Determination of ability of several arbor and shrub species to endure and survive extreme aridity with limited-areas methods under field conditions in Horqin Sandy Land

Using limited-areas methods, the ability of several arbor and shrub species to endure and survive extreme aridity under field conditions in Horqin Sandy Land was studied, and the lowest critical soil water content that was endurable for each of these species was determined. By limiting the horizontal distribution range of the plant roots system, the limited-areas methods could decrease the spatial heterogeneity of soil water content and improve the accuracy of the determination of soil water content. This method also had the advantage of worsening the aridity endured by the plant species, proving helpful in testing the ability of these species to endure aridity. Our results showed that Prunus sibirica L., Caragana microphylla Lam., Artemisia halodendron Turcz. ex Bess., Salix gordejevii Cheng et Skv., Ulmus pumila L., and Populus pseudo-simonii Kitag. could endure critical soil water contents of 0.82%, 0.87%, 1.61%, 1.89%, 2.04% and 2.27%, respectively. The results were useful in evaluating the ability of these species to endure aridity, and had some important implications for the rational use of these species in accelerating the revegetation of sandy desertified lands.     

科尔沁沙地几种乔灌木树种耐受极端土壤水分条件与生存能力野外实地测定

用有限面积法野外实地测定了科尔沁沙地几种常见乔灌木树种所能耐受的极端临界土壤含水量和极端干旱条件下的生存能力。有限面积法通过限制植物根系水平分布的范围,降低了根系分布区土壤含水量的空间异质性,提高了土壤含水量测定结果的准确性。通过减少植物的吸水范围,加重了植物的受旱程度,有利于对植物耐受极端干旱能力的检验。测定是在植物野外实际生存状态下进行,测定结果更加符合实际情况。野外实地测定结果表明：按从低到高的顺序,山杏、小叶锦鸡儿、差巴嘎蒿、黄柳、榆树、杨树的最低临界土壤含水量分别是0．82％、0．87％、1．61％、1．89％、2．04％和2．27％,形成了一个梯度顺序,反映了几个树种耐旱性的差异和适宜生境条件的不同。植物在极端干旱条件下的生存能力表现为叶片枯黄、萎蔫、脱落和枝条从上到下逐渐干枯,但枝条基部和根系仍然存活,并保持较长时间的存活能力,在遇到适宜的降水后能继续萌发、生长。这一特性具有蓄种、保种作用,对维持荒漠植物种群稳定与种源续存具有重要意义。测定结果对评价物种的抗旱能力和维持人工林群落稳定具有参考价值。     

Earlier summer drought affects leaf functioning of the Mediterranean species Cistus monspeliensis L.

The Mediterranean vegetation is characterized by a high diversity of growth forms, habits and phenology that enable it to endure under harsh environmental conditions. It is however unclear whether these adaptations may allow plant survival under more extreme conditions, as predicted by climatic models under the perspective of climate change. A manipulative experiment aiming at anticipating summer aridity has been run to analyse the effects of the experimental drought on spring-leaf functioning and characteristics of the leaf-dimorphic Mediterranean shrub Cistus monspeliensis L.Assimilation rates were reduced under anticipated summer aridity due to a decrease of stomatal conductance, but only before morphological adaptations to drought (an increase of leaf mass per area) occurred. These adaptations were anticipated under experimental dry conditions, and causes photosynthetic performances to recover compared to previous dates. When natural summer aridity occurred, the leaf mass per area also changed in the control. However, this causes no recovery of the photosynthetic performances, because of the decrease of stomatal conductance due to low soil water content and leaf water potential values. Moreover, under experimental drought, leaf shedding was anticipated to reduce water losses, causing an overall reduction of leaf lifespan.     

