High abundance of planctomycetes in anoxic layers of a Sphagnum peat bog

The depth distribution of planctomycete abundance has been examined in six different sites of the Sphagnum peat bog Bakchar, Tomsk oblast, Russia. In situ hybridization of peat with the fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes PLA46 and PLA886, reported to be group-specific for representatives of the phylum Planctomycetes, revealed two distinct population maxima of these bacteria in all of the profiles examined. The first population maximum was detected in the uppermost, oxic layer of the bog profile, while the second maximum was located at a depth of 30 cm below the water table level. The population sizes of planctomycetes in the uppermost layer and at a depth of 30 cm were of the same order of magnitude and comprised 0.5–1.5 × 10⁷ and 0.4?0.7 × 10⁷ cells per g^?1 of wet peat, respectively. Only 25–30% of the total number of planctomycete cells in the anoxic layer could be detected if the probe PLA886, whose target specificity is restricted to taxonomically characterized aerobic planctomycetes of the genera Gemmata, Planctomyces, Pirellula, and Isosphaera, was used alone. Other planctomycete cells in this layer were detected only with the probe PLA46, which possesses a much wider scope. This suggests the affiliation of these organisms with a yet undescribed phylogenetic subgroup within the Planctomycetes.     

Seasonal dynamics of N in two Sphagnum moss species and the underlying peat treated with 15NH415NO3

Uptake of 15N labelled NH4NO3 by two Sphagnum mosses on a raised bog in north east Scotland was measured at different times of the year. In a field experiment, fortnightly additions of NH4NO3 at natural abundance, equivalent to 3 g N m-2 yr-1, were made over 14 months to cores of Sphagnum capillifolium occupying hummocks and S. recurvum colonizing hollows. Pre-harvested cores were treated with 15NH415NO3 two weeks before harvesting and 15N abundance determined for the total N in the moss, inorganic and dissolved organic N (DON) in the moss water and extractable inorganic, organic and microbial N in the underlying peat. The proportion of added 15N taken up by the mosses two weeks after each addition averaged 72% and ranged between 11 and 100%, tending to be least during October when the rising water table reached the surface, particularly for S. recurvum. A small proportion of the 15N was detected in the moss water as NH4+ (0.01%) and as DON (0.03%) and on occasions a large proportion remained unaccounted for. In waters from S. capillifolium, DON was proportional to the amount of inorganic N added, but this was not the case for S. recurvum. Little or no 15N was detected in the underlying peat partly because of the large size and variability of the NH4+, DON and microbial N pools.     

淹水培养条件下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氦的动态

以洞庭湖区2个典型水稻土（红黄泥和紫潮泥）为对象,研究了25℃、淹水培养条件下稻草-硫铵配施和单施硫铵处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮（SMBC、SMBN）和可溶性有机碳、氦（SDOC、SDON）的动态变化．结果表明,SMBC、SMBN和SDOC、SDON在培养前期达到峰值,之后降低,并趋于稳定．添加底物后,2种土壤不同处理土壤微生物生物量碳与有机碳（SMBC／TC）和土壤微生物生物量氮与全氮（SMBN／TN）的平均值都在2％-3％之间变化;可溶性碳与全碳（SDOC／TC）的平均值为1％左右,可溶性氮与全氮（SDON／TN）平均值为5％-6％．2种土壤中SMBC峰值单施硫铵处理最大,但与稻草-硫铵配施处理差异均不显著;SMBN、SDOC和SDON峰值稻草-硫铵配施最大．稻草．硫铵配施与单施硫铵处理中,低肥力红黄泥的SMBN、SDOC和SDON峰值差异显著;而高肥力紫潮泥SMBN和SDOC峰值差异不显著．前7d,SMBC／SMBN〈10;14d后,同一时刻单施硫铵处理SMBC／SMBN〉稻草．硫铵配施．不同处理的SDOC!SDON3d时最大．28d时最小．     

