炭疽芽孢杆菌检测鉴定技术研究进展

炭疽芽孢杆菌的感染,无论是自然感染,还是作为生物恐怖和生物战的手段。快速检验和鉴定疽芽孢杆菌是最为关键的,只有正确识别生物战剂的种类,才能为正确实施防治措施指明方向。本文讨论了炭疽芽孢杆菌的检验鉴定技术,包括常规的分析培养,免疫学技术,核酸分析技术,生物传感器,基因芯片技术的应用和新诊断分子,如肽核酸与适配子的应用。     

一株自中国大鲵的副炭疽芽孢杆菌分离和鉴定

[目的]对陕西某大鲵养殖场患病的中国大鲵腹水中分离培养得到的一株蜡样芽孢杆菌群细菌疑似菌株进行鉴定,明确该菌生长特性和种类。[方法]无菌解剖患病大鲵,取肠道、腹水、皮肤等各部位的样品均质稀释并分离纯化,从腹水中获得疑似蜡样芽孢杆菌群细菌的纯菌株,命名为SHOU-BC01。对该菌株进行形态与染色特性、培养与生化特性、生物膜形成能力、芽孢形成、药敏检测、全基因组测序等试验鉴定,并根据测序结果进行平均核苷酸相似度(average nucleotide identity,ANI)、数字DNA-DNA杂交(digital DNA-DNA hybridization,dDDH)、多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing,MLST)、全基因组SNP聚类和毒力因子分析。[结果]菌株SHOU-BC01为革兰氏阳性杆菌,表面粗糙;具有蛋白酶、卵磷脂酶和溶血酶活性;能够发酵L-阿拉伯糖、D-核糖、D-木糖等多种糖类,能利用色氨酸、丙酮酸盐等;有较强生物膜形成能力;120 h的芽孢形成率达到70.60%;该菌株对青霉素G、头孢噻吩、万古霉素等15种抗生素耐药,对哌拉西林、头孢唑啉、庆大霉素等25种抗生素敏感;根据生物学特性结合ANI、dDDH及全基因组SNP聚类分析,鉴定菌株SHOU-BC01为副炭疽芽孢杆菌(Bacillus paranthracis),经MLST分型,该菌株属于ST205序列型;该菌株含有鞘磷脂酶、CytK和NheC毒素、多糖荚膜、PlcR-PapR群感效应系统及Ⅶ型分泌系统等毒力因子。[结论]成功从中国大鲵腹水中分离出副炭疽芽孢杆菌,丰富了大鲵副炭疽芽孢杆菌数据。     

利用扩增片段长度多态性分析鉴别炭疽和蜡样芽孢杆菌

目的:利用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)分析建立鉴别炭疽芽孢杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌的分子生物学方法。方法:3株炭疽芽孢杆菌和3株蜡样芽孢杆菌基因组经限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ酶切后与对应接头连接,通过预扩增和选择性扩增获得特异性DNA片段,将片段进行毛细管电泳,并利用GeneScan和BioNumerics软件对电泳数据进行分析。结果:选择性扩增最佳引物组合为EcoRⅠ-G/MseⅠ-A,其扩增片段在100~500 bp范围内的有效数量为40~50条;比较炭疽芽孢杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌的AFLP特征峰值图和DNA指纹图谱,确定了5个有明显差异的片段区。结论:利用AFLP分析可对芽孢杆菌属中相近的炭疽芽孢杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌进行鉴别,该方法可作为炭疽芽孢杆菌传统鉴定方法的补充。     

炭疽芽孢杆菌分子分型研究进展

随着分子生物学的发展,分子分型技术被广泛应用于鉴别炭疽芽孢杆菌菌株间的遗传相关性和流行病学特征。我们就近年来常用的炭疽芽孢杆菌分子分型方法的优缺点和研究进展进行综述。     

