武威天梯山人参果果酒发酵工艺研究

以人参果为原料,研究酿制人参果果酒的最佳发酵工艺条件。通过单因素实验得到酿造人参果果酒最佳因素水平为:可溶性固形物含量20%,pH 4.0,温度23℃,SO2添加量80 mg/L,CaCl2添加量0.4 g/L。再运用主成分分析法对影响人参果果酒发酵的7个主要因素进行降维处理,并以人参果果酒酒精度作为主要评价指标,获得与人参果发酵关系最为密切的三个因素分别为:发酵温度、发酵时间、糖添加量。     

甜杨桃鲜果的化学成分研究

为了解甜杨桃(Averrhoa carambola L.)中的化学成分,采用乙醇提取、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇分别萃取及色谱分离方法,从其鲜果中分离得到8个化合物。通过波谱数据分析鉴定,它们的结构分别为苄基芸香糖苷(1)、苯乙基芸香糖苷(2)、腺苷(3)、乙基β-D-果糖苷(4)、正丁基β-D-果糖苷(5)、姜糖脂A(6)、姜糖脂C(7)和4-羟甲基-5-羟基-2H-吡喃-2-酮(8)。上述化合物均为首次从该植物中获得。     

Anti-listerial Bactericidal Activity of Lactobacillus plantarum DM5 Isolated from Fermented Beverage Marcha

The strain Lactobacillus plantarum DM5 was isolated from fermented beverage Marcha of Sikkim and explored for its antagonistic activity against food-borne pathogens. The cell-free supernatant of L. plantarum DM5 showed antibacterial activity of 6,400 AU/mL in MRS medium (pH 6.0) against the indicator strain Staphylococcus aureus. MRS medium supplemented with 15 g/L of maltose at 37 °C under static condition yielded highest antimicrobial activity (6,400 AU/mL) with 3 % increase in specific activity when compared to 20 g/L glucose. The antimicrobial compound was heat stable (60 min at 100 °C) and was active over a wide pH range. It showed bactericidal effect on S. aureus and Listeria monocytogenes by causing 96 and 98 % of cell lysis, respectively. The cell morphology of the treated S. aureus and L. monocytogenes was completely deformed as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, suggesting the high potential of L. plantarum DM5 as natural preservatives in food industry. The antimicrobial compound was purified by 80 % ammonium sulphate precipitation and showed antimicrobial activity of 12,800 AU/mL with 19-fold purification and a molecular mass of 15.2 kDa, indicating the proteinaceous nature of the compound.     

利用合成气生产生物基醇类化学品的研究进展

以合成气为底物生产乙醇、丁醇、己醇等生物基醇类化学品可以降低原料成本,减轻对化石燃料的依赖,推动碳中和目标的实现。概述了产乙酸菌中能够利用合成气的Wood-Ljungdahl途径及该过程中产乙酸菌的能量节约机制,综述了产乙酸菌遗传操作工具的发展及代谢工程改造进展。大量研究揭示了发酵条件（如温度、pH、金属离子、有机氮源、硝酸盐等）对产乙酸菌生长及醇类产物合成具有复杂的影响。气体成分及气液传质效率也是影响合成气利用的重要因素。另外,指出了利用合成气生产生物基醇类化学品现存的瓶颈问题,并展望了未来的研究方向,包括开发产乙酸中的高效基因编辑方法,在模式菌株中构建合成气利用途径、优化温度、pH、反应器设计及利用廉价培养基进行发酵。     

The Fate of Mycotoxins during the Distillation Process of Barley Shochu,a Distilled Alcoholic Beverage

Mycotoxins are frequent contaminants of grains and critical risk substances for brewers. Fermented barley mash contaminated artificially with 13 representative mycotoxins was distilled with small-scale apparatuses to elucidate the possibility of mycotoxin transfer from mash to distillates. None of these were detected in the distillates. The distillation process can effectively reduce the contamination risk posed by mycotoxins in distilled alcoholic beverages.     

Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods

A novel dried bacterial consortium of Lactobacillus rhamnosus yoba 2012 and Streptococcus thermophilus C106 is cultured in 1 L of milk. This fresh starter can be used for the production of fermented milk and other fermented foods either at home or at small-scale in rural settings. For the fresh starter, 1 L of milk is pasteurized in a pan that fits into a larger pan containing water, placed on a source of heat. In this water bath, the milk is heated and incubated at 85 °C for 30 min. Thereafter, the milk is cooled down to 45 °C, transferred to a vacuum flask, inoculated with the dried bacteria and left for at least 16 hr between 30 °C and 45 °C. For the purpose of frequent home production, the fresh starter is frozen into ice cubes, which can be used for the production of small volumes of up to 2 L of fermented milk. For the purpose of small-scale production in resource-poor countries, pasteurization of up to 100 L of milk is conducted in milk cans that are placed in a large sauce pan filled with water and heated on a fire at 85 °C for 30 min, and subsequently cooled to 45 °C. Next, the 100 L batch is inoculated with the 1 L freshly prepared starter mentioned before. To assure an effective fermentation at a temperature between 30 and 45 °C, the milk can is covered with a blanket for 12 hr. For the production of non-dairy fermented foods, the fresh starter is left in a cheese cloth for 12 hr, and the drained-off whey can be subsequently used for the inoculation of a wide range of food raw materials, including vegetables and cereal-based foods.     

Production of Antimicrobial Substances by Bacteria Isolated from Fermented Table Olives

Summary The production of antimicrobial substances was studied among 195 bacterial isolates from retail table olives. A total 86 isolates tested positive, and they clustered in 10 groups according to their inhibitory spectra. Many isolates (38.37%) produced strong inhibition against all bacteria tested (Listeria innocua, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus cereus, B. megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli). The selected bacterial isolates were Gram-positive bacteria with rod morphology (62.67%), short rods (26.65%) or cocci (10.67%). Isolates producing antimicrobial substances may be useful as starters to enhance control of table olive fermentation and improve the safety of retail table olives.     

Comparison of Bacteriocins Produced by Lactic-Acid Bacteria Isolated from Boza, a Cereal-Based Fermented Beverage from the Balkan Peninsula

Boza is a low-pH and low-alcohol cereal-based beverage produced in the Balkan Peninsula. From a total population of 9 × 10⁶ colony-forming units ml⁻¹, four isolates (JW3BZ, JW6BZ, JW11BZ, and JW15BZ) produced bacteriocins active against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria. Bacteriocin JW15BZ inhibited the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The producer strains were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (strains JW3BZ and JW6BZ) and L. fermentum (strains JW11BZ and JW15BZ). The spectrum of antimicrobial activity, characteristics, and mode of action of these bacteriocins were compared with bacteriocins previously described for lactic-acid bacteria isolated from boza.     

The Artisanal Production of Pulque, a Traditional Beverage of the Mexican Highlands

Pulque is a traditional fermented alcoholic, acidic, viscous drink of the Mexican central highlands. Its production from the ??aguamiel?? (sap) of agave plants dates back ~1,500?years and continues to be made by artisanal methods. However, the variability of pulque??s quality and its instability hamper its widespread distribution and consumption. Microbiological surveys of pulque from three ranches revealed tremendous variability in the types and quantity of the indigenous microbiota. The population of lactic acid bacteria ranged from 6?×?10⁷ to 2?×?10¹¹?CFU/mL. This variability might be attributed to the conditions on the ranches where the pulque was made. In an attempt to identify these sources of variability, the microbial populations of aguamiel and pulque from a single agave plant were determined. Surprisingly, the population size of the ??unfermented?? aguamiel and the pulque converged by the end of 3?weeks. The potential use of bacteriocinogenic LAB and known starter cultures to improve pulque properties are discussed.     

