Taphonomic windows and molluscan preservation

Recent studies on silicified fossil biotas have suggested that substantial skewing of the molluscan record resulted from early aragonite dissolution in mid-outer carbonate ramp settings. If those rare skeletal lagerstätten are representative, then the quality and completeness of the molluscan record are thrown into doubt. Yet database studies suggest that the bivalve fossil record is actually relatively complete. If so, then biodiversity must be captured by other processes that preserved shells vulnerable to early dissolution, and which operated on a relatively high frequency, i.e., less than the species duration for bivalves.Storm beds, shell plasters and submarine hardgrounds are identified as fossil deposits that can preserve the labile aragonitic component of the fauna and thus represent potential taphonomic windows. Many storm event beds include rich accumulations of shelly benthos. Differences between storm bed faunas and those of the background facies could reflect transportation effects. However, some storm bed assemblages are rich in originally aragonitic infaunal bivalves that are not represented in background facies or more proximal shelf equivalents, and here rapid burial and removal of organic matter by winnowing may be the keys to aragonite shell preservation. Despite Palaeozoic to Cenozoic changes in the thickness and frequency of shell beds that reflect the predominant bioclast producers, shallow infaunas are commonly concentrated together with epifauna in such deposits.Some low energy, organic-rich mud-dominated settings are associated with preservation of aragonitic molluscs. Infaunal bivalves are a prominent component of shell plasters or pavements in such settings, linked to episodic bottom water anoxia. Decaying algal blooms drew the redox boundary up above the sediment–water interface, and brought populations of infaunal bivalves to the surface where they died. Isolated from the oxic taphonomically active zone, the shells were not dissolved and were buried as thin shell layers. In similar settings, aragonitic shells were preserved as moulds through early pyritisation, or even through preservation of original shell aragonite.In oxic environments, bioturbational reworking of surface sediment destroyed moulds of aragonitic shells after early dissolution. In some hardgrounds, these delicate moulds were preserved due to synsedimentary cementation, probably using carbonate released by aragonite dissolution. The examples included here come from both intervals of “calcite” and “aragonite” seas, and it is not possible to assess whether the saturation state (with respect to aragonite) of the ambient sea water played a role in the selective removal of aragonitic shells.While taphonomic windows may have captured the diversity of individual groups, it is clear from quantitative data involving skeletal lagerstätten that the scale of loss from early aragonite dissolution has drastically altered the trophic composition of some fossil assemblages commonly used as the basis for reconstructions of past communities.     

Geochemical environments of continental shelf-upper slope sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Geochemical environments were characterized for 14 sites along the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf and upper slope, in an effort to examine the relationship between sediment geochemistry and carbonate shell taphonomy in a long-term study—Shelf and Slope Experimental Taphonomy Initiative (SSETI). Three groups of environments of preservation (seep, near-seep, and shelf-and-slope) were identified based on their geochemical characteristics (i.e., oxygen uptake rate and penetration depth, pore-water saturation states, and carbonate dissolution fluxes). Diffusive oxygen uptake rate increased in the order of shelf-and-slope, near-seep, and seep, although carbonate dissolution flux did not show significant correlation with O₂ flux, presumably due to non-diffusive behavior at some sites. Using pore-water saturation indices with respect to aragonite and calcite and sedimentation rates, we defined a semi-quantitative parameter, carbonate dissolution index (CDI), to predict carbonate preservation potential during the taphonomic processes. Our limited database suggests that both the seep and the shelf-and-slope sediments may have higher carbonate preservation potential than the near-seep sediments.     

Quaternary dune carbonates from the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt: Petrography and diagenesis