水产养殖中枯草芽孢杆菌的分子鉴定

微生物种类繁多,以形态学和生理生化指标为基础的细菌鉴定较为复杂,是一项繁琐、费时的工作,对一种未知细菌的鉴定和分类,不仅需要分析多个生化指标,有时还要取决于工作人员的经验。因此迫切需要建立一些简单、方便、易于操作的分类鉴定方法对微生物进行分析,使人们在一定程度上更科学、更精确、更快速地找到分离物的分类地位。     

作物根际联合固氮芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及生态分布

本文报导一种富集和分离根际联合固氮芽孢杆菌的方法,该方法以果胶为唯一碳源的培养基进行富集,中性红为指示剂的培养基进行分离,根据固氮芽孢杆菌能产气以及在分离培养基平板上菌落为红色两个重要的鉴别性特征即可检出,准确性高,简便快速;应用此法从１５个地点６种作物共８８个根系样品中分离出５１株固氮芽孢杆菌,经鉴定均为多粘芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｐｏｌｙｍｙｘａ）;还初步讨论了多粘芽孢杆菌在几种作物根际的分布情况。     

一株芽孢杆菌的分离和鉴定

从中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所鸡舍附近土壤中分离到一株芽孢杆菌P-25,并进行了分子鉴定。通过形态鉴定、革兰氏染色、生理生化测定、16SrRNA序列分析和系统发育树构建,确定该菌株为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),其16SrRNAGenBank登录号为GU271135。     

枯草芽孢杆菌K-268的分离鉴定及对水稻稻瘟病的防病效果

生防细菌是绿色防控稻瘟病的有效措施。为了发掘高效拮抗稻瘟病菌的生防细菌,本研究采用平板对峙法从感病品种K020268的健康稻株叶片中筛选获得1株对稻瘟病菌抑制效果较好的拮抗细菌K-268,同时测定该菌的抑菌谱。通过形态学观察、生理生化鉴定16S rRNA 和gyrA序列分析对其进行菌种鉴定,并初步研究了该菌株的生物学特性和对稻叶瘟的防治效果。结果表明,菌株K-268对稻瘟病菌菌丝生长抑制率为86.30%±0.70%,同时对水稻纹枯病菌、玉米大斑病菌及柑橘沙皮病菌等供试的14株植物病原菌均有抑制作用;经鉴定菌株K-268为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),该菌株对数生长期为14-32 h,生长最适温度为30℃,生长最适pH值为6.0-7.0,并且其具有良好的耐盐性。离体接种实验结果表明,稀释10倍即菌液浓度6×10⁸ CFU/mL时,预防组和治疗组的叶瘟发病率分别为14.81%和23.46%,效果与稀释750倍的75%三环唑稀释液(WP)效果相当。活体喷雾接种结果表明,在接种稻瘟病菌分生孢子悬浮液(1×10⁶个/mL)前 24...     

炭疽杆菌芽孢外壁胶原样蛋白(BclA)的多态性分析

炭疽杆菌芽孢外壁胶原样蛋白（BclA）是芽孢外壁发状菌丝的主要结构成分,也是芽孢的主要免疫原。从国内分离的3株炭疽杆菌中克隆出BclA基因并进行了序列分析,结果发现有2株（A16R和40048）的BclA与国外报道菌株长度不同,分别含有388个和322个氨基酸,72个和50个GXX三氨基酸重复序列,5个和3个含21个氨基酸的（GPT）5 GDTGTT重复序列（BclA重复）。另一株40022的BclA与国外报道的53169株完全一敛,含有370个氨基酸,66个GXX重复,5个BclA重复。对我国炭疽杆菌BclA蛋白多态性的分析为进行炭疽杆菌的基因分型以及研究炭疽芽孢的免疫原性和致病机理打下基础。     

