study stands. Sub-canopy layers, which are mainly formed by sub-canopy tree species such as Acanthopanax sciadophylloides and Acer japonicum, may gradually develop with stand development.p>     

Nematode Community Structure of Forest Woodlots. I. Relationships Based on Similarity Coefficients of Nematode Species

Associations among nematode communities were studied in 18 Indiana mixed-hardwood stands of varying composition, soils, physiography, and past management practices. All sites were sampled in April, July, and October of 1968 and 1969. A total of 175 species representing eight orders were found, with 18 species occurring in all 18 sites, and approximately half the total species occurring in more than 50% of the sites. Taxonomic similarity, based on nematode species composition, was determined for the woodlots by means of a resemblance equation. Woodlots containing similar nematode species also showed similarities in dominant tree species and in soil types. Sites that had undergone major disturbances were the most dissimilar.     

复合茶园光照强度的研究

复合茶园能提高茶叶的产量和质量已是不争的事实．然而复合茶园内的光照强度必须符合茶树生长发育需要，过强或过弱都将影响茶叶的产量和品质．因此，研究复合茶园内的光照强度具有重要的理论与实践意义．而计算茶园内各点的光照强度的关键问题是要解决间作树的消光率，通过间作树冠层消光率的计算就可算出茶园各点的光照强度，以作复合茶园设计和调控之依据.     

安徽省马尾松人工林气候生产潜力的初步研究

本文对马尾松人工林光能生产潜力和气候生产潜力进行了测算,并在Lieth模式的基础上,应用主要生态因子拟合了计算马尾松林生产力的数学模式。对模式计算值和实测生物量的分析均表明：黄山外围低丘地带的马尾松林气候生产力最高,江淮丘陵南部次之,江淮分水岭以北最低。生产量和经济产量的增产潜力分别为1.3×103–4 ×103kg／ha·a和2.7–6.3m3／ha·a,可增产率分别为10.8–37.8%和38.8–134.1%。     

广州白云山风景名胜区主要林分类型凋落物的研究

1　引　　言在森林生态系统功能的研究中 ,凋落物是重要的研究对象 ,历来受到重视[1～ 3 ,8] .凋落物是森林生态系统内物质循环的重要环节 ,是实现植物营养元素生物小循环的载体 ,是林地具有自肥功能的根本原因 .它还对森林资源的保护和永续利用以及水源涵养和水土保持有重要意义 .白云山是广州著名的风景名胜区 ,被誉为广州的“肺腑” ,对广州市的环境建设有举足轻重的作用 .由于白云山的林分供休闲游憩 ,不能施用有异味的有机肥和化肥 ,森林凋落物成为林分生长的重要养分来源 .因此 ,研究白云山主要林分类型的凋落物数量、季节动态、养分…     

Population density, structure and early growth characteristics of Tarchonanthus camphoratus in a woodland at Naivasha, Kenya

A study on population density, structure, distribution and early growth characteristics of Tarchonanthus camphoratus was carried out on a Tarchonanthus‐dominated woodland. A line plot transect 4 km in length was laid out in a woodland along the altitudinal gradient capturing most of the observed vegetation variation. In total 34, 20 × 20 m plots were evaluated for their horizontal population structure and species composition. In addition, six more plots dominated by Tarchonanthus were monitored for coppice and shoot development for a period of 8 months. Understanding of growth and population characteristics of the dominant species in woodland is necessary for its effective management. Results indicate that the woodland can be delineated into three distinct stands by using cluster analysis based on location and composition. The diameter size class distribution of the woodland follows a reverse J curve, which indicate a normal uneven‐aged forest. Tarchonanthus camphoratus has a high regenerative power after cutting or burning, which indicates its high potential for sustainable management. It was concluded that the woodland could be stratified into distinct stands for management. Permanent sample plots should be established to determine the sustained yield, as size‐class distribution alone is insufficient. A management and utilization schedule based on distinct stands is recommended.     