Summary The Quaternary carbonates of the Mediterranean coast of Egypt between Alexandria and Salum appear as parallel limestone ridges rising up to 100 m above sea level. These ridges are dominated by dunal carbonates which differ not only in their primary composition but also by distinct grades of meteoric water diagenesis. Oolitic facies dominates the younger aeolianites of the first and second ridges. Bioclastic facies with abundant coralline algae, benthonic foraminifers, molluscs, echinoderms and intraclasts represents the major rock type in the older aeolianites. Features of meteoric water diagenesis include precipitation of increasing amounts of avoid-filling low Mg-calcite spar, dissolution of aragonite and stabilization of aragonite and high Mg-calcite to low Mg-calcite. Aeolianites below paleosol horizons contain abundant calcrete cements, micritized fossils and detrital grains which are commonly corroded and replaced by calcite. Three stages of progressive meteoric diagenesis are recognised in the Egyptian Quaternary aeolianites. In stage 1 minor precipitation of low Mg-calcite occurs at the grain boundaries. Stage 2 is marked by partial dissolution of aragonite, partial loss of high Mg-calcite and precipitation of low Mg-calcite in some pore spaces. In stage 3, most of the remaining pores are occluded by cementation. At the end of stage 3, Mg is removed from high Mg-calcite but some aragonite still persists. The early vadose cements are represented by miniscus, bridge and pendant cements. The phreatic cements were precipitated as bladed spar in the isopachous rims and equant spar in the intergranular and mouldic porosity. The late vadose cements are represented by micritic cements that were related to calcrete formation. Elemental behaviour during meteoric water diagenesis indicates that it leads to a gradual decrease in bulk Sr along with Na in progressively altered aeolianites. Mn distribution is controlled by the carbonate mineralogy (aragonite versus calcite) as well as the proximity of the aeolianites to the overlying paleosol horizons.     

Taphonomy and ichnology of cephalopod shells in a Maastrichtian chalk from Western Australia

The post-mortem history of a prolific Maastrichtian ammonite and nautiloid fauna preserved as phosphatic steinkerns in chalk of the upper Miria Formation of Western Australia is described. Sediment infilling of phragmocones, required for their fossilisation, was accomplished by means of perforations in the shell wall induced by the activity of abundant endoliths. These include borings ascribed to clionid sponges (Entobia), thallophytes, polychaete worms (including Caulostrepis and probable Maeandropolydora), phoronids (Talpina and Gnathichnus) and others of conjectural origin. Sediment infilling by this mechanism is considered to be more applicable to the taphonomy of phragmocones in general than sediment entry through the siphuncle and to be indicative of low sedimentation rates for the hosting strata. Nonheteromorph ammonites, and the nautiloid Cimomia, are preserved almost exclusively as phragmocones in the upper Miria Formation, and are numerically subordinate to the heteromorph Eubaculites which, together with Glyptoxoceras, is preserved predominantly as body chambers. This phragmocone/body chamber preservational contrast is attributed to the influence of shell shape on pre-burial mechanical abrasion. The apparent dominance of Eubaculites is considered to be largely a preservational artifact and ascribed to the ease with which body chambers were infilled, and thereby favoured for steinkern formation, relative to phragmocones. Phragmocones, or parts thereof. not filled with sediment were eliminated from the fossil record by diagenetic aragonite dissolution. Many ammonites with open umbilici have the early whorls missing. This we attribute to the trapping of sediment in the umbilicus prior to burial, preventing endolith attack whereby the early whorls avoided a sediment infilling. However, the protected inner whorls of involute ammonites and Cimomia, which have closed umbilici, and the inner whorls of evolute ammonites where a cemented umbilical plug supported the mouldic cavity left by shell dissolution, were preserved and were commonly infilled with calcite spar later in diagenesis. The dearth of cephalopod fossils in chalk underlying the upper Miria Formation is ascribed to diagenesis in which aragonite dissolution was not preceded by cementation.     