荒漠植物蒙古扁桃水分生理特征

蒙古扁桃(Prunus mongolica)是荒漠区和荒漠草原的水土保持植物和景观植物,是蒙古高原古老残遗植物,对其深入研究对于了解蒙古高原植被演替以及对当地生态环境的稳定和恢复有着重要意义。该实验采用PV技术和自然脱水法探讨了蒙古扁桃的水分生理特性。结果表明:在自然状态下,蒙古扁桃幼苗叶片的相对含水量为69%,饱和含水量为117%,临界饱和亏为48%,水势为-0.85 MPa。经 5% PEG-Hoagland (-0.46 MPa)干旱胁迫处理3 d后,其相对含水量、临界含水量和水势分别下降到48%、39%和 -1.97 MPa,而饱和含水量和束缚水与自由水比值分别增加到187%和11.94。对失水率分析的结果表明:在正常水分状态下,蒙古扁桃幼苗经102 h自然脱水后失水达到平衡,而经过干旱胁迫处理3 d后,其失水率曲线斜率变小,失水过程明显减缓,失水最终达到平衡的时间延长到152 h,其保水能力显著提高。将旱生植物蒙古扁桃的失水率曲线与中旱生植物长柄扁桃(P. pedunculata)的失水率曲线相比较发现,蒙古扁桃的耐脱水能力明显强于中旱生植物长柄扁桃。PV曲线(Pressure-volume curve)分析结果表明: 蒙古扁桃饱和含水量渗透势(Ψπ¹⁰⁰)和零膨压渗透势 (Ψπ⁰)很低,分别为-2.49 MPa和-3.11 MPa,而Ψπ¹⁰⁰和Ψπ⁰差值较大(0.62 MPa),表明其维持膨压的能力很强。其细胞壁弹性模量值低(4.18 MPa)进一步表明,蒙古扁桃具有很强的膨压调节能力。蒙古扁桃幼苗失去膨压时的渗透含水量(ROWC^tlp)为80%,这是其细胞壁特性所决定的渗透调节能力的基础。蒙古扁桃质外体含水量(AWC, %)较高(79%),因而具有较高的束缚水与自由水比值(7.76),这是其耐脱水性的生理基础。总之,蒙古扁桃叶水势、渗透势低有利于其根部对深层土壤水分的吸收,而较高的束缚水与自由水比值及较低的细胞壁弹性模量是其耐脱水的生理基础。     

黄土丘陵区植物群落多样性及生物量随土壤水分梯度变化特征

了解土壤水分与物种多样性及生物量的关系对探究植物群落特征与分布具有重要意义.以陕北黄土丘陵区吴起、米脂、府谷、定边4个典型区域为研究对象,对比分析降水量影响下的土壤水分梯度对自然恢复植物群落多样性、生物量的影响,为黄土丘陵区植被恢复和生物多样性管理提供科学依据.结果表明:随降水量自东南向西北逐渐减少土壤水分呈降低趋势,...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区潜在抗侵蚀植物分析

基于对黄土丘陵沟壑区延河流域多年(2003—2014年)植被调查资料的整理分析,根据抗侵蚀植物定义及Braun-Blanquet植物社会学方法,筛选该区潜在的抗侵蚀植物,阐明不同抗侵蚀植物的分布特征及其生存繁衍能力。结果表明:1)共筛选出潜在的抗侵蚀植物42种,分属18科33属,禾本科、豆科、菊科、蔷薇科物种最多,占总物种数的66%。2)42种植物中85%的物种生活型为高位芽、地上芽和地面芽植物,76%的物种生长型为灌木/小灌木和多年生草本,78%的物种水分生态类型为旱生和中生;结合该流域的气候条件及42种植物的分布范围,可将其分成广幅种、中幅种、窄幅种3种类型。3)55%的物种最大盖度超过50%,可成为群落的建群种或单优种;其它最大盖度小于50%的物种多成为群落的共优种,这些物种具有较高的盖度和地上生物量,表明植物能适应该区侵蚀环境且长势较好。4)42种植物几乎都具有土壤种子库和幼苗库,60%的物种具有植冠种子库;除一年生植物,其他植物均可进行营养繁殖,表明潜在的抗侵蚀植物均能维持自身的生存繁衍。5)42种植物中有13种为主杆型植物,其较大的冠幅能够保护基部土壤;8种疏丛型植物具较强的保护土体和拦截沉积物能力;6种聚丛型和7种簇丛型植物能有效拦截沉积物。总之,只占研究区记录的总物种数13%的潜在抗侵蚀植物具有种子库和幼苗库,多年生植物以营养生殖为主,能维持自身的生存繁衍;由于植冠对其下土壤的保护和植物基部茎对沉积物的拦截,在植物基部能形成土堆,可有效控制土壤侵蚀。     

