The urban woods of Rome (Italy)

ABSTRACT

A phytosociological study of the urban woods of Rome is described. Six syntaxonomical types were identified: 1) Orno-Quercetum ilicis, an edaphic-xerophytic variant of the natural potential vegetation of the city (deciduous Quercus sp. pl. woods); 2) Aquifolio-Fagetum carpinetosum betuli, in the northern slopes of alluvial valleys; 3) Q. suber and Q. pubescens wood, ranked in Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae order 4) Quercetum ilicis galloprovinciale suberetosum; 5) coppice of Q. cerris and Q. frainetto, which belongs to the Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis alliance; 6) mixed mesophile wood of Q. cerris and Ostrya carpinifolia which can be considered a transition between the Doronico-Fagion and the Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis alliances. All of these six woody vegetation types are characterised by the large penetration of Mediterranean species belonging to the Quercetea and Quercetalia ilicis and the middle-European ones of the Querco-Fagetea. This mosaic of species exemplifies the bioclimatic characteristics of Rome, which is situated in a Mediterranean transitional region.     

Hydro-ecological effects of artificial Pinus tabulaeformis carr. and Hippophae rhamnoides woods in the low mountainous upland of Western Liaoning Province, China

Pinus tabulaeformis carr. and Hippophae rhamnoides are widely planted in the low mountainous upland and loess plateau and are the main species for afforestation in the semiarid region. To expound their roles in controlling severe soil and water losses and the mechanism of their roles, a study on the hydro-ecological effects of the woods was carried out during 2002–2004, using the runoff plot method set up in different woods and conducting a physical and chemical analyses of the soil. The experimental woods are located in the low mountainous upland of Western Liaoning Province, China where the annual average air temperature is 5.4–8.7C, the annual precipitation is 450–580 mm, of which June averages 238.9 mm, and the annual average humidity is 38%–82%. The coverage rate of vegetation is 28%. The age of Pinus tabulaeformis carr. is 28 a, its distribution density is 2825 ind.·hm², and its coverage rate is 0.75, while those of Hippophae rhamnoides are 11a, 8950 ind.·hm² and 0.90, respectively. The results showed that the intercepting rates of canopy in Pinus tabulaeformis carr. and Hippophae rhamnoides were 23.08% and 32.28%. The litter intercepting rate averaged 14.17% in the Pinus tabulaeformis carr. woods and 20.8% in the Hippophae rhamnoides woods, respectively. The runoff depths in Pinus tabulaeformis carr. and Hippophae rhamnoides were 2.516 mm and 0.893 mm, while erosion amounts were 15.57 t·km^-2 and 0.76 t·km^-2, respectively. Under the comprehensive action in the artificial woods, the runoff depth and erosion amount from the woodland were 1/20 and 1/50 of those from the wasteland, respectively, which indicated the immense hydro-ecological functions of Pinus tabulaeformis carr. and Hippophae rhamnoides woods Litter and dead roots would decompose into organic matter and nutrient substances with the help of microbes, and would thus distinctly improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil. In comparison with the wasteland, the bulk density of soil decreased in the woodland, while the content of organic matter, total N, total K, and available K significantly increased. The physical properties of soil in the woodland, such as total porosity, noncapillary porosity, saturated moisture content, noncapillary water-holding capacity, were distinctly higher in surface soil (0–20 cm) than those in the soil at the depth of 20–40 cm. There was no significant difference of pH, total P, and available P among different land types or at different soil depths. The noncapillary water-holding capacities in Pinus tabulaeformis carr. and Hippophae rhamnoides were 182.1% and 275.9% times those of wasteland, respectively.     

蛋白质分形研究现状及展望

分形理论是以不规则的复杂性物体为研究对象,描述它们秩序和结构的一种方法。研究发现,蛋白质作为一种生物大分子,在不同层次上表现出一定尺度范围内的分形特征。主要介绍了目前蛋白质分子形态结构分形研究的基本情况以及未来可能的发展方向。     

厦门口岸进境原木截获的小蠹科害虫调查

【背景】小蠹虫是国际贸易中重要的钻蛀害虫,也是全国口岸主要截获害虫之一。【方法】本文对2010~2014年厦门口岸进境原木中截获的小蠹科害虫的寄主、来源国家、截获次数进行了统计分析,并编制了截获小蠹种类检索表,提出了口岸检疫要点。【结果】截获的小蠹害虫种类主要有长林小蠹、赤材小蠹、十二齿小蠹和南部松齿小蠹等,主要来源于澳大利亚,新西兰和巴西等国家,寄主主要有辐射松,樟子松,湿地松和海岸松等种类。【结论与意义】本研究可为一线口岸检疫查验提供指导。     