Psammophytic woodlands of the steppe zone in Inner Mongolia

Originated from various vegetation types, psammophytic woodlands on sandy dunes of the steppe zone in Inner Mongolia are rather diverse. The commonest types are woodlands with Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, P. tabulaeformis, Picea meyeri, Juniperus rigida, Populus davidiana, and Betula platyphylla. In Daqinggou of Horqin sandy land, a mixed broad-leaved woodland consists of Quercus, Acer, Fraxinus, Juglans, Chosenia, Populus, and Ulmus. Palaeoecological evidence demonstrates that these woodland stands are Middle Holocene remnants. The plant communities of psammophytic woodlands are simplified in floristic composition and structure. The relict woodland stands play an important role in the conservation and restoration of vegetation in Inner Mongolia. Only three nature reserves of relict woodland types in Inner Mongolia have been established. Based on this study, an additional reserve is suggested to conserve the complex of psammophytic woodlands.     

中国东部主要松林营养元素循环的比较研究

 中国的松林主要分布在亚热带和温带地区,在亚热带和温带地区东部主要是马尾松林、华山松林、油松林、红松林和樟子松林。松林由于树种、起源和年龄的差别,其生物量的变化幅度较大,在65～200t·hm-2之间(东北地区的原始红松林最高生物量可达360t·hm-2),松林的生物量表现出区域分异的特点。即从南到北随着纬度的增加,林分的生物量有逐渐降低的趋势。松树针叶中5种主要营养元素含量表现为[N]>[K]≥[Ca]>[Mg]≥[P],而且营养元素表现出因种而异,N的含量为华山松≥马尾松>油松≥红松>樟子松,而P和K在油松和红松针叶中含量较高;Ca的含量表现出较大的波动,与其母岩关系密切。松林主要营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)的积累量中N一般占25％～40％,松林营养元素循环速率受生境,树种、年龄的影响,但总的来说,亚热带地区松林营养元素的循环速率高于温带地区松林。     

流域森林资源调查及生物量动态研究——以潭江流域为例

对潭江流域森林组分与生物量调查研究发现:与1990年比较,2002年整个流域的林业用地面积增加了18962.1hm2,增长4.48%。流域生物量以湿地松和马尾松占优势,分别占流域森林生物量的39.12%和21.38%,阔叶树占15.39%,桉树和杉树分别占9.08%和7.97%,其它树种只占7.06%,总体来说,流域平均生物量2002年比1995年提高了6.21t·hm-2,平均每年提高0.89t·hm-2。说明近十二年来,植树造林的生态效益逐步体现出来,但同时也存在生物群落以马尾松、湿地松等先锋物种为主,森林结构单一的问题。通过分析研究,为潭江流域森林结构优化与科学管理提供依据。     

白桦天然种群木材化学成分的地理变异与相关性研究

以东北地区5个天然白桦种群为研究对象,进行了木材的化学成分分析。结果表明：除1% NaOH抽出物、综纤维素、聚戊糖外,种群间化学成分含量差异都显著,并且各种群变异较大,这为白桦纸浆材种群间选择和种群内选择提供了可能。白桦天然种群间灰分与苯醇抽出物含量呈显著正相关,综纤维素与聚戊糖含量呈显著正相关。灰分和抽出物含量的变异与经度呈一定程度负相关,综纤维素和聚戊糖与纬度呈一定程度正相关,木素与纬度呈一定程度负相关。这表明,选择较高经纬度地区的白桦,可以降低灰分、抽出物、木素含量,提高综纤维素和聚戊糖含量。     

广西典型土壤上不同林分的土壤肥力分析与综合评价

通过对广西山地黄壤、棕色石灰性土、赤红壤3种类型土壤上不同林分林下0—30cm土层土壤的pH值,有机质,全量N、P、K,速效N、P、K及CEC(阳离子交换量)等肥力因子的比较和综合评价,研究了3种类型土壤不同林分下的肥力演变状况。结果表明:不同林分对土壤肥力状况影响不同,山地黄壤上松木林和成年桦林土壤有机质含量分别是自然林的2.55和3.16倍,而新植桦林土壤速效养分明显高于自然林;棕色石灰性土上任豆林的有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和CEC含量均为较高,而枇杷林的pH值明显比另外3种林分的低;赤红壤上种植第2代的速生桉林碱解氮含量明显比马尾松针阔叶自然林低,而有机质、全氮、全钾、速效钾均略高于自然林。不同类型土壤的综合评价结果表明,山地黄壤上自然林松林西南桦林;棕色石灰性土4种林分土壤的综合评价是任豆林≈竹林枇杷林=银合欢;赤红壤上马尾松针阔叶自然林≈第2代速生桉林。     