环介导等温扩增技术在快速检测炭疽芽胞杆菌中的应用

本文旨在建立适合国境口岸现场应用的生物恐怖防控快速检测方法,从而保障口岸安全.针对生物恐怖炭疽芽胞杆菌,选择目标菌种特异性基因片段,设计引物,运用环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术建立一套简便、高效的检测方法,并模拟生物恐怖炭疽芽胞杆菌可能存在的基质条件,评价LAMP技术在快速筛查中的适用性.结果显示,LAMP技术排查生物恐怖炭疽芽胞杆菌简便、快速、特异,检测灵敏度为102～103 CFU/ml;且能有效检出在偏酸、偏碱及黏稠基质中的炭疽芽胞杆菌.而高盐环境对该反应影响较大,有必要采用能有效去除盐分的核酸抽提方法.     

Rapid and sensitive identification of pathogenic and apathogenic Bacillus anthracis by real-time PCR

Bacillus anthracis spores have been shown to be an efficient biological weapon and their recent use in bioterrorist attacks has demonstrated the need for rapid and specific diagnostics. A TaqMan real-time PCR for identification of B. anthracis was developed, based on the two plasmids, pX01 and pX02, both of which are necessary for pathogenicity, as well as on the chromosomally encoded rpoB gene. Bacteria picked from colonies or pelleted from liquid cultures were directly inoculated into the PCR mix, thus avoiding time-consuming DNA preparation and minimizing handling risks. B. anthracis spores were cultivated for a few hours in enrichment broth before PCR analysis, or used directly for real-time PCR, thus allowing to confirm or exclude potential attacks approximately 2-3 h after the material has arrived in the laboratory.     

炭疽杆菌致病性研究进展

炭疽杆菌是人类历史上第一个被发现的病原菌。炭疽杆菌的研究在近几年取得了较大进展 ,特别是本年度其基因组序列测定已完成并向全世界公布 ,进一步深化了对炭疽杆菌的研究。炭疽杆菌致病性的研究一直是炭疽杆菌研究的重点 ,近年来此方面的研究取得了很多新进展 ,从基因组、致病物质及致病机制 3个方面对此作一个简单的介绍。     

Differential identification of Bacillus anthracis from environmental Bacillus species using microarray analysis

AIMS: To determine whether microarray analysis could be employed for the differential identification of a range of environmental Bacillus sp. from four strains of Bacillus anthracis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Oligonucleotide probes were designed that were specific to virulence factor genes of B. anthracis (pag, lef and cap), the variable number tandem repeat region of the B. anthracis vrrA gene and to the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer region (ITS) and pleiotropic regulator (plcR) regions of the Bacillus cereus subgroup species. Generic probes were also designed to hybridize with conserved regions of the 16S rRNA genes of Bacillus (as a positive control), Neisseria sp., Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus sp., Mycobacterium sp. and to all members of the Enterobacteriaceae to allow simultaneous detection of these bacteria. Identification of B. anthracis was found to rely entirely on hybridization of DNA specific to regions of the pag, lef and cap genes. Cross-reaction was observed between B. anthracis and other Bacillus species with all the other Bacillus probes tested. Results obtained using microarray hybridizations were confirmed using conventional microbiological techniques and found to have very high comparability. CONCLUSIONS: Microarray-based assays are an effective method for the identification of B. anthracis from mixed-culture environmental samples without problems of false-positivity that have been observed with conventional PCR assays. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Identification of environmental Bacillus sp. by conventional PCR is prone to potential for reporting false-positives. This study provides a method for the exclusion of such isolates.     