The effects of biofilms on chemical processes in surficial sediments

1. The objectives of the present work were: (a) to evaluate the effects of the development and the presence of a photosynthetically active algal biofilm on chemical fluxes and processes at the sediment–water interface; (b) to measure the effects of the biofilm on chemical concentration gradients in the bulk sediment; and (c) to monitor pH and dissolved oxygen concentration in the biofilm, and through the sediment–water interface using microelectrodes. 2. Two experiments were performed over a period of 8 weeks using a recirculating fluvarium channel containing river sediments with an exposed surface of 0.2 m² and 20 dm³ of overlying solution. The first experiment was in darkness with minimal effects of a photosynthetically active biofilm. The second experiment in natural light produced a complex photosynthetic biofilm involving a succession of diatoms, green algae and cyanobacteria. 3. The solution overlying the biofilm was monitored continuously for dissolved calcium, silicon, phosphorus, alkalinity and oxygen, as well as conductivity, temperature and pH. The surface of the sediment was also monitored for biological and physical changes as the biofilm developed. The overlying solution was analysed over a period of 48 h at 2-h intervals to examine the effects of a well-developed algal biofilm. At the end of the 48 h, pH and oxygen microelectrodes were used to measure gradients above and through the biofilm, and porewaters were analysed from sediments which had been longitudinally sectioned at a maximum depth resolution of 0.5 mm. 4. Biofilm development had a large influence on the composition of the overlying solution and the development of vertical concentration gradients of solutes in the porewater. Once a diatom community was established, the concentration of dissolved silicon was low (< 40 μm ), with all the silicon diffusing from the underlying sediment being consumed in the biofilm (≈ 0.026 μmol m^?2 s^?1 at the end of the experiment). 5. The concentrations of calcium, alkalinity and phosphorus in digested sediment increased near the sediment–water interface. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that calcite was formed at the surface. Estimation of the fluxes of alkalinity and calcium in the overlying solution were consistent with calcite formation during daylight and possible dissolution in darkness. The maximum precipitation flux of calcium was 0.87 μmol m^?2 s^?1 and the maximum net release flux was 0.89 μmol m^?2 s^?1. 6. The net loss of soluble reactive phosphorus from the overlying solution measured over the intensive sampling period of 48 h is consistent with a coprecipitation mechanism and a surface density of phosphorus included in the lattice of calcite of 0.097 μmol m^?2. Processes in the biofilm rather than diffusion from the sediment porewater control chemical fluxes of calcium, alkalinity and phosphorus from the sediment to the overlying water.     

The Effects of a Developing Biofilm on Chemical Changes across the Sediment-Water Interface in a Freshwater Environment

The development of a diatom biofilm on a river sediment was studied using a fluvarium channel with intensive investigations over a total duration of 16 days. The overlying solution was monitored for dissolved calcium, silicon and soluble reactive phosphorus, pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature. The surface of the sediment was sampled for chlorophyll a, algal cell density and porewater profile measurements of calcium concentration, pH and dissolved oxygen were made using microelectrodes. At the end of the experiment the sediment was longitudinally sectioned and porewaters isolated and analysed. A diatom biofilm developed within approximately 5 days leading to a decrease in the concentrations of dissolved silicon and phosphorus in the overlying solution. After approximately 270 hours, the dissolved silicon concentration remained low (average of 6.7 μM). As the diatom numbers increased, photosynthetic activity was evident from increases in dissolved oxygen and pH at the interface. By the end of the experiment diurnal changes in the overlying solution of dissolved calcium, alkalinity and soluble reactive phosphorus were evident. Vertical concentration gradients in dissolved calcium, phosphorus and silicon in the sediment porewater were found at the end of the experiment. The results are consistent with the development of a photosynthetically active diatom biofilm that acted as a barrier to the diffusion of silicon from the porewater. It also induced precipitation and dissolution of calcite and co-precipitation of phosphate with calcite. Chemical fluxes of silicon, calcium and phosphorus were estimated from concentration gradients in the sediment and found to be much smaller than fluxes measured from changes in the bulk solution indicating that processes at the sediment-water interface and biofilm mainly control the flux to the overlying solution.     

Oxygen concentration profiles and exchange in sediment cores with circulated overlying water

SUMMARY. 1. The overlying water of intact sediment cores was constantly stirred with an impeller at a rate sufficient to mix turbulently the water column and maintain the diffusive boundary layer at a determined thickness. The system allowed standardization of water circulation in laboratory sediment core experiments.
2. Both oxygen concentration and oxygen penetration depth in the sediments decreased, the former by 70% and the latter from 4.2 mm to 2.0 mm, when the overlying water was not stirred for 24 h, as measured with oxygen microelectrodes in a lake sediment core.
3. Oxygen profiles measured in sediment cores in the laboratory were similar to those measured in situ when the overlying water was stirred with an impeller at such a rate that a similar thickness of the diffusive boundary layer at the sediment-water interface developed in the laboratory as that in situ.
4. Sediment oxygen consumption was calculated from: (1) measured oxygen profiles in the diffusive boundary layer and the molecular diffusion coefficient for oxygen in water; (2) the measured oxygen decrease in the top of the sediments and the estimated diffusion coefficient in the sediment; and (3) by oxygen differences in the overlying water after incubation of sediment cores.     

