哈尔滨城区杂草群落多样性及其分类体系

对哈尔滨城区杂草群落多样性进行研究,构建了杂草群落分类体系,分析异质化生境下杂草群落类型多样性的形成原因及其适应对策.结果表明:研究区共有杂草38科128属175种,城市生境异质化以及杂草时间尺度上的生态位分化导致杂草群落类型的多样化;高比例的单优势种及一年生生活型是杂草群落对高强度人为干扰和不稳定的城市生境的响应;将植物与生境相结合,建立四级分类系统,将1763个杂草群落划分为2个生活型类型、5个休眠型类型、22个群落组、119个优势种群落.     

芜湖钢铁厂周边土壤及油菜籽中镉、铜、锌、铅含量和形态分布研究

研究了污染土壤、油菜籽中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量、形态分布特征和重金属富集状况及可能存在的生物毒性.结果表明,土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb以铁锰氧化物结合态、Cu以残留态占5种形态最高比例,分别为31.1%、39.3%、53.79%、46.24%;Cd、Pb交换态比例较高,为23.47%、16.32%,Cu、Zn的交换态比例较小,为3.14%、0.54%;土壤中不同重金属与各重金属形态相关关系有差别,5种重金属形态转化为有效态重金属难易程度不同;油菜籽和油菜籽壳中不同重金属累积趋势有差异,Cu易在油菜籽壳中累积,Cd、Zn、Pb易在油菜籽中累积;油菜籽中不同重金属累积率不同,Cd累积率最高,为0.56.油菜籽中重金属累积率与土壤中重金属总量呈显著负相关关系(P＜0.05),土壤中重金属的形态、转化差异是此种负相关关系的主要原因;油菜籽中Cd、Cu、Pb以氯化钠态为主,分别为32.50%、22.94%、34.69%,Zn以EDTA态为主,为45.97%.油菜籽中重金属形态可能影响其毒性,但其毒性的人类膳食风险还需进一步研究证实.油菜籽中重金属形态与油菜中重金属总量相关性不好.     

内陆盐沼芦苇根系形态及生物量分配对土壤盐分因子的响应

根系形态和生物量分配是决定根系吸收能力发挥的重要特征,其对环境限制因子的响应与适应策略一直是研究的热点。然而,有关土壤盐分对植物根系性状的影响还存在许多不确定性。选择兰州秦王川国家湿地公园芦苇群落为研究对象,垂直于沙河河岸从湿地边缘至湿地中心,依次设置3个不同土壤盐分梯度样地(样地I、样地II和样地III),采用全根挖掘法和WinRHIZO根系分析仪相结合的方法,研究了芦苇(Phragmites australis)根冠比、根总长度、比根长、根分叉数、根平均直径等形态参数的变化特征。结果表明:随着样地土壤盐分含量的增加,湿地群落的高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量逐渐下降,芦苇的根冠比、根分叉数呈逐渐减小的趋势,比根长、根总长度呈先下降后上升的趋势,而根平均直径呈相反的变化趋势;研究区土壤含盐量总体以中度盐渍化为主,表层土壤盐分呈现强变异性,随土层深度的增加含盐量呈下降趋势,而变异程度有所差异;芦苇根系性状与土壤含盐量的相关性分析可知,土壤含盐量与根总长度和比根长呈极显著相关关系(P0.01),与根冠比、根分叉数呈显著相关(P0.05),而与根平均直径相关性不显著。内陆盐沼的芦苇表现出敏感植物的特性,通过根系形态的调整和生物量分配策略的改变来适应盐分强变异的土壤环境,体现了逆境胁迫下湿地植物应对多重环境选择压力的生态适应机制。     

铜、锌污染对油菜生长和土壤酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了Cu、Zn污染对油菜幼苗生长和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:Cu、Zn污染对水稻土中土壤酶活性的影响表现不同,Cu对土壤脲酶活性的影响最为强烈,且对脲酶活性的抑制能力强于Zn;Zn对过氧化氢酶活性的影响最为强烈.Cu对油菜生长的毒害及对油菜干质量的影响程度也高于Zn.Cu、Zn主要通过抑制根的生长及其物质积累来抑制油菜幼苗生长.因子分析发现,根干质量较其他生长指标对Cu、Zn更敏感,可作为Cu、Zn污染检测指标.     