菌渣化肥配施对稻田土壤微生物量碳氮和可溶性碳氮的影响

菌渣作为一种养分丰富的有机物料还田,可减少化肥施用,同时保持土壤肥力;而土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性碳、氮是土壤活性碳氮库的重要组成部分,其含量和比例变化对土壤肥力均具有重要作用。因此,探讨不同比例菌渣化肥配施对土壤微生物量碳、氮及可溶性碳、氮的影响,评价菌渣在优化土壤肥力方面的生态作用具有重要意义。本研究在水稻田间定位试验条件下,设置3个化肥水平(C) 0%、50%、100%,菌渣相对用量(F) 0%、50%、100%,共9个处理,分析了各处理土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和可溶性碳(DOC)、氮(DON)的变化特征,及其占土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)的比例与相关关系。结果表明:菌渣化肥配施后,微生物量碳和可溶性碳、氮均在C100F50最高,微生物量氮在C50F100最高,与不施肥处理相比,分别显著增加了49.40%、43.65%、83.52%、207.19%;MBC/SOC和DOC/SOC均随着菌渣化肥配施量的增加而减少,MBN/TN和DON/TN均在C100F50最高。相关分析表明,MBC、DOC与SOC,MBN与TN均呈极显著正相关,DON和TN呈显著正相关。总体来讲,菌渣化肥配施能够显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性碳、氮含量,但不是随着用量的增加一直呈增加趋势,高量菌渣或者化肥下会有降低趋势;菌渣化肥配施降低了土壤微生物量和可溶性碳氮比,因此适宜的菌渣化肥配施是提高土壤有机碳周转速度、微生物活性及其氮素供应能力和有效性的最佳选择。     

放牧和刈割对内蒙古典型草原土壤可提取碳和氮的影响

依托内蒙古典型草原的长期野外放牧控制试验,探讨了放牧和刈割对土壤有机碳、全氮、可提取碳和氮、微生物生物量碳和氮的影响.结果表明: 放牧使可提取有机碳降低11.4%～37.1%,而刈割使可提取有机碳升高5.8%.放牧和刈割分别使可提取氮升高10%～340%和10%～240%.放牧强度不高于6.0 sheep·hm^-2的条件下有利于维持甚至增加微生物生物量碳,而重度放牧(7.5和9.0 sheep·hm^-2)则减少微生物生物量碳.刈割处理下微生物生物量碳和氮分别升高31.0%和9.8%.通径分析表明,放牧处理下微生物生物量碳的主要影响因素是有机碳、可提取全氮和全氮,其中直接影响因素是有机碳和可提取全氮;微生物生物量氮的主要影响因素是土壤pH、可提取有机碳、有机碳和可提取全氮,其中直接影响因素是有机碳和可提取全氮.刈割及轻度和中度放牧有利于维持或改善土壤功能,重度放牧将引起土壤退化.     

黄土高原不同土壤微生物量碳、氮与氮素矿化势的差异

以采自于黄土高原差异较大的25个农田石灰性耕层土壤为供试土样,对黄土高原主要类型土壤中微生物量碳(Bc)、微生物量氮(BN)和氮素矿化势(NO)的差异性进行了比较研究.结果表明,Bc、BN和NO在不同类型土壤间存在显著差异,由关中平原至陕北风沙区,BC、Bn和NO总体呈现下降趋势,其中以土垫旱耕人为土最高,简育干润均腐土最低,黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土居中:土垫旱耕人为土、简育干润均腐土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土等各土类平均BC分别为305.2μg·g-1,108.4μg·g-1,161.7μg·g-1和125.4μg·g-1,BN分别为43.8μg·g-1,20.3μg·g-1,26.0μg·g-1和30.6μg·g-1,NO分别为223μ·g-1,75μg·g-1,163μg·g-1和193μg·g-1.土壤氮素矿化速率(k)则以简育干润均腐土最大,干润砂质新成土最低,土垫旱耕人为土和黄土正常新成土居中:土垫旱耕人为土、简育干润均腐土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土的k分别为0.039w-1,0.044w-1,0.031w-1和0.019w-1.不同类型土壤BC、BN与NO的差异,主要与土壤形成过程、输入土壤的植物同化产物和土壤有机质的差异等有关,从较大尺度进一步证明了在黄土高原,土壤有机质是影响BC、BN的主要因子.研究结果对分析黄土高原土壤生产力形成过程具有一定参考价值.     

油松-辽东栎混交林地表凋落物与氮添加对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及其活性的影响

2010年9月-2011年10月,在山西省灵空山油松和辽东栎混交林样地采取随机区组设计,研究了地表凋落物和氮添加处理对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物活性的影响.凋落物处理包括:剔除凋落物(N)、叶凋落物加倍(L)、枝果凋落物加倍(B)和混合凋落物加倍(LB);氮添加量分别为0(N0)、5 g· m-2·a-1(N1)和10 g·m-2·a-1(N2).结果表明:剔除地表凋落物且无氮添加时,油松和辽东栎混交林地的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量显著降低,其他试验处理间对SOC的影响无显著差异.土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)及其活性(MR)的变化范围依次为:262.42 ～ 873.16 mg·kg-1、73.55 ～ 173.85 mg·kg-1和2.38～3.68mg·kg-1·d-1.MBC、MBN和MR两两间呈极显著正相关.氮添加对MBC、MBN和MR均无显著影响;凋落物处理对MR影响显著,表现为混合凋落物加倍处理的MR最高,叶凋落物加倍处理次之,剔除凋落物处理最低,而对MBC和MBN无显著影响.凋落物和氮添加处理在整个试验过程中未表现出交互作用.短期的氮添加处理和森林地表凋落物变化对土壤微生物过程的影响有限.     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响