炭疽芽胞杆菌染色体特异序列的筛选及实时定量检测

筛选117条炭疽芽胞杆菌(Bacillusanthracis)特异序列,经双重特异性验证后得到19条理想的特异序列(genomicsignatures),其中6条符合设计TaqMan探针建立实时定量PCR的要求,根据常规PCR检测结果选择其中C04片段与炭疽芽胞杆菌毒性质粒pX01、pX02上的pagA、capB基因建立实时定量PCR检测体系。经试验证实这一体系检测灵敏度达到每PCR反应10~100个拷贝。利用12种相关菌株评价后获得100%特异性,对10份模拟污染标本和20份对照标本检测,所有污染标本均被检出,所有对照标本均为阴性。此方法特异、灵敏、高效,在炭疽芽胞杆菌感染的诊断和环境污染的检测等领域有潜在的应用前景。     

Comparative analysis of 23S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of Bacillus anthracis and emetic Bacillus cereus determined by PCR-direct sequencing

The primary structures of the 23S ribosomal RNA genes of Bacillus anthracis and an emetic strain of Bacillus cereus were determined by direct sequencing of enzymatically amplified chromosomal DNA. The 23S rRNA gene sequences of B. anthracis and B. cereus were found to be almost identical and showed only two differences (a single nucleotide change, and a single base insertion in B. cereus). The feasibility of using PCR-direct sequencing for the rapid sequence determination of large-subunit rRNA genes is demonstrated.     

炭疽芽胞杆菌基因芯片探针文库的构建

为制备炭疽芽胞杆菌的基因芯片探针文库,以炭疽芽胞杆菌毒素质粒pX01和荚膜质粒pX02为原材料,用Sau3A I酶切pX01和pX02质粒DNA,Taq DNA聚合酶72℃补平加A,经AT克隆,PCR初步鉴定筛选出炭疽质粒片段的阳性克隆．DNA自动分析仪对克隆片段进行序列测定;用生物信息学方法对其片段进行同源性分析;并将克隆的探针打印于玻片上,制备成炭疽芽胞杆茵基因芯片,与炭疽杆茵质粒DNA样品进行初步芯片杂交的实验,杂交实验的阳性率达到了90％以上,证明大部分克隆探针属于炭疽芽胞杆菌．炭疽芽胞杆菌基因芯片探针文库的构建为基因芯片探针的制备摸索出一条简便、高效、可行的方法．     

Expression and secretion of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis in Bacillus brevis

We used the Bacillus brevis-pNU212 system to develop a mass production system for the protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis. A moderately efficient expression-secretion system for PA was constructed by fusing the PA gene from B. anthracis with the B. brevis cell-wall protein signal-peptide encoding region of pNU212, and by introducing the recombinant plasmid, pNU212-mPA, into B. brevis 47-5Q. The clone producing PA secreted about 300 microg of recombinant PA (rPA) per ml of 5PY-erythromycin medium after 4 days incubation at 30 degrees C. The rPA was fractionated from the culture supernatant of B. brevis 47-5Q carrying pNU212-mPA using ammonium sulfate at 70% saturation followed by anion exchange chromatography on a Hitrap Q, a Hiload 16/60 Superdex 200 gel filtration column and a phenyl sepharose hydrophobic interaction column, yielding 70 mg rPA per liter of culture. The N-terminal sequence of the purified rPA was identical to that of native PA from B. anthracis. The purified rPA exhibited cytotoxicity towards J774A.1 cells when combined with lethal factor. The rPA formulated in either Rehydragel HPA or MPL-TDM-CWS adjuvant (Ribi-Trimix) elicited the expression of a large amount of anti-PA and neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs and completely protected them against a 100 LD50 challenge with fully virulent B. anthracis spores.     

Specific Bacillus anthracis identification by a plcR-targeted restriction site insertion-PCR (RSI-PCR) assay

A RSI-PCR assay was developed for the detection of a Bacillus anthracis-specific nonsense mutation in the plcR gene. The assay specificity was tested using 170 Bacillus spp. strains including 47 strains of B. anthracis. The plcR RSI-PCR distinguished Bacillus cereus group strains closely related to B. anthracis from the anthrax agent. The assay was found to be a robust, simple and cost effective tool for B. anthracis identification. In contrast to previously developed real time PCR-based methods, the RSI-PCR needs basic molecular biology equipment only, and thus may be easily introduced in developing countries, where anthrax is endemic.