光照对水环境变化和沉积物吸收磷酸盐的影响

在富氧和缺氧环境下室内模拟研究光照对清洁湖区沉积物吸收磷酸盐和对上覆水质变化的影响.结果表明,光照使缺氧环境上覆水体中的pH值显著提高,并增加其溶解氧的含量.上覆水体中磷酸盐浓度的变化在实验初期主要受水-沉积物界面溶解氧含量的影响,表现为富氧组磷酸盐的浓度下降迅速,但随实验时间的推移,光照逐渐起主要作用,表现为实验结束时有光条件下的磷酸盐浓度明显低于无光条件,磷酸盐的减少量和减少速度明显高于无光条件.无论是富氧、缺氧,还是有光、无光,当上覆水体中磷酸盐的浓度很高时,沉积物都能够吸收磷酸盐,但吸收量各不相同.光照对沉积物吸收上覆水中溶解性无机磷酸盐(DIP)的影响受缺氧和富氧环境的限制.     

Oxygen and carbon isotope studies in recent foraminifera from the southwest Indian ocean

Eighteen species of planktonic foraminifera have been analyzed for their oxygen and carbon isotopic composition in five Recent samples of deep-sea sediment from the southwest Indian Ocean; one sample of glacial age and one mid-Holocene sample were also studied. On the basis of oxygen isotopic composition three groups are recognized. Species in the first group (Globigerinoides ruber, G. sacculifer and G. conglobatus; G. Globigerina rubescens and Globigerinita glutinata) calcity in the near-surface Tropical Water, so that the oxygen isotopic composition of their test carbonate may be used to indicate surface temperature. Species in the second group (Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Orbulina universa, Globigerinella siphonifera and Sphaeroidinella dehiscens) are associated with the sub-surface high-salinity Subtropical Water, so that their oxygen isotope composition indicates trends in the temperature of this water mass. The third group (the species of Globorotalia) calcity in the deeper Central Water. The average oxygen isotopic composition of each Globorotalia species is more or less constant over the range studied and does not reflect the surface temperature trend.The carbon isotopic composition of three species (Globigerina rubescens, Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerinita glutinata indicate departure from isotopic equilibrium by at least 3%₀. Among the remaining species the variation of carbon isotopic composition with depth (where depth is inferred from the temperature estimated from oxygen isotopic composition) implies that N. dutertrei, P. obliquiloculata and G. siphonifera occupy the shallow subsurface oxygen minimum, while the deeper-dwelling globorotaliids approach the deeper oxygen minimum. Hence it is possible, despite scatter among the data, to discern the pattern of oxygen content with depth in the overlying water masses from an examination of oxygen and carbon isotopic composition among foraminiferal species in the sediment. This promises to be an exciting new tool for palaeo-oceanographic investigations.     

Formation of large carbonate concretions in black cherts in the Gufeng Formation (Guadalupian) at Enshi,South China

The formation of carbonate concretions is a cementation process which passively infills the pore spaces within sediments. They record the original environments of deposition and diagenetic conditions of the host rocks. Little is known about the precise mechanisms responsible for the precipitation of carbonate concretions. The most common host rocks are mudstones/shales, sandstones, and limestones. This study presents an example of large carbonate concretions from an unusual host rock, the black bedded cherts of the Gufeng Formation (Guadalupian) at Enshi on the northern Yangtze Platform, South China. Petrographic observations (X‐ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy) and multiple geochemical analyses (pyrite‐ and carbonate‐associated‐sulfate (CAS)‐sulfur isotopes, carbon isotopes) indicate that (a) the studied carbonate concretion are mainly composed of micritic calcite with subordinate dolomite; (b) the concretions may have been mainly formed in the bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) zone during very early diagenesis near the sediment–water surface; (c) the paleo‐bottom water overlying the sediments during formation of the concretions was mainly euxinic; and (d) the growth of the studied concretions proceeded via a pervasive model, where later cementation phase initiated in the lower part of the concretions and progressed upward.     