为理解模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)的影响,通过一年野外模拟氮(NH₄NO₃)沉降试验,氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、低氮沉降(L, 5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中氮沉降(M, 15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮沉降(H, 30 g N·m^-2·a^-1),研究了氮沉降对天然常绿阔叶林土壤MBC和MBN的影响.结果表明: 氮沉降显著降低了0～10 cm土层MBC和MBN,且随氮沉降量的增加,下降幅度增大;L和M处理对10～20 cm土层MBC和MBN无显著影响,H处理显著降低了10～20 cm土层土壤MBC和MBN;氮沉降对MBC和MBN的影响随土壤深度的增加而减弱.MBC和MBN具有明显的季节变化,在0～10和10～20 cm土层均表现为秋季最高,夏季最低.0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤微生物生物量C/N分别介于10.58～11.19和9.62～12.20,表明在华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落中真菌占据优势.     

森林土壤融化期异养呼吸和微生物碳变化特征

采用室内土柱培养的方法,研究在不同湿度(55%和80%WFPS,土壤充水孔隙度)和不同氮素供给(NH_4Cl和KNO_3,4.5 g N/m~2)条件下,外源碳添加(葡萄糖,6.4 g C/m~2)对温带成熟阔叶红松混交林和次生白桦林土壤融化过程微生物呼吸和微生物碳的激发效应。结果表明:在整个融化培养期间,次生白桦林土壤对照CO_2累积排放量显著高于阔叶红松混交林土壤。随着土壤湿度的增加,次生白桦林土壤对照CO_2累积排放量和微生物代谢熵(q_(CO_2))显著降低,而阔叶红松混交林土壤两者显著地增加(P0.05)。两种林分土壤由葡萄糖(Glu)引起的CO_2累积排放量(9.61—13.49 g C/m~2)显著大于实验施加的葡萄糖含碳量(6.4g C/m~2),同时由Glu引起的土壤微生物碳增量为3.65—27.18 g C/m~2,而施加Glu对土壤DOC含量影响较小。因此,这种由施加Glu引起的额外碳释放可能来源于土壤固有有机碳分解。融化培养结束时,阔叶红松混交林土壤未施氮处理由Glu引起的CO_2累积排放量在两种湿度条件下均显著大于次生白桦林土壤(P0.001);随着湿度的增加,两种林分土壤Glu引起的CO_2累积排放量显著增大(P0.001)。单施KNO_3显著地增加两种湿度的次生白桦林土壤Glu引起的CO_2累积排放量(P0.01)。单施KNO_3显著地增加了两种湿度次生白桦林土壤Glu引起的微生物碳(P0.001),单施NH_4Cl显著地增加低湿度阔叶红松混交林土壤Glu引起的微生物碳(P0.001)。结合前期报道的未冻结实验结果,发现冻结过程显著地影响外源Glu对温带森林土壤微生物呼吸和微生物碳的刺激效应(P0.05),并且无论冻结与否,温带森林土壤微生物呼吸和微生物碳对外源Glu的响应均与植被类型、土壤湿度、外源氮供给及其形态存在显著的相关性。     

水位埋深和微地貌对金川泥炭土壤微生物活性及甲烷功能基因的影响

泥炭沼泽是长期储存碳最有效的陆地生态系统.水文特征和微地貌可能会通过调控微生物群落和功能影响泥炭地碳储存.本研究以长白山金川泥炭沼泽为研究对象,选取-10、-1、0、4、10、13、14和18 cm八个水位埋深,并在各水位埋深点采集臌囊薹草(Carexs chmidtii)草丘和丘间微地貌的土壤样品,以探究水位埋深和微...     