Characterization of wood components of Portuguese medieval dugout canoes with high-resolution solid-state NMR

High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon 13 was employed to characterize archaeological wood samples from Portuguese medieval dugout canoes. Structural and chemical modifications were assessed by comparing the structural features of archaeological wood samples with modern wood. The main results concern the strong decrease of sugar moiety with a complete disappearance of hemicelluloses. During ageing in water environment, the β-O-4 inter-unit linkages of lignins have not been degraded. The features of the ¹³C NMR spectra clearly reveal that the products of degradation of the carbohydrates occurring during depletion of sugars were not recombined inside the lignocellulosic matrix. Finally, this article gives a clear illustration that although the water contents of archaeological wood can certainly be used as a good criterion concerning their state of degradation, solid-state ¹³C NMR lead to unambiguously data as far the structural properties of archaeological waterlogged woods are concerned.     

Studies on Some Angiospermous Fossil Woods Excavated from the Central Part of HubeiProvince

Five angiospermous fossil woods of Late Tertiary have been excavated from Xinzhow County, Hubei Province. From the observation of the wood anatomical features they are pre- liminarily identified as Bischofia javanica B1., a species of Leguminosae, and two species of Lauraceae.     

On the Application of the Analysis ct Variance in the Identification of Dadoxylon woods

This paper suggests that the analysis of variance could be used to the distinction of Da- doxylon-like woods and some quantitave characters of Dadoxylon taiyuanensis, Amyelon radicans, A. xui, A. equivius and Billigea resinosa, for example, diameter of ray cells and tracheids, height of rays, and diameter ratio of ray to tracheid, are compared and discussed. The comparision and discussion show quantitave character is more useful to identification of fossil plants than others if analysis Of variance is used.     

鄂中一些被子植物硅化木研究

本文研究了我国首次在长江北岸,湖北省新洲县发现的新生代晚第三纪大戟科、豆科和樟科的被子植物硅化木。这些硅化木的发现和鉴定,反映了该地区当时较为炎热潮湿的气候环境,并为长江流域新生代的地质、古气候、古地理、古生物群演变等方面的研究,提供了论据。     

方差分析在台木类木化石鉴定中的应用

本文用方差分析区别具台木类木材的三个种：太原台木(Dadoxylon taiyuanensis),生根无髓根（Amyelon radicans)和徐氏无髓根（A.xui),并同国外的种比较,结果表明,用这种方法能定量地研究植物性状之间的区别,并得到较好的效果。     

Germination and viability of the pollen of Crocus sativus L

Abstract

Viability and germinability tests were carried out on the pollen of Crocus sativus L., a sterile triploid commonly known as saffron. Pollen taken from dehiscent anthers was examined by means of vital staining and cytochemical techniques in order to detect its viability; germination in vitro was evaluated. From the results obtained it is evident that saffron pollen is viable at a high percentage (65%) but germinates at a very low percentage. Moreover in vitro germination is very slow, and is accompained by numerous morphological anomalies. The low germination of the pollen is due to the triploidy of C. sativus.     

福建漳浦前湖湾海底古森林木材解剖

福建漳浦前期湖湾海底古森林（推定有6000a以上历史）木材显微观察和鉴定结构表明;该海底森林的主要组成树种为侧柏[Platycladus orientalis (Linn.)Franco]、柏林(Cupressus funebris Endl.)水松[Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunt.)Koch]、杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.)Hook.]、木荷(Schima superba Gardn. et Champ.)、枫香（Liquidambar formosana Hance)、黄樟[Cunnamomum porrectrm (Roxb.)Kosterm.]、桢楠属一种(Phoebe sp.),是由原始森林被火山喷发物覆盖形成的。海底古森林木材研究对沿海防护林体系建设、木材保护、矿产资源勘探以及旅游资源开发等都有重要价值。     

鄂中一些被子植物硅化木研究

报道了我国武汉市新洲县阳逻镇北部晚第三纪(距今2000—250万年)出土的武汉楸木(新种,Catalpa wuha(?)e(?)sis sp.nov.)和武汉石梓(新种,Gmelina wuhanensis sp.nov.)被子植物硅化木。这些被子植物硅化木的发现更进一步证实了该地区当时是较为炎热和潮湿的气候环境。此外,对1987年发表于《植物学报》上初步鉴定为樟科及豆科的硅化木,进一步确定为武汉樟木(新种,Laurinoxylon,(?)uhanensis sp.nov.)和顶果木(Acrocarpus frax(?)-folius)。     

Structure and affinities of the petrified plants from the cretaceous of Northern Japan and Saghalien III petrified plants from the upper cretaceous of Saghalien

Five species including two new species,Araucarioxylon kiiense Ogura,Taxodioxylon albertense (Penhal.) Shimakura,Cupressinoxylon cryptomerioides Stopes,Xenoxylon watarianum sp. nov. andCedroxylon shimakurae sp. nov., were described from the Upper Cretaceous (Late Turonian-Santonian) of southern Saghalien. Consecutive number from the previous paper (Nishida and Nishida, 1985). Contributions from the Laboratory of Phylogenetic Botany, Chiba University No. 100. Supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture No. 59540441.     