氯离子在土壤水分与作物生长关系研究中的指示作用

以小麦为试材,采用盆栽试验和氯离子指示技术,研究了不同土壤水分条件下,小麦在苗期对氯离子的吸收与累积特性和同期土壤中氯离子迁移特征。结果表明:(1)氯离子在小麦体内的累积与土壤含水量的关系密切,小麦苗期根系中氯离子累积量决定于根系与氯离子的接触几率,在植物地上部分的分配依赖于蒸腾强度;(2)在土壤含水量较低条件下,氯离子在根部累积明显,向地上部分移动不强,而在高含水量(18%)情况下,向地上部移动累积较为明显,氯离子在植物体中累积与分配关系很好地指示了土壤水分条件与植物生长之间关系;(3)在生长发育期间,当土壤含水量低于18%时小麦根系以伸长主动觅水,满足蒸腾需要为主;高于18%时,土壤水分移动以补偿根际蒸腾为主,土壤水分强烈的液态迁移存在着明显的临界含水量,可以用土壤剖面上氯离子含量的变化过程确定小麦根系水分利用的有效土层深度,以便准确地计算水分生产效率。因此,氯离子作为指示元素,在研究旱地土壤水分条件、水分移动能力等与作物生长的关系方面具有一定的可行性。     

水淹干扰对羊草草地地上生物量影响的初步研究

为在一定程度上揭示水淹干扰后草地净初级生产力变化的机制,对松嫩平原羊草草地水淹干扰梯度上的地上生物量进行了测定和比较,并对经历水淹干扰后土壤水分及主要养分(N、P)的变化以及植被物种组成的变化作了比较分析。结果表明,轻度和重度水淹干扰样带的地上生物量显著高于未受水淹干扰的对照样带,分别高出对照样带89．54％和113.45％,表明水淹干扰消除了对草地生产力起限制作用的因素,使草地净初级生产力有了大幅度提高,水淹干扰首先改变了土壤的水分状况,而水分状况是限制草地生产力的最主要的因素,尤其是在干旱年份,消除了干旱对草地生产力的限制;土壤水分的增加导致土壤养分(N、P等)的有效性显著增加,消除了原来土壤养分匮乏对草地生产力造成的限制;在水淹干扰作用下,群落的物种组成由相对低矮的物种组合趋向于向形态高大的、具有更高生产力潜力的物种组合转变。     

西双版纳热带雨林土壤与叶片生态化学计量特征的干湿度效应

基于地理格局对西双版纳热带雨林的干湿度梯度效应和生态化学计量学的研究思路,结合野外试验监测和室内分析,对西双版纳热带雨林土壤-植物系统元素化学计量特征对海拔和干湿度效应响应进行了研究探讨,结果发现:西双版纳热带雨林土壤和叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征均不同程度的受到海拔和干湿季影响。季雨林与山地雨林的水热梯度受海拔梯度重要影响,随海拔梯度升高,土壤含水率变化显著,且含水率在干湿季均对土壤有机碳(SOC)存在显著影响(P0.01),雨季其对土壤全氮(STN)和土壤全磷(STP)的影响要显著于干季;叶片全磷(TP)随含水率的增大而升高,而叶片全氮(TN)在干季会随含水率的升高而增大,雨季含水率升高到一定程度时会抑制TN含量的增加并出现单峰现象;而土壤C/P与海拔和干季土壤含水率的极显著相关性(P0.01)及干季叶片C/N与叶片含水率的显著相关关系(P0.05)说明,干季水分匮乏条件下,土壤含水率影响土壤P的矿化度和植物对P的吸收利用水平,而且叶片C/N对反馈植物水分含量具有明显指示作用。因此,水热梯度是土壤-叶片系统碳氮磷生态化学计量特征变化的重要驱动因素。此外,全球变化区域响应方面,多雨高温可能会削弱季雨林叶片C的同化能力,且叶N含量降低,但受氮沉降的影响,对C/N的影响尚无法确定;由于P循环对其他元素的耦合作用,雨林土壤-叶片系统的元素循环周期将会被缩短,但干季山地雨林植物生态系统P的限制作用有可能会减弱。     