黄土高原不同乔木林土壤微生物量碳氮和溶解性碳氮的特征

选取黄土丘陵区子午岭4种不同乔木林下的0—5 cm和5—20 cm的土壤为研究对象,通过氯仿熏蒸浸提方法测定了微生物量碳氮、溶解性碳氮以及土壤的理化性质。研究结果表明,不同乔木林下0—5 cm土层土壤微生物量氮(MBN)土壤微生物量碳(MBC)均表现为:辽东栎侧柏油松刺槐,5—20 cm土层为:侧柏辽东栎油松刺槐,说明不同乔木林对土壤表层和下层的微生物量有明显的影响。上层土壤溶解性碳(DOC)、溶解性氮(DON)大于下层土壤。土壤微生物量碳氮比(MBC/MBN)在4—8之间,MBC/MBN、MBN、MBC均表现为随着土层的深度逐渐降低的趋势。MBC与MBN具有显著的正相关性,MBN、MBC与有机碳(SOC)、土壤全氮(TN)、MBC/MBN、溶解性碳与微生物量碳之和(DOC+MBC)、溶解性氮与微生物量氮之和(DON+MBN)呈现出极显著的正相关性(P0.01)。DOC+MBC、DON+MBN比DOC、DON、MBC、MBN更能反映土壤微生物量与活性碳氮库。总体来说,人工刺槐林对土壤碳氮库的增加有一定的作用,但是相对于辽东栎和侧柏等天然次生林有一定的差距。     

Detection of representatives of the Planctomycetes in Sphagnum peat bogs by molecular and cultivation approaches

By means of fluorescence in situ hybridization with 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes (FISH), it has been shown that members of the phylum Planctomycetes represent a numerically significant bacterial group in boreal Sphagnum peat bogs. The population size of planctomycetes in oxic layers of the peat bog profile was in the range of 0.4–2.0 × 10⁷ cells per g of wet peat, comprising 4 to 13% of the total bacterial cell number. A novel effective approach that combined a traditional cultivation technique with FISH-mediated monitoring of the target organism during the isolation procedure has been developed for the isolation of planctomycetes. Using this approach, we succeeded in isolating several peat-inhabiting planctomycetes in a pure culture. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes from two of these isolates, strains A10 and MPL7, showed that they belonged to the planctomycete lineages defined by the genera Gemmata and Planctomyces, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strains A10 and MPL7 and the phylogenetically closest organisms, namely, Gemmata obscuriglobus and Planctomyces limnophilus, was only 90%. These results suggest that the indigenous planctomycetes inhabiting Sphagnum peat bogs are so far unknown organisms.     

Identifying the functional groups and the influence of synthetic chelators on Cd availability and microbial biomass carbon in Cd-contaminated soil

Synthetic chelators play an important role in boosting the microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and heavy metal solubility in a contaminated soil toward a sustainability of environment for agricultural crops. Castor plant was grown under different levels of Cd contaminated soil (?Cd and +Cd) following adding three chelating agents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (H₄EDTA), nitriloacetic acid (H₃ NTA), and NH₄ citrate (ammonium citrate) to the soil at rates of 10, 15, and 25 mmol in 5 kg of soil per pot. The highest bioavailable Cd concentrations in soil and castor plant were obtained from NH₄ citrate and H₄EDTA treatments in the contaminated soil. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that NH₄ citrate was the most effective chelator in Cd-contaminated soil. MBC and DOC contents were significantly increased and reached at 81.98–80.37 and 1.96–1.90 mg kg^?1 respectively, in the (H₃ NTA) and NH₄ citrate treatments in Cd-contaminated soil. Further research is needed to investigate the use of chelators in the phytoextraction of Cd-contaminated soils under field conditions and whether it may be beneficial in accelerating the phytoextraction of Cd through hyperaccumulating plants.     

Dynamics of leaf minerals,bdleaf area,and biomass from hardwoods intensively grown on a peat bog

Summary Water willow and grey alder were grown on a raised sphagnum bog in central Sweden. The stands were intensively treated by daily irrigation and fertilization during the growing period in order to improve site fertility. After a 2-year establishment period high production rates were achieved in willow stands, 0.8 kg stem dry weight m^–2 year^–1 on current plus one (C+1) year old shoots. In these stands the canopy was closed with a leaf area index (LAI) that peaked at approximately 7. The canopy in the alder stand did not close during the initial 3 years of growth and the measured production rate was relatively low, at approximately 0.4 kg dry weight m^–2 year ^–1 in the last year. The leaf nitrogen content was 3%–4% of dry weight during the summer and the other studied mineral elements were in almost optimal proportion to nitrogen. This was considered to be an effect of the intensive fertilization regime. Above-ground production close to maximum yield was attained in the prevailing conditions of soil, climate and biomass partitioning.     