Evaluation of sulphur cycling in managed forest stands by means of stable S-isotope analysis

Sulphur cycling was evaluated in a 20 to 60 year old Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) ecosystem in the Black Forest near Schluchsee, SW Germany, by means of stable sulphur isotope analysis.Soil and plant material were analysed for S-content and S-isotopic composition to gather information on the S-distribution in the ecosystem. Two out of three adjacent watershed areas, highly comparable to each other were fertilized with MgSO₄ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ respectively, where sulphate was enriched in the ³⁴S-isotope compared to the sulphur present in the ecosystem. As the fertilizer S served as a tracer, comparison of the S-isotopic composition of total and inorganic S in the soil and S in spruce needles from both the treated and the control sites led to new information of S-turnover processes.The S-isotopic composition of spruce needles changed markedly after the fertilizer application. Within half a year a shift towards the S-isotopic composition of the fertilizers sulphate indicated uptake of the sulphate by the trees, although this uptake did not become visible with the S content of the needles.Regarding the soil, a shift in the S-isotopic composition of the total sulphur was not that striking as with the needles, although the phosphate extractable sulphate showed a clear shift towards the S-isotopic composition of the fertilizer sulphate.     

Biodiversity conservation and systemic silviculture: Concepts and applications

Abstract

Classic silviculture and management, with the aim of predicting regeneration rate and producing a constant yield of merchantable wood, have simplified many forests, often transforming natural forests into plantations or coppices. To conserve forest complexity and biodiversity, silviculture and forest management should change the reference paradigm and consider forest ecosystems as complex biological systems characterized by the inherent unpredictability of their trajectories in a continuously changing environment. The new Management Plan for the Vallombrosa Forest (Florence, Italy), a State Nature Reserve and a Natura 2000 Site, is based on this approach. The aim is the gradual evolution of the pure silver fir stands toward mixed stands with a complex structure. Most of the species considered by Natura 2000 depend on an increase of structural diversity at different space and time scales. The management approach proposed by the new plan is coherent with this aim and thus biodiversity conservation is not in conflict with forest management but is, instead, a direct consequence of the systemic approach.     

Litter Fall Dynamics of Restored Mangroves (Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. and Sonneratia alba Sm.) in Kenya

Mangrove forests are active carbon sinks and important for nutrient cycling in coastal ecosystems. Restoration of degraded mangrove habitats enhances return of ecosystem goods and services, including carbon sequestration. Our objective was to assess the restoration of primary productivity of reforested mangrove stands in comparison with natural reference stands in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Litter fall data were collected in nine Rhizophora mucronata and Sonneratia alba monospecific stands by use of litter traps over 2 years. Litter was emptied monthly, dried, sorted, and weighed. The reforested and natural stands showed seasonality patterns only in the production of reproductive material. Leaves constituted the highest percentage to total litter fall. Litter productivity rates for the R. mucronata stands were not significantly different and ranged from 6.61–10.15 to 8.36–11.02 t ha^?1 yr^?1 for the restored and natural stands, respectively. The productivity of 5 years R. mucronata stands reached 5.22 t ha^?1 yr^?1 and was significantly different from other stands. Litter productivity rates for S. alba stands was 7.77–7.85 for the restored stands and 10.15 t ha^?1 yr^?1 for the natural stand but differences were not significant. Our results indicate that plantations of at least 11 years have attained litter productivity rates comparable to the natural forests. This suggests that productivity of replanted mangroves is likely to reach complete recovery by this age under the prevailing environmental conditions.     

Ochyraea tatrensis gen. et spec. nov., a remarkable pleurocarpous moss from Czechoslovakia

Abstract

A new pleurocarpous moss genus and species, Ochyraea tatrensis Váňa, known only from a single collection from the Nízké Tatry Mts (Czechoslovakia) is described and figured. This genus is placed in the recently described family Hypnobartlettiaceae.     