Thresholds in decoupled soil-plant elements under changing climatic conditions

Background and aims

Aridity has increased in the past decades and will probably continue to increase in arid and semiarid regions. Here we decipher the plant and soil capacity to retain metal cations when climate evolves to more arid conditions.

Methods

We analyzed K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations in 580 soil samples and 666 plant (shoot and root) samples along a 3600 km aridity gradient in northern China.

Results

The concentrations of soil exchangeable K, Mg, Mn, Fe and Cu clearly decreased with increasing aridity due to the relationships of aridity with soil clay content and soil pH. Increases in exchangeable Na and Ca concentrations at mid- and high-aridity levels are probably due to the soil salinization, whereas increased exchangeable Fe concentrations at extreme levels of aridity may be more related to a reduced pH. Element concentrations in both plant shoots and roots were unrelated to soil exchangeable element concentrations; instead they increased monotonously with increasing aridity, corresponding with decreases in plant size and shoot/root ratios. The shoot/root mineralomass ratios in general increased with increasing aridity. The proportional higher element contents in shoots than in roots with increasing aridity are related to increased water uptake and/or use efficiency.

Conclusions

The extractability of soil elements in response to changing climate varied with the nature of specific elements that are controlled by biological and geochemical processes, i.e., some decreased linearly with increasing aridity, whereas others first decreased and then increased with different thresholds. These contrasting effects of aridity on nutrient availability could further constrain plant growth and should be incorporated into biogeochemical models. The prevailing paradigm of a positive relationship between concentrations of plant and soil elements needs to be reconsidered under changing climatic conditions.

     

水分胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对枳实生苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomaus mosseae)对枳[Poncirustrifoliat(L.)Raf.]实生苗的生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明,在土壤含水量为20%、16%和12%条件下,接种G.mosseae能够增加植株的生长(株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、地下部干重和植株干重),促进植株根系活跃吸收面积和根际土壤有效磷的吸收,提高叶片和根系可溶性糖含量的积累,降低叶片脯氨酸含量,增强植株的水分利用效率(达20%～40%),使枳实生苗的抗旱能力得到增强.土壤含水量为20%和16%条件下接种G.mosseae对植株的效果较土壤含水量为12%条件下更显著.12%的土壤含水量严重抑制Gmosseae的侵染,说明丛枝菌根侵染程度轻,其对植物的效果也差.     

Importance of soil moisture and its interaction with competition and clipping for two montane meadow grasses

Meadow classification studies have demonstrated the importance of water table fluctuation patterns in determining plant community composition in the western United States. However, a mechanism causing an overall increase in Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis populations and local declines in Deschampsia cespitosa populations in western montane meadows over the past century has not been defined. In order to better understand plant species interactions in these often highly grazed systems, we observed aboveground responses of Poa and Deschampsia to changes in species composition, soil moisture gradients, and clipping in the field. As well, we conducted a factorial greenhouse experiment, varying plant density, water availability, and clipping. While Poa is adapted to dry meadows and Deschampsia to wet meadows, their ranges overlap in wet conditions where soil moisture averages 50% in the early growing season. Deschampsia appears to be excluded from dry meadows where Poa is prevalent and soil moisture is closer to 30% water content in the early growing season. Our greenhouse experiment revealed that Deschampsia’s competitive ability decreases, while Poa’s increases, at soil moistures of 19%. However in more mesic conditions (50% soil moisture), each species aboveground biomass, tillering, and inflorescence weight was adherent to soil moisture conditions, and species interactions were less important. Our early growing season clipping treatments significantly reduced biomass of both grasses, but did not appear to favor one species over the other. This work points to the importance of soil water content in determining the performance of each plant species and the level of species interactions in montane meadows.     