镉、锌、铜胁迫对向日葵早期幼苗生长的影响

分析了3种重金属离子(Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+)对向日葵种子胚根伸长和早期幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,3种重金属离子对向日葵胚根伸长的抑制作用依次为:Cd2+>Cu2+>Zn2+.3种重金属胁迫明显降低了幼苗生长和叶绿素含量,并显著提高了H2O2水平.其中Cd2+胁迫引起幼苗H2O2爆发高于Cu2+和Zn2+胁迫.进一步分析植株抗氧化系统的变化发现,随着重金属离子浓度的增加,向日葵幼苗酶类抗氧化物质SOD和CAT的活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势;重金属胁迫提高了非酶类的抗氧化物质脯氨酸和GSH的含量.其中Cd2+和Zn2+胁迫对脯氨酸含量变化的影响大于Cu2+胁迫;而Cu2+胁迫对GSH含量变化的影响大于Cd2+和Zn2+胁迫.     

蚯蚓对土壤中铜、镉生物有效性的影响

以第四纪红黏土红壤和长江冲积物形成的高砂土为供试土壤、分别加入3个浓度的Cu^2 (100、200、400mg／kg)或Cd^2-(5.10、20mg/kg)模拟土壤污染．设置接种蚯蚓(Pheretima sp.)处理与不加蚯蚓对照．并种植黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)、研究蚯蚓活动对土壤中Cu、Cd生物有效性的影响．以揭示蚯蚓在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的作用。结果表明：蚯蚓活动显著增加红黏中DTPA提取态Cu的含量、只有在浓度低于200mg／kgCu的处理中．才能增加CaCl2提取态Cu的含量．对H2O提取态Cu影响甚微;而对高砂土上Cu、Cd的各种形态影响均不显著;除红黏中浓度高于100mg／kgCu和10mg／kgCd处理外．蚯蚓活动显著提高了两种土壤上黑麦草地上部的生物量;接种蚯蚓后各种重金属处理中黑麦草对Cu的吸收量也显著增加,而Cd的吸收量变化不大。蚯蚓可能通过提高重金属的生物有效性而间接影响植物对重金属的修复效率。     

土壤pH对东南景天修复镉和锌污染土壤的影响

采用盆栽方法研究重金属(Zn、Cd)2种污染水平(T1处理:Zn 1200 mg·kg-1+Cd 20 mg·kg-1;T2处理:Zn 300 mg·kg-1+Cd 2.0 mg·kg-1)、4个p H水平(4.0、5.5、7.0和8.5)下,土壤Zn、Cd有效态的变化、东南景天吸收和积累特征以及植物对土壤中Zn、Cd的去除效果。结果表明,随着p H的降低,土壤Zn、Cd的有效态含量显著增大,东南景天吸收和积累土壤Zn、Cd的效率显著提高。T1处理时东南景天生物量在p H 5.5时最大,但与其他p H处理的差异并不显著;Zn、Cd在植物地上与地下部分的含量均在p H 4.0时最大。T2处理时东南景天在p H 4.0时体内重金属含量最高,但由于植物生长受到Al和Mn等元素的毒害,此时生物量最小。东南景天对土壤重金属去除率均在p H 5.5时最高,其中T1处理时Cd、Zn去除率分别为16%和1.33%,T2处理时分别为27%和1.09%;2种污染水平土壤重金属的去除率均在p H 8.5时最小。因此,适当降低土壤p H,可有效提高植物积累和去除土壤Zn、Cd的效率。本研究为进一步利用东南景天修复重金属污染土壤、提高植物修复效率提供了科学依据。     

土壤中镉、铅、锌及其相互作用对作物的影响

通过作物盆栽模拟试验(砂壤质褐土、pH值8.2)揭示：土壤中分别施入镉(CdCl2)、铅[Pb(CH3COO)2]或锌(ZnSO4)其影响表现为,植物各器官镉的含量超过对照植物的数倍至500倍。土壤镉浓度<5ppm和<10ppm分别造成某些蔬菜和水稻的污染。铅主要积累在植物根部,土壤铅污染对作物的影响较小。锌主要积累在植物叶片和根部,对水稻产生生长抑制的土壤锌浓度临界值不大于200ppm,此浓度对旱作无影响。土壤中同时施入镉和铅,植物对镉的吸收增加。而土壤中镉的增加却减少了植物体内铅的含量。土壤中由于镉、锌或铅、锌相互作用的结果,水稻对它们的吸收都有增加。在旱地土壤锌浓度的增高,降低了植物对镉、铅的吸收。镉、铅、锌同时施入土壤由于相互作用的结果,除锌之外,植物对镉、铅的吸收有明显下降。评价土壤重金属污染,不仅要看它们的含量及其存在形态,而且要分析它们之间的相互作用(促进或拮抗)特点。     