Diatoms and pollen in a trial core from Sandwich Harbour,South West Africa (Namibia)

Sandwich Harbour forms a largely enclosed bay and extensive lagoon system that receives a limited subsurface, freshwater inflow from the Kuiseb River. It has been suggested that the Kuiseb River contributed more freshwater to Sandwich Harbour in the past, and that the river has since been displaced northwards towards Walvis Bay. Pollen and diatom analyses were carried out on a trial core from the central inshore region of the harbour to determine whether sufficient biological material for extensive studies had been preserved, whether the sediments were undisturbed and whether changes in salinity were evident. Pollen was not preserved in sufficient quantities to analyse but diatoms were abundant in the upper portion of the core. Diatom analysis indicated that the sediments were relatively undisturbed. The earliest sediments were dominated by a freshwater soil flora, and this was displaced by a marine littoral flora with brackish and freshwater diatoms increasing in frequency in the uppermost sediments. The increase in brackish forms is correlated with the formation of a sandbar across the harbour at the end of the last century. Further analyses of the present day flora and sediment cores from different parts of the harbour should provide a clear indication of the history and development of the area, especially the role played by the Kuiseb River.     

马尾松林节肢动物群落的组成及多样性

在不采取任何营林和治虫措施的皖南九连山林场马尾松纯林中设林分相似的2块样地,面积均为22m×22m。1997年1月～1998年12月,每月1次垂直分层对两样地节肢动物群落的调查表明每样地植食性、捕食性、寄生性昆虫和蜘蛛类群的物种数占该样地总物种数的百分比分别约52%、14%、8%和20%;每样地的益害物种数之比都约为11.2;益害个体数之比是15.7和16.6;相同林间层次的优势目昆虫或优势种蜘蛛相同;每样地的物种数量都是以灌木草本层最多,依次为乔木层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层。两样地乔木层、灌木草本层、土壤层和枯枝落叶层的节肢动物平均个体数百分率分别为39.6%、33.1%、22.8%和4.6%。3～8月物种数和多样性指数较大,5、8月为物种数高峰期。主成分分析显示群落的稳定性较差。     

黑龙江省帽儿山林区6种主要林分类型凋落物研究

对帽儿山林区水曲柳、落叶松等六种主要林分的年凋落量、凋落物组成及分解动态进行了观测。结果表明：(1) 六种林分的年凋落量分别为水曲柳(5.57 t·hm^-2)、蒙古栎(4. t·hm^-2)、山杨(4.27 t·hm^-2)、落叶松(4.08 t·hm^-2)、红松(5.62 t·hm^-2)、樟子松(5.56 t·hm^-2);(2) 六种林分其叶的年凋落量占年总凋落量的比例明显大于其它组分,是其凋落物中的主要组成部分;(3) 经过近1a时间的分解,测得六种林分凋落叶分解速率依次为：水曲柳>樟子松>落叶松>山杨>蒙古栎>红松;经模拟研究表明,水曲柳凋落叶95%分解需3.5 a;蒙古栎需8.0 a;山杨需6.7 a;落叶松需6.6 a;红松需8.8 a;樟子松需4.4 a。     

同龄纯林自然稀疏过程的经验模型研究

应用-3/2法则及广义Schumacher生长方程导出同龄纯林自然稀疏过程中密度随时间变化规律新模型,采用遗传算法对非线性模型参数进行最优估计.以山杨、云南松、杉木等树种同龄纯林自疏过程中密度随时间变化资料对新模型进行了验证,并与前人提出的主要森林自疏过程密度随时间变化规律模型进行了对比.结果表明,所提出的同龄纯林自疏规律模型能很好地拟合实际观测资料,具有良好的使用价值;新模型拟合效果较前人提出的自疏规律模型效果均更佳,说明新模型是一个描述同龄纯林自疏过程密度随时间变化规律的理想经验模型,可在森林自疏规律研究中应用.杉木林自疏过程密度变化规律的研究可为南方林区杉木林经营管理提供参考.