Disentangling water sources in a gypsum plant community. Gypsum crystallization water is a key source of water for shallow-rooted plants

Background and AimsGypsum drylands are widespread worldwide. In these arid ecosystems, the ability of different species to access different water sources during drought is a key determining factor of the composition of plant communities. Gypsum crystallization water could be a relevant source of water for shallow-rooted plants, but the segregation in the use of this source of water among plants remains unexplored. We analysed the principal water sources used by 20 species living in a gypsum hilltop, the effect of rooting depth and gypsum affinity, and the interaction of the plants with the soil beneath them.MethodsWe characterized the water stable isotope composition, δ ²H and δ ¹⁸O, of plant xylem water and related it to the free and gypsum crystallization water extracted from different depths throughout the soil profile and the groundwater, in both spring and summer. Bayesian isotope mixing models were used to estimate the contribution of water sources to plant xylem sap.Key ResultsIn spring, all species used free water from the top soil as the main source. In summer, there was segregation in water sources used by different species depending on their rooting depth, but not on their gypsum affinity. Gypsum crystallization water was the main source for most shallow-rooted species, whereas free water from 50 to 100 cm depth was the main source for deep-rooted species. We detected plant–soil interactions in spring, and indirect evidence of possible hydraulic lift by deep-rooted species in summer.ConclusionsPlants coexisting in gypsum communities segregate their hydrological niches according to their rooting depth. Crystallization water of gypsum represents an unaccounted for, vital source for most of the shallow-rooted species growing on gypsum drylands. Thus, crystallization water helps shallow-rooted species to endure arid conditions, which eventually accounts for the maintenance of high biodiversity in these specialized ecosystems.     

Dispersal strategies and spatial organization of vegetation in arid ecosystems

Seed dispersal and establishment are critical stages for plants in arid environments, where vegetation is spatially organized in patches with suitable and unsuitable sites for establishment. Theoretical studies suggest that the ability of vegetation to self‐organize in patchy spatial patterns is a critical property for plant survival in arid environments, and is a consequence of a scale‐dependent feedback between plants and resource availability. Field observations show that plants of arid environments evolved towards short dispersal distance (proxichory) and that the investment in reproduction increases along an aridity gradient. Here, we investigated how plant dispersal strategies affect spatial organization and associated scale‐dependent feedback in arid ecosystems. We addressed this research question using a model where the spatio‐temporal vegetation patterns were driven by scale‐dependent feedbacks between plants and soil water availability. In the model, water availability limited vegetation growth, seed production and establishment ability. Seed dispersal was modelled with an integrodifferential equation that mimicked important plant dispersal characteristics (i.e. fecundity, mean dispersal distance and establishment ability). Results showed that, when the investment in fecundity was relatively high, short seed dispersal helped maintaining higher mean biomass in the system, improving the vegetation efficiency in water use. However, higher fecundity induced a large cost, and high mean biomass could be sustained only with high establishment ability. Considering low establishment ability, intermediate fecundity was more efficient than low fecundity in maintaining high plant biomass under the most arid conditions. Consistently, plant dispersal strategies that maintained more biomass were related to a vegetation spatial organization that allowed the most efficient soil water redistribution, through the strengthening of the scale‐dependent feedback. The efficient dispersal strategies and spatial patterns in the model are commonly observed in plants of arid environments. Thus, dispersal strategies in arid environments might contribute to a favourable spatial organization and associated scale‐dependent feedback.     