Sediment Fe:PO4 ratio as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for the restoration of macrophyte biodiversity in fen waters

1. Globally, freshwater wetlands, including fen waters, are suffering from biodiversity loss due to eutrophication, water shortage and toxic substances, and to mitigate these pressures numerous restoration projects have been launched. Water quality data are generally used to evaluate the chances of reestablishment of aquatic vegetation in fen waters and shallow peat lakes. Here we investigated whether sediment characteristics, which are less prone to fluctuate in time, would result in more reliable predictions. 2. To test if sediment characteristics can indeed be used not only for an easy and early diagnosis of nutrient availability and water quality changes in fen waters, but also for the prognosis of biodiversity response, we recorded the aquatic vegetation and collected surface water, sediment pore water and sediment samples in 145 fen waters in the Netherlands, Ireland and Poland. 3. Endangered macrophyte species were more closely related to surface water chemistry than common species in terms of occurrence and abundance. Sites featuring endangered species appeared to have significantly lower turbidity and pH, and lower concentrations of SO₄, PO₄, total phosphorus (TP) and NH₄ than other sites. 4. PO₄ and TP concentrations in the water layer increased markedly at PO₄ concentrations above 5–10 μmol L^?1 in the sediment pore water. High surface water PO₄ and TP concentrations appeared to be SO₄‐induced and only occurred below certain threshold values for pore water Fe:PO₄ (3.5 mol mol^?1) and total sediment Fe:P (10 mol mol^?1). 5. Interestingly, the occurrence of endangered species also correlated strongly with sediment and sediment pore water ratios; the number of endangered species increased markedly at pore water Fe:PO₄ ratios above 1 mol mol^?1, whereas their actual abundance had the greatest increase at ratios above 10 mol mol^?1. Additionally, endangered species seemed to be more sensitive to accumulation of potentially toxic substances such as sulphide and ammonium than non‐endangered species. 6. As an indicator of both biogeochemical processes and biodiversity, pore water Fe:PO₄ ratios could be a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool for the restoration of water quality and biodiversity in fen waters, e.g. for selecting the most promising sites for restoration and for optimization of restoration measures.     

Geochemical processes of iron and manganese in a seasonally stratified lake affected by coal-mining drainage in China

Lake water, pore water, and sediments were sampled in a seasonally stratified lake affected by coal-mining drainage. Contrasting geochemical processes of iron and manganese in summer were investigated by studying the seasonal distributions of iron and manganese species in the water column, pore water, and sediments. The results show that iron buildup in the water during summer was mainly from the gradual dissolution of particulate matter due to the pH decrease, whereas manganese oxide reduction and manganese-bound carbonate dissolution near the sediment–water interface were mainly responsible for manganese accumulation in the stratified hypolimnion. The geochemical processes of iron and manganese in the sediments during early diagenesis were also discussed in terms of the possible influence on the overlying water. Received: November 29, 1999 / Accepted: June 30, 2000     

Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Sediment Processes in Shallow Waters of the Arctic Ocean

Despite the important roles of shallow-water sediments in global biogeochemical cycling, the effects of ocean acidification on sedimentary processes have received relatively little attention. As high-latitude cold waters can absorb more CO₂ and usually have a lower buffering capacity than warmer waters, acidification rates in these areas are faster than those in sub-tropical regions. The present study investigates the effects of ocean acidification on sediment composition, processes and sediment-water fluxes in an Arctic coastal system. Undisturbed sediment cores, exempt of large dwelling organisms, were collected, incubated for a period of 14 days, and subject to a gradient of pCO₂ covering the range of values projected for the end of the century. On five occasions during the experimental period, the sediment cores were isolated for flux measurements (oxygen, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate). At the end of the experimental period, denitrification rates were measured and sediment samples were taken at several depth intervals for solid-phase analyses. Most of the parameters and processes (i.e. mineralization, denitrification) investigated showed no relationship with the overlying seawater pH, suggesting that ocean acidification will have limited impacts on the microbial activity and associated sediment-water fluxes on Arctic shelves, in the absence of active bio-irrigating organisms. Only following a pH decrease of 1 pH unit, not foreseen in the coming 300 years, significant enhancements of calcium carbonate dissolution and anammox rates were observed. Longer-term experiments on different sediment types are still required to confirm the limited impact of ocean acidification on shallow Arctic sediment processes as observed in this study.     