施用秸秆对淹水土壤镉、铜溶出的影响

污染土壤中重金属的溶出直接关系到重金属在环境中的迁移及生物有效性.以小麦、水稻秸秆为材料,在淹水培养的条件下研究了添加秸秆对污染土壤Cu、Cd溶出的影响及其与溶解有机碳(DOC)的关系.结果表明:添加秸秆可显著促进Cu、Cd的溶出,促进效应随秸秆用量的增加而提高;与Cd相比,Cu的溶出对添加秸秆更为敏感,麦秸处理Cu、Cd的峰值浓度平均比稻秸处理分别提高98%和31%;麦秸处理DOC的峰值浓度平均比稻秸处理提高约40%;Cu、Cd的溶出与土壤溶液中DOC呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9072和0.8695;DOC对Cu溶出的促进效率是对Cd溶出促进效率的4倍.     

自然降温对桂花叶片形态和生理特征的影响

叶片是植物对自然降温响应最敏感的器官之一.2017年7月至翌年6月间以西安市园林绿化植物桂花(Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.)Lour.)为材料,探究自然降温对桂花叶片形态和生理特征的影响,阐明桂花叶片对自然降温过程的适应策略,为北方森林城市建设物种筛选提供理论基础.结果显示:(1)桂花叶面积与月均...     

基于地貌特征的东北土地利用格局

采用Landsat TM7遥感影像和SRTM高程数据、东北土壤图等数据,应用GIS水文分析、空间分析方法和遥感影像监督分类方法对东北地区基本地貌类型和土地利用类型信息进行了量化。结果表明,大兴安岭山脊线以东、七老图山山地以北的东北区面积107.27万km2,分为山地、丘陵、台地、平原4种基本地貌,所占面积比例分别为21.2%、35.6%、16.1%和27.1%。明确了松嫩平原、松辽平原和科尔沁平原的位置、界线及相互关系,改进了传统的定性划分界线的方法。土地利用类型分为林地、草地、耕地、沙地、盐碱荒地、湿地滩涂、水域和建设用地,分别占41.1%、14.0%、33.8%、0.9%、1.5%、4.7%、1.4%和2.8%。最后讨论了土地利用与地貌相关的问题。     

Mobilisation of Cu,Mn and Zn in the soil solutions of barley rhizospheres

Summary We report data showing changes during the growing season in the concentrations of manganese, zinc and copper in the rhizosphere in soil solutions of barley plants. Substantial mobilisation of these trace elements occurred during the early stages of rhizosphere development so that soil solution concentrations increased three fold for the copper and zinc and fifteen fold for manganese.     

重金属Cd－Zn对水稻的复合污染和生态效应

重金属Ｃｄ－Ｚｎ对水稻的复合污染和生态效应周启星（浙江农业大学,杭州３１００２９）吴燕玉,熊先哲（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＣｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｄａｎｄＺｎａｎｄｉｔｓｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｒｉｃｅ...     

The effect of industrial pollution on Zinc,Cadmium and Copper concentration in the xylem rings of Scot's pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and in the soil

Summary The concentrations of heavy metals, including zinc, cadmium, and copper were studied in the xylem rings of Pinus sylvestris trees and in the soil of three heavily polluted sites and one non-polluted site. There was a high correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and recently produced xylem rings. However, the initiation of industrial pollution did not abruptly increase heavy metal concentrations in the xylem rings. There was a high correlation between the zinc content of trees growing near a zinc smelter and the values obtained by other investigators for pine trees growing on the same site.     