放牧作用下高寒草甸群落物种分布与土壤因子的关系

以青藏高原东北缘高寒草甸为对象,研究不同放牧强度下植物群落和土壤因子的变化,以及群落物种分布与土壤物理结构和化学养分因子的定量关系.结果表明: 放牧导致优势种为垂穗披碱草和大针茅的原植物群落发生分异,高强度放牧样地优势种变为矮生嵩草和阴山扁蓿豆,低强度放牧样地变为垂穗披碱草和冷地早熟禾.随放牧强度增加,物种丰富度、重要值和生物量均显著降低.各放牧强度样地重要值的物种序列均可用对数模型进行拟合;随放牧强度增加,植物重要值累积到占整个群落重要值50%时,需要的物种数降低.土壤速效P、速效K、紧实度、含水量、稳定入渗速率和大团聚体指标随放牧强度显著变化,但变化规律不一致.CCA排序表明,土壤紧实度是放牧作用下影响群落物种分布格局的最关键因子.方差分解表明,土壤因子共解释群落物种分布变异的30.5%,其中土壤物理性状单独解释群落物种分布的22.8%,对群落物种分布的贡献率最高,主要影响放牧干扰下高寒草甸植物群落物种的分布格局.     

Species richness promotes ecosystem carbon storage: evidence from biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments

Plant diversity has a strong impact on a plethora of ecosystem functions and services, especially ecosystem carbon (C) storage. However, the potential context-dependency of biodiversity effects across ecosystem types, environmental conditions and carbon pools remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis by collecting data from 95 biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) studies across 60 sites to explore the effects of plant diversity on different C pools, including aboveground and belowground plant biomass, soil microbial biomass C and soil C content across different ecosystem types. The results showed that ecosystem C storage was significantly enhanced by plant diversity, with stronger effects on aboveground biomass than on soil C content. Moreover, the response magnitudes of ecosystem C storage increased with the level of species richness and experimental duration across all ecosystems. The effects of plant diversity were more pronounced in grasslands than in forests. Furthermore, the effects of plant diversity on belowground plant biomass increased with aridity index in grasslands and forests, suggesting that climate change might modulate biodiversity effects, which are stronger under wetter conditions but weaker under more arid conditions. Taken together, these results provide novel insights into the important role of plant diversity in ecosystem C storage across critical C pools, ecosystem types and environmental contexts.     

Multiple trade‐offs regulate the effects of woody plant removal on biodiversity and ecosystem functions in global rangelands

Woody plant encroachment is a major land management issue. Woody removal often aims to restore the original grassy ecosystem, but few studies have assessed the role of woody removal on ecosystem functions and biodiversity at global scales. We collected data from 140 global studies and evaluated how different woody plant removal methods affected biodiversity (plant and animal diversity) and ecosystem functions (plant production, hydrological function, soil carbon) across global rangelands. Our results indicate that the impact of removal is strongly context dependent, varying with the specific response variable, removal method, and traits of the target species. Over all treatments, woody plant removal increased grass biomass and total groundstorey diversity. Physical and chemical removal methods increased grass biomass and total groundstorey biomass (i.e., non‐woody plants, including grass biomass), but burning reduced animal diversity. The impact of different treatment methods declined with time since removal, particularly for total groundstorey biomass. Removing pyramid‐shaped woody plants increased total groundstorey biomass and hydrological function but reduced total groundstorey diversity. Environmental context (e.g., aridity and soil texture) indirectly controlled the effect of removal on biomass and biodiversity by influencing plant traits such as plant shape, allelopathic, or roots types. Our study demonstrates that a one‐size‐fits‐all approach to woody plant removal is not appropriate, and that consideration of woody plant identity, removal method, and environmental context is critical for optimizing removal outcomes. Applying this knowledge is fundamental for maintaining diverse and functional rangeland ecosystems as we move toward a drier and more variable climate.     