Sulfur bacteria promote dissolution of authigenic carbonates at marine methane seeps

Carbonate rocks at marine methane seeps are commonly colonized by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that co-occur with etch pits that suggest active dissolution. We show that sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are abundant on the surface of an exemplar seep carbonate collected from Del Mar East Methane Seep Field, USA. We then used bioreactors containing aragonite mineral coupons that simulate certain seep conditions to investigate plausible in situ rates of carbonate dissolution associated with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Bioreactors inoculated with a sulfur-oxidizing bacterial strain, Celeribacter baekdonensis LH4, growing on aragonite coupons induced dissolution rates in sulfidic, heterotrophic, and abiotic conditions of 1773.97 (±324.35), 152.81 (±123.27), and 272.99 (±249.96) μmol CaCO₃ • cm⁻² • yr⁻¹, respectively. Steep gradients in pH were also measured within carbonate-attached biofilms using pH-sensitive fluorophores. Together, these results show that the production of acidic microenvironments in biofilms of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are capable of dissolving carbonate rocks, even under well-buffered marine conditions. Our results support the hypothesis that authigenic carbonate rock dissolution driven by lithotrophic sulfur-oxidation constitutes a previously unknown carbon flux from the rock reservoir to the ocean and atmosphere.Subject terms: Microbial ecology, Water microbiology, Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemistry, Biofilms     

Microbial leaching of zinc concentrate in fresh‐water microcosms: Comparison between aerobic and oxygen‐limited conditions

Microbially mediated leaching and solubilization of zinc ore concentrate by native aquatic microbial communities incubated under aerobic and oxygen‐limited conditions were examined in static microcosms consisting of stream sediment and water. Sterile controls provided information on abiotic sulfide oxidation and leaching of zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper. The flux of these heavy metals from the sediments to the water column was greatest under biotic oxygen‐limited conditions. When calculated as the percentage of total metal available in zinc concentrate‐amended microcosms, the order of metal solubilization under oxygen‐limited conditions was lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium. Under biotic aerobic conditions, the order of solubilization was zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper. This study indicates that aquatic heterotrophs are capable of leaching and solubilizing metallic sulfides under conditions of neutral to slightly acidic pH and are effective in releasing heavy metals to the water column under oxygen‐limited conditions.     

Enhancing and Sustaining AMG 009 Dissolution from a Bilayer Oral Solid Dosage Form via Microenvironmental pH Modulation and Supersaturation

Enhancing and sustaining AMG 009 dissolution from a matrix tablet via microenvironmental pH modulation and supersaturation, where poorly soluble acidic AMG 009 molecule was intimately mixed and compressed together with a basic pH modifier (e.g., sodium carbonate) and nucleation inhibitor hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100 LV (HPMC K100 LV), was demonstrated previously. However, not all acidic or basic drugs are compatible with basic or acidic pH modifiers either chemically or physically. The objective of this study is to investigate whether similar dissolution enhancement of AMG 009 can be achieved from a bilayer dosage form, where AMG 009 and sodium carbonate are placed in a separate layer with or without the addition of HPMC K100 LV in each layer. Study results indicate that HPMC K100 LV-containing bilayer dosage forms gained similar dissolution enhancement as matrix dosage forms did. Bilayer dosage forms without HPMC K100 LV benefitted the least from dissolution enhancement.     

Bioturbating space enhances the effects of non‐additive interactions among benthic ecosystem engineers on cross‐habitat nutrient regeneration

Understanding the mechanisms that drive complementary interactions among species is key to the progress of the debate over the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning. In addition, interspecific interactions among physical ecosystem engineers have rarely been framed in the context of biodiversity experiments. Here, we provide an empirical test of how the physical niche space of species influences the effects of the biodiversity of bioturbators on cross‐habitat nutrient fluxes in benthic sediments. In the laboratory, we orthogonally manipulated the number and composition of three benthic invertebrate bioturbator species that differ in the dimensions of their bioturbating space niche; i.e. their vertical distribution in the sediment over a gradient of sediment depth and volume. The ammonium (NH₄‐N) flux from the sediment to the water was positively related to bioturbator species richness only in the sediments with the deepest depth and greatest volume. The non‐additive effects of bioturbator species richness on the benthic–pelagic NH₄‐N flux increased linearly with sediment depth and volume, but only in the three‐species mixtures. Furthermore, no individual species dominated the rates of H₄‐N fluxes, indicating that biodiversity effects were mainly driven by complementarity. These results suggest that sediment bioturbating space mediates the magnitude of non‐additive effects among the three invertebrate species and sheds light on the importance of physical niche space in modulating the positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning.     