海水中Cu、Zn离子对牟氏角毛藻生长的生态效应

研究了Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ离子对车氏角毛藻生长的生态效应．结果表明,Ｃｕ离子活度低于１０－７．８０ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时,角毛藻生长繁殖良好,其中以１０－１３．５７～１０－１０．５２ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１为最好;Ｃｕ离子活度≥１０－７．８０ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时产生毒性．低Ｚｎ离子活度未表现出对车氏角毛藻的必需性,Ｚｎ离子活度＞１０－７．００ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时不利于生长繁殖．与Ｚｎ离子相比,牟氏角毛藻对Ｃｕ离子的毒性更为敏感．     

The effect of soil type and degree of metal contamination upon uptake of Cd,Pb and Cu in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Summary Five soils of increasing specific surface area (SSA) were loaded to five levels of contamination with Cd, Pb and Cu, and bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown on the soils for 30 days. A linear correlation was found between the concentration of Cd in the soil solutions and the amount absorbed by the plant per gram root material for four out of the five soils, and, in the case of Cu, for all five soils. Quantitatively, there was insufficient Cd or Cu in the soil solution to account for plant uptake of these metals. The amount of Cd absorbed by plants could also be related to the adsorption density (concentration/SSA soil) of the metal in four of the five soils, whereas the Cu content of plants could be related to the adsorption density of all five soils. It is thought that the metals were removed from the soil solution by root absorption and replenished by metal cations adsorbed onto surface sites in the soil. Consideration of the adsorption density of these metals in the soil may be a useful means to determine the permissible limits for heavy metal application for a wide range of soils. Lead uptake was significantly correlated to total Pb in soils, but not to the adsorption density or soil solution concentrations. The possible interpretation of the results are discussed.     

Effects of copper,zinc, and cadmium ions on the production of phosphate from phytic acid by the phytase system in spruce forest soil

Summary The hydrolysis of phosphate from phytic acid by the acid soil phytase system was reduced in the presence of metal ions. Copper was most effective in this respect — zinc and cadmium were less inhibitory. Binding to metals did not completely inhibit the hydrolysis of phytic acid. At higher metal concentrations, where binding to other soil constituents, like humic acids, interfered less, the inhibition of the phytase activity was stronger than that of acid phosphatase.     

Factors affecting the distribution of cadmium,copper and lead and their effect upon yield and zinc content in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Summary Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in the roots, stems and leaves of bulgarian bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were determined for plants grown in various soils of increasing levels of contamination of these metals. Most of each heavy metal absorbed by plants was retained in roots. Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in roots increased in response to soil concentrations, whereas, in stems, only Cd and Pb concentrations increased and Cu concentration was relatively constant. It is thought that Cu transport to the stele was metabolically controlled, whereas Cd and Pb reached the stem by leakage across non suberised areas of the endodermis. Uptake of heavy metals was associated with a decrease in zinc content in plants and a decrease in yield. By regression analysis decrease in both zinc content and plant yield could be best related to Cd content in stems. Possible reasons for these effects are discussed.     

Impact of Zn,Cu, and Fe on the Activity of Carbonic Anhydrase of Erythrocytes in Ducks

The impact of zinc, copper, and iron on the duck erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and the hemoglobin content in vitro culture were studied. The increase of zinc or iron addition at a low level induced the rise of CA activity, and the CA activity was inhibited by zinc or iron at a high addition level. The duck erythrocyte CA was strongly inhibited by cupric ion. The inhibition constant of duck erythrocyte CA to cupric ion is about 3.5 μM. Carbonic anhydrase compared to hemoglobin is more sensitive to zinc and copper in the environment. These findings suggest that some characteristics of duck erythrocyte CA are different from both CAI and CAII of mammals. The increase of Fe addition below 8 μM in the minimal essential medium brought about the rise of CA activity and resulted in the maximum of CA activity exceeding that induced by Zn. It provided a new evidence for the role of ferrous ion in CA.     

冶炼厂污灌区土壤铜和锌污染与土壤酶活性

通过对冶炼厂污灌区土壤和水稻中Cu、Zn含量分析以及土壤酶活性的测定,研究了距冶炼厂不同距离土壤Cu、Zn含量状况、水稻对它们的吸收和分配以及土壤酶活性的变化.结果表明,冶炼厂造成了周围农田土壤的Cu、Zn污染,其中Cu污染较严重,距离冶炼厂100 m处的全量和提取态Cu分别为182.4和81.91 mg·kg^-1,是对照的10.3和3倍.污灌区水稻各器官Cu、Zn的分布规律是,Cu:根＞茎叶＞米;Zn:茎叶＞根＞米.Zn在水稻体内的移动能力大于Cu,Cu主要累积在水稻根部,根可作为一种屏障阻碍Cu向地上部分迁移,使地上部分免受其害.水稻茎叶Cu含量和土壤中Cu的浓度密切相关.对蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性测定表明,脲酶活性变化最显著,其活性与土壤中Cu的浓度显著相关,建议用脲酶活性作为污灌区Cu污染指标.