亏缺灌溉对干旱区两种乡土植物种子生产性能及其水分利用效率的影响

科学灌溉对植物种子生产具有重要意义。本研究以荒漠草原优良乡土植物沙芦草和牛枝子为对象,以充分灌溉为对照,探究不同生育时期亏缺灌溉对两种牧草种子生产和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 与对照相比,亏缺灌溉下两种植物土壤含水率下降,其中沙芦草土壤含水率下降主要发生在0～60 cm土层,牛枝子土壤水分下降未出现明显的分层现象。亏缺灌溉下沙芦草种子产量各构成因子差异均显著,开花期亏缺灌溉种子产量最高;牛枝子仅生殖枝数、小花数和荚果数差异显著,种子产量各处理差异不显著。相关分析显示,沙芦草种子产量与生殖枝数(r=0.776)、小穗数(r=0.717)呈显著正相关;牛枝子花序数与生殖枝数呈极显著负相关(r=-0.685),与小花数呈显著正相关(r=0.412)。与充分灌溉相比,亏缺灌溉下两种乡土植物种子生产耗水量减少,水分利用效率提高,其中,沙芦草开花期亏缺灌溉水分利用效率提高最多(32.9%);牛枝子分枝期亏缺灌溉提高最多(27.4%)。因此,适当亏缺灌溉可以提高两种植物水分利用效率。从水分利用效率和种子产量来看,干旱区沙芦草和牛枝子种子人工繁育时可采取亏缺灌溉,适宜亏缺的生育期分别为开花期和分枝期。     

水分胁迫对脂松苗木针叶质膜透性和保护酶活性的影响

以2年生盆栽脂松苗木为材料,研究了不同土壤水分处理（含干旱和水渍胁迫）及解除胁迫后对脂松苗木针叶质膜透性和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着干旱与水渍胁迫时间的延长,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和丙二醛(MDA)含量均有所上升;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性逐渐降低;过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐升高;解除胁迫后,各项指标均有不同程度的恢复,其中田间含水量为40%、80%、100%处理（即FC40%、FC80%、FC）恢复较快;干旱处理中FC20%和水渍处理中的水渍胁迫（FL）对苗木的生理影响在解除胁迫后14天尚未完全恢复且表现为水淹处理恢复能力较干旱处理差。综上,FC60%为最适土壤水分含量,综合表现最佳。     

Contrasting ecosystem vegetation response in global drylands under drying and wetting conditions

Increasing aridity is one major consequence of ongoing global climate change and is expected to cause widespread changes in key ecosystem attributes, functions, and dynamics. This is especially the case in naturally vulnerable ecosystems, such as drylands. While we have an overall understanding of past aridity trends, the linkage between temporal dynamics in aridity and dryland ecosystem responses remain largely unknown. Here, we examined recent trends in aridity over the past two decades within global drylands as a basis for exploring the response of ecosystem state variables associated with land and atmosphere processes (e.g., vegetation cover, vegetation functioning, soil water availability, land cover, burned area, and vapor-pressure deficit) to these trends. We identified five clusters, characterizing spatiotemporal patterns in aridity between 2000 and 2020. Overall, we observe that 44.5% of all areas are getting dryer, 31.6% getting wetter, and 23.8% have no trends in aridity. Our results show strongest correlations between trends in ecosystem state variables and aridity in clusters with increasing aridity, which matches expectations of systemic acclimatization of the ecosystem to a reduction in water availability/water stress. Trends in vegetation (expressed by leaf area index [LAI]) are affected differently by potential driving factors (e.g., environmental, and climatic factors, soil properties, and population density) in areas experiencing water-related stress as compared to areas not exposed to water-related stress. Canopy height for example, has a positive impact on trends in LAI when the system is stressed but does not impact the trends in non-stressed systems. Conversely, opposite relationships were found for soil parameters such as root-zone water storage capacity and organic carbon density. How potential driving factors impact dryland vegetation differently depending on water-related stress (or no stress) is important, for example within management strategies to maintain and restore dryland vegetation.