东北地区中生代化石木异木属及其古生态

迄今为止,我国共了现异木属（Ｘｅｎｏｘｙｌｏｎ）化石木１０种（包括２新种）,它们是Ｘ．ｌａｔｉｐｏｒｏｓｕｍ,Ｘ．ｃｏｎｃｈｙｌｉａｎｕｍ,Ｘ．ｌｉａｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ,Ｘ．ｅｌｌｉｐｔｉｃｕｍ,Ｘ．ｈｏｐｅｉｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｐｅｉｄｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｙｉｘｉａｎｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｆｕｘｉｎｅｎｓｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,Ｘ．ｈｕｏｌｉｎｈｅｎｅｓｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。文中对该属的古生态作了     

Structure and affinities of the petrified plants from the cretaceous of Northern Japan and Saghalien IV petrified plants from the upper cretaceous of Saghalien (2)

Four species including two new species,Araucarioxylon pseudochoshiense sp. nov.,Taxodioxylon pseudoablertense Nishida et H. Nishida,Taxodioxylon nihongii Nishida et H. Nishida andTaxaceoxylon saghalienense sp. nov., were described from the Upper Cretaceous (Late Turonian-Santonian) of southern Saghalien. Consecutive number from the previous paper (Nishida and Nishida, 1986). Contributions from the Laboratory of Phylogenetic Botany, Chiba University No. 102. Supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture No. 59540441.     

湖北第三纪双子叶植物木化石

描述的木化石产自湖北新洲县阳逻镇的砂砾岩中,计有Ｌａｕｒｉｎｏｘｙｌｏｎ ｄａｂｉｅｓｈａｎｅｎｓｅ Ｙａｎｇ（ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）,Ｃａｎａｒｉｏｘｙｌｏｎ ｎｏｄｕｌｉｆｏｒｍｅ Ｙａｎｇ（ｓｐ．ｖｏｖ．）和Ｃｏｒｎｏｘｙｌｏｎ ｈｕｂｅｉｅｎｓｅ Ｙａｎｇ（ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）,它们似属第三纪植物。木化石的解剖特征表明,这些植物当时生长在温暖湿润的亚热带。     

Two new fossil woods from the early Miocene of Kutch,Gujarat, India and their significance

The Kutch region of western India (Gujarat State) is today arid to semiarid and characterised by mostly ephemeral streams which carry water during the monsoon. The uneven distribution of rainfall and disturbed topography are the result of climate change during the Cenozoic period. Two fossil woods, namely Bauhinium palaeomalabaricum Prakash and Prasad (Fabaceae) and Ebenoxylon indicum Ghosh and Kazmi (Ebenaceae), are described from Kutch in order to provide insights into the palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate. Because the modern representatives of the present and previously described taxa from the same horizon are thermophilic in nature and grow in evergreen to deciduous forests, a warm and humid climate is interpreted. Furthermore, the finding of some mangrove taxa in the assemblage indicates the lagoonal to intertidal environment at the time of deposition.     

Fossil woods from Janggi Group (Early Miocene) in Pohang Basin,Korea

Sixty-four silicified fossil woods were collected from the Early Miocene Upper Coal-bearing Formation of Janggi Group in Pohang City, the Korean Peninsula. Out of them 23 specimens were identified as gymnosperms and 27 specimens as dicotyledons. The taxa identified include Picea palaeomaximowiczii Watari, Taxodioxylon cunninghamioides (Watari) Watari, T. sequoianum (Merckl.) Gothan, Fagus hondoensis (Watari) Watari, Cercidiphyllum sp., Camellia japonoxyla Suzuki et Terada, Distylium chiharu-hirayae Suzuki et Terada, Aesculus sp., Wataria miocenica (Watari) Terada et Suzuki and W. parvipora Terada et Suzuki. All of these species are reported for the first time from the Tertiary basins of Korea. Compared with those of the Miocene Formations in Japan, most taxa we found are common between the paleo-floras in Korea and Japan during the Early to Middle Miocene.