Microbial Community Dynamics during Production of the Mexican Fermented Maize Dough Pozol

The dynamics of the microbial community responsible for the traditional fermentation of maize in the production of Mexican pozol was investigated by using a polyphasic approach combining (i) microbial enumerations with culture media, (ii) denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting of total community DNA with bacterial and eukaryotic primers and sequencing of partial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes, (iii) quantification of rRNAs from dominant microbial taxa by using phylogenetic oligonucleotide probes, and (iv) analysis of sugars and fermentation products. A Streptococcus species dominated the fermentation and accounted for between 25 and 75% of the total flora throughout the process. Results also showed that the initial epiphytic aerobic microflora was replaced in the first 2 days by heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including a close relative of Lactobacillus fermentum, producing lactic acid and ethanol; this heterolactic flora was then progressively replaced by homofermentative LAB (mainly close relatives of L. plantarum, L. casei, and L. delbrueckii) which continued acidification of the maize dough. At the same time, a very diverse community of yeasts and fungi developed, mainly at the periphery of the dough. The analysis of the DGGE patterns obtained with bacterial and eukaryotic primers targeting the 16S and 18S rDNA genes clearly demonstrated that there was a major shift in the community structure after 24 h and that high biodiversity—according to the Shannon-Weaver index—was maintained throughout the process. These results proved that a relatively high number of species, at least six to eight, are needed to perform this traditional lactic acid fermentation. The presence of Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and enterobacteria suggests a fecal origin of some important pozol microorganisms. Overall, the results obtained with different culture-dependent or -independent techniques clearly confirmed the importance of developing a polyphasic approach to study the ecology of fermented foods.     

番茄果实乙烯释放量的遗传模型分析

本试验选择2个番茄果实乙烯释放量显著不同的番茄品系,通过P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、B_1和B_2六世代的分析方法,研究了番茄果实乙烯释放量的遗传规律.结果表明:番茄果实乙烯释放量遗传符合1对负向完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型(D-4),主基因效应在B_1、B_2和F_(23)个世代的遗传率分别为36.33%、44.09%和35.14%,多基因效应在B_1、B_2和F_(23)个世代的遗传率分别为54.73%、40.50%和54.88%.     

柠檬酸发酵菌黑曲霉的菌种改良述评

柠檬酸是微生物发酵法生产的重要有机酸,用途极为广泛。柠檬酸发酵菌黑曲霉的育种在柠檬酸工业中占有重要地位。该文论述了柠檬酸发酵菌黑曲霉的发酵机制、代谢调控及柠檬酸积累的机理,柠檬酸发酵菌黑曲霉的物理和化学手段诱变育种取得的成果,细胞工程和基因工程在柠檬酸发酵菌黑曲霉育种中的应用,分析了柠檬酸发酵菌黑曲霉育种的发展方向。     

转基因技术生产无籽果实的新策略

无籽果实具有许多优点 ,深受人们喜爱。传统无籽果实生产方法存在着诸如单性结实品种少、外用激素施用量不易掌握及四倍体品种较难获得等一系列问题。分子遗传研究表明 ,植物基因组中含有影响单性结实的基因 ,某些来自于细菌的基因也可在植物激素生物合成途径中起调节作用。应用这些目的基因 ,已建立了转基因生产无籽果实的新策略 ,如在种皮或子房特异性启动子控制下的生长素基因或细胞毒素基因的表达及“终止子”技术的运用等 ,这将大规模地促进蔬菜和水果生产 ,提高果蔬产品的市场价值。     

转基因技术生产无籽果实的新策略

无籽果实具有许多优点,深受人们喜爱。传统无籽果实生产方法存在着诸如单性结实品种少、外用激素施用量不易掌握及四倍体品种较难获得等一系列问题。分子遗传研究表明,植物基因组中含有影响单性结实的基因,某些来自于细菌的基因也可在植物激素生物合成途径中起调节作用。应用这些目的基因,已建立了转基因生产无籽果实的新策略,如在种皮或子房特异性启动子控制下的生长素基因或细胞毒素基因的表达及“终止子”技术的运用等,这将大规模地促进蔬菜和水果生产,提高果蔬产品的市场价值。     