氮沉降对中亚热带米槠天然林微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

氮沉降对土壤微生物的扰动可能会影响土壤的养分循环,然而关于中亚热带天然林土壤微生物及酶活性对氮沉降的响应鲜有报道。通过3 a的氮沉降模拟实验,研究中亚热带米槠天然林土壤的理化性质、土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性的响应。结果表明:氮沉降并未引起土壤的有机碳和总氮显著性变化;高氮(80 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))处理下,土壤p H下降,出现酸化现象;低氮(40 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))处理促进淋溶层(A层)中土壤纤维素分解酶(β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素水解酶)和木质素分解酶(多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶)活性升高,同时促进土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的积累。冗余分析(RDA)表示,可溶性有机碳(DOC)是驱动A层土壤酶活性的重要环境因子;而在淀积层(B层),这4种酶活性并未发生显著性差异。施氮处理后,A、B层中土壤的酸性磷酸酶活性增加(P0.05)。研究表明:低水平氮沉降增加了土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量以及土壤有机碳分解相关酶活性,从而加速了土壤碳周转;这为未来氮沉降增长背景下,探索中亚热带天然林土壤碳源汇问题提供了依据。     

冬季作物对稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的短期影响

研究不同的冬季作物马铃薯、黑麦草、紫云英、油菜在"冬季作物-双季稻"轮作种植制度下短期内对稻田土壤微生物碳、氮和微生物熵的影响,在湖南省土壤肥料研究所的实验网室内设置了小区试验.试验结果表明:几种冬季作物均提高了稻田土壤微生物碳、氮含量,黑麦草明显提高了土壤微生物量碳和微生物熵,紫云英明显提高了土壤微生物量氮.冬季作物对土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物量氮的季节性影响变化趋势基本一致,紫云英、马铃薯处理的土壤微生物量C、N含量均在水稻生育期间8月中旬达到最大值.     

Pollen and macrofossil analyses of a unique peat remnant of the former extensive peat bogs in West Friesland,The Netherlands: a detailed record of coastal raised bog formation

Of the former extensive peat bog in West Friesland, only small, buried and often cutover remains are left, scattered over a wide region. The results of pollen and macrofossil analyses of the most complete peat profile found to date in this district is presented in this paper. The vegetation development during the final stage of marine sedimentation in the vicinity of the analysed profile is reconstructed in some detail, as well as the subsequent formation of the lower layers of the mire, including the ombrotrophic peat. Apart from these aspects, the study also contributes to our knowledge of the Holocene palaeogeography of the coastal region of the Netherlands.     

26年长期施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤呼吸的影响

研究长期小麦连作施肥条件下土壤微生物量碳、氮,土壤呼吸的变化及其与土壤养分的相关性。以陕西长武长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法、碱液吸收法和化学分析法分析了长达26a不同施肥处理农田土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮和土壤呼吸之间的差异及其调控土壤肥力的作用。长期施肥及种植作物,均能提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,尤其是施用有机肥,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量高于单施无机肥的处理,土壤呼吸量也提高15.91%—75.73%,而施用无机肥对于土壤呼吸无促进作用。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸与土壤有机质、全氮呈极显著相关。长期有机无机肥配施可以提高土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸,氮磷肥与厩肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。微生物量碳氮及土壤呼吸可以反映土壤质量的变化,作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

黄土丘陵区植被类型对土壤微生物量碳氮磷的影响

选择黄土丘陵区延河流域4种典型植被类型下的土壤为研究对象,测定了土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷和相关基本理化性质。结果表明,在此流域的典型天然草地、人工灌木林、人工乔木林和农地中土壤微生物量碳(MBC)的含量范围分别为315.15-400.89、246.56-321.25、267.76-347.05和118.96-245.14 mg/kg,土壤微生物量氮(MBN)的含量范围分别为35.87-47.63、27.63-42.89、24.66-36.20和15.64-22.56 mg/kg,土壤微生物量磷(MBP)的含量范围分别为14.14-22.96、12.89-19.75、11.54-14.40和7.23-11.59 mg/kg;土壤微生物量总体呈现出天然草地最高、人工乔、灌木林次之,且均显著高于农地的趋势,表明退耕还林还草对土壤微生物生物量有明显的促进作用。不同植被类型下,土壤微生物量碳氮比和碳磷比的变化范围分别为7.49-10.87和16.27-24.11,土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷占土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)百分比的范围分别为2.70%-4.85%、2.56%-4.45%、2.08%-5.34%。其中天然草地、人工灌木林和农地土壤的微生物量碳氮比、碳磷比均显著小于人工乔木林(P < 0.05); MBC/SOC在不同植被类型下的差异不显著,MBN/TN和MBP/TP均呈现出天然草地>人工灌木林>人工乔木林和农地的趋势,且差异显著(P < 0.05)。微生物量碳、氮、磷与土壤有机碳、全氮和土壤含水率呈现极显著或显著相关性,与土壤pH值呈现出不同程度的负相关性,表明植被类型对这些与土壤微生物量紧密相关的理化性质也有显著影响。