The effect of benthic algae on phosphorus exchange between sediment and overlying water in shallow lakes: a microcosm study using 32P as a tracer

Sediments are of key importance in determining the nutrient levels of water in shallow lakes as they can act as either source or sink for phosphorus (P) depending on environmental conditions, sediment characteristics, and external nutrient loading. We examined the role of benthic algae in the P cycling between sediment and overlying water in experiments using ³²P as a tracer. Sediment and water samples were collected from Huizhou West Lake, a shallow, eutrophic waterbody located in Huizhou City, South China. Laboratory cultured benthic algae were transferred to cover the sediment core in tubes. When ³²P was added to the water in experimental tubes containing sediment cores with and without benthic algae, ³²P activity after 48 h was significantly lower in the tubes with algae, indicating that benthic algae removed P from the overlying water. When the tracer was injected into the sediment, ³²P activity in the water overlying sediment with benthic algae was substantially lower than in tubes with naked sediment, suggesting that benthic algae reduce the release of sediment P. Oxygen levels were significantly higher in the upper 3 mm of the sediments covered by benthic algae; thus, we hypothesized that oxygen produced by the algae helps inhibit the release of P from the sediment. Our study demonstrates that benthic algae are capable of reducing P levels in water overlying the sediment, suggesting that loss of benthic algae during eutrophication triggered by impoverished light conditions may accelerate the shift in shallow lakes from a clear water to a turbid state.     

岩溶洞穴微生物沉积碳酸钙——以贵州石将军洞为例

为探讨洞穴微生物沉积碳酸钙作用对洞穴沉积物的影响,利用传统生物学方法,采集贵州中西部地区石将军洞洞穴沉积物表面的微生物样品,结合洞穴监测数据和理化背景资料,利用B-4培养基和B-4C培养基对洞穴细菌进行筛选和纯化,分离出能沉积碳酸钙的菌种,观察和了解洞穴细菌形成的CaCO3晶体,应用X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)分析细菌形成的CaCO3晶体成分,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察晶体结构特征。结果表明:1)在B-4培养基下微生物产生的碳酸钙晶体主要为方解石、球霰石和方解石混合物、球霰石,这种变化与培养基pH值的增幅相关;同时,在添加Mg离子的B-4C培养基下形成的碳酸钙晶体主要为方解石,此外,研究中并未检测到文石晶体。2)通过SEM扫描,发现微生物作用形成的碳酸钙晶体存在不规则六方体、柱状体、四方体层状、半球状等,这些晶体形态在化学作用系统下少见,多见于微生物作用形成的方解石。此外,晶体中微生物作用痕迹明显,微生物作用贯穿于整个沉积过程。     

Diatom preservation: experiments and observations on dissolution and breakage in modern and fossil material

Selected aspects of diatom preservation in both laboratory and field environments are examined with a view to improving techniques and to help understand why only some lake sediments have good diatom preservation.Laboratory measurements of biogenic silica following diatom dissolution by alkali digestion are questioned because results are shown to be dependant on initial sample size. Diatom breakage experiments identified drying carbonate rich sediment as a major cause of fragmentation of the large robust diatom Campylodiscus clypeus Ehrenb. Diatom dissolution experiments in carbonate media indicated that carbonate rich lakes should preserve diatoms better in order of the particular alkali metal type (Ca > Mg > Na). A preliminary assessment of the role of depth in diatom preservation is made for Lake Baikal where partly dissolved Cyclotella are more common in deep water surface sediments. The effect of time on diatom dissolution is examined in a saline lake sediment core and by comparing dissolution rates of recent and geologically old diatom samples in the laboratory. A simple link between diatom dissolution and sample age was not established. Factors thought to be important in controlling diatom preservation in lake sediments are discussed.