Microbiological Analyses of Traditional Alcoholic Beverage (Chhang) and its Starter (Balma) Prepared by Bhotiya Tribe of Uttarakhand,India

Present article depicts microbiology of starter (Balma) used in traditional solid-state fermentation of alcoholic beverage (Chhang) by Bhotiya tribe of Uttarakhand. It also highlights the importance of herbs in Balma preparation and kinetics of lactic acid and ethanol fermentation under Chhang preparation using Balma. Balma contains 214 × 10⁶ cfu/g yeasts, 2.54 × 10⁶ cfu/g lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and 1.4 × 10⁶ cfu/g other mesophilic bacteria. ITS sequence analysis revealed a rich diversity of yeast comprising of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Saccharomycopsis malanga in Balma. 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed Lactobacillus pentosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus among LAB, while amylolytic Bacillus subtilis and B. aerophilus among other bacteria in Balma. Based on the results, it is speculated that herbs such as Inula cuspidata, Micromeria biflora, Origanum vulgare, Rubus sp. and Thymus linearis used earlier by Bhotiya in Balma preparation contribute as a source of yeasts, LAB and amylolytic bacilli. Study also demonstrates that Bhotiya tribe is rational in preparation of starter as they have circumvented the need of plants by using previous year Balma as inoculum and possibility of deficient quality of Balma due to weak colonization of phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbiota. Results suggest that simultaneous saccharification and lactic acid–ethanol fermentation take place in traditional cereal based Chhang fermentation system of Bhotiya.     

二步发酵丢糟生产微生物油脂的研究

目的:探索以黄曲霉和皮状丝孢酵母为菌种二步发酵大曲丢糟生产微生物油脂的最佳工艺条件.方法:利用黄曲霉对丢糟进行一步发酵,再以一步丢糟发酵物为基质,设定皮状丝孢酵母的接种量、培养温度、培养时间为三个因素,进行L9(33)正交试验.结果:黄曲霉一步发酵丢糟的最佳条件为接种量12％,在28℃下发酵5d,获得的一步丢糟发酵物还原糖含量为2.4051％;皮状丝孢酵母二步发酵丢糟生产微生物油脂的最佳条件为皮状丝孢酵母接种量12％,在30℃下培养4d,每1 000g发酵物中可得油脂19.32g.结论:利用黄曲霉的产纤维素酶的性能和皮状丝孢酵母积累油脂的性能进行二步发酵丢糟生产微生物油脂,具有一定的可行性.     

Paclobutrazol and Its Use in Fruit Production: A Review

There are documentary records referring to paclobutrazol (PBZ) as a growth bioregulator that inhibits the gibberellin synthesis and its application increases yields in fruit and vegetable crop productions. Its agronomic management includes it as an emerging technology to reduce vigour, promote flower induction and flower development in fruit trees with increased economic returns. Its use is banned in some countries because of concerns about residues that can cause harmful effects on the environment. Therefore, the aim of this article was to collect, analyse and summarise relevant information on the use of PBZ in fruit tree production and its possible risks to the environment. The results obtained indicated that the application of PBZ can be effective in solving some problems related to flowering if it is applied in the right amount and at the right time. However, it is necessary to elucidate the physiological processes with which it is associated and its response to be taken into account to increase yield. PBZ is currently used in fruit trees such as mango, lime, apple and guava, increasing their productivity. However, some studies have shown its residual effect on the environment. Therefore, PBZ is a viable strategy, because it presents a series of advantages in the production of fruit trees. However, it is vital to generate protocols that seek its regulation with a rational and sustainable approach.     

Enhanced Control of Listeria monocytogenes by In Situ-Produced Pediocin during Dry Fermented Sausage Production

[This corrects the article on p. 887 in vol. 58.].