产前应激子代大鼠海马核转录因子-κB表达的性别差异

本研究采用免疫组织化学和Western blot检测NF-κB p65/p50在产前应激子代海马的表达,并探讨其表达是否存在性别差异。研究结果显示,在雌性子代,中、晚期应激组海马齿状回p65表达显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）,而海马各区p50表达均显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,中、晚期应激组间p65和p50表达均有显著差异（P〈0．01）。在雄性子代,中、晚期应激组海马齿状回p65表达显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,晚期应激组海马各区p50表达均显著低于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,中、晚期应激组间p65和p50表达均有显著差异（P〈0．01）。雌、雄子代比较,对照组雌、雄p65表达差异极显著妒〈0．01）,p50仅在海马CA1区表达差异极显著（P〈0．01）;中期应激组雌、雄子代大鼠海马p65／p50表达无显著差异;晚期应激组雌、雄海马p65／p50表达均有极显著差异（P〈0．01）。Western blot与免疫组织化学结果基本一致。结果表明,产前不同时期的应激显著影响子代海马NF-κB p65和p50表达,且有性别差异,这可能是产前应激对子代雌、雄大鼠学习记忆能力影响差异的机制之一。     

产前应激子代大鼠海马核转录因子-кB表达的性别差异

;本研究采用免疫组织化学和Western blot检测NF-кB p65/p50在产前应激子代海马的表达,并探讨其表达是否存在性别差异.研究结果显示,在雌性子代,中、晚期应激组海马齿状回p65表达显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),而海马各区p50表达均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),中、晚期应激组间p65和p50表达均有显著差异(P＜0.01).在雄性子代,中、晚期应激组海马齿状回p65表达显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),晚期应激组海马各区p50表达均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),中、晚期应激组间p65和p50表达均有显著差异(P＜0.01).雌、雄子代比较,对照组雌、雄p65表达差异极显著(P＜0.01),p50仅在海马CA1区表达差异极显著(P＜0.01);中期应激组雌、雄子代大鼠海马p65/p50表达无显著差异;晚期应激组雌、雄海马p65/p50表达均有极显著差异(P＜0.01).Western blot与免疫组织化学结果基本一致.结果表明,产前不同时期的应激显著影响子代海马NF-кB p65和p50表达,且有性别差异,这可能是产前应激对子代雌、雄大鼠学习记忆能力影响差异的机制之一.     

产前束缚应激对子代大鼠海马神经干细胞增殖及巢蛋白表达的影响

为了观察产前束缚应激对子代大鼠空间学习记忆能力、海马神经干细胞增殖及巢蛋白表达的影响,将体重240~260 g的Sprague-Dawley雌性母鼠12只随机分成2组,对照组于孕期不做任何处理,束缚应激组于孕14~20 d时给予束缚应激,3次/天,45 min/次。取1月龄子代大鼠进行实验研究。Morris水迷宫定位航行实验结果显示,应激组子代与对照组相比,到达平台的潜伏期延长(P0.05),而在空间探索实验中,应激组子代在原平台象限停留时间与对照组相比无显著差异。免疫组织化学结果显示,应激组雌性子代海马巢蛋白(nestin)和BrdU阳性细胞表达均较对照组显著增加(P0.05),而雄性子代海马nestin和BrdU阳性细胞表达与对照组相比无显著性差异(P0.05)。以上结果提示,产前束缚应激可引起雌性子代大鼠海马神经干细胞数量增加以及增殖能力增强,可能与机体对产前应激所致脑损伤的代偿性反应相关。     

围产期食物限制对子代成年大鼠海马CA1区突触可塑性的影响

围产期食物限制导致子代大鼠学习和记忆能力等的神经生物学变化,但其机制并不清楚。将成年Wistar雌性大鼠与雄性大鼠同笼,受孕后随机分为对照组 (n=9) 和食物限制组 (n=8) 。对照组母鼠在妊娠期和哺乳期自由进食和饮水,食物限制组母鼠从妊娠的第7天到子代大鼠出生后21天进行食物限制,食物限制量为对照组大鼠的50%。子代雄性大鼠成年后,通过Morris 水迷宫测试空间学习和记忆能力。之后,在海马CA1区在体记录场兴奋性突触后电位 (field excitatory postsynaptic potential,fEPSP),并采用免疫组织化学方法观察海马CA1区神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS) 阳性细胞密度的变化。结果表明,围产期食物限制降低了子代大鼠出生后第1、7、10、14和21天的体重,并减弱了成年子代大鼠的学习和记忆能力,海马CA1区fEPSP的斜率和nNOS阳性细胞的密度也明显降低。结果提示,围产期食物限制可能通过抑制NO的产生降低了海马突触可塑性,从而影响了子代大鼠的学习和记忆能力。     

慢性复合应激性增强空间学习与记忆时突触素Ⅰ在大鼠海马中的表达

目的观察突触素Ⅰ在慢性复合应激性空间学习与记忆增强大鼠海马各亚区表达的变化及其意义.方法成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分成应激组和对照组.采用垂直旋转、剥夺睡眠、噪音刺激和夜间光照4种应激原无规律交替应激动物6周,每天6 h,制作慢性复合应激动物模型.采用Morris水迷宫和Y-迷宫测试大鼠空间学习与记忆成绩,并用免疫组织化学技术显示突触素Ⅰ在慢性复合应激性空间学习与记忆增强大鼠海马中的表达变化.结果结果显示,应激组动物慢性复合应激后在Morris水迷宫内寻找隐蔽平台所需时间(潜伏期)比对照组的明显地短(P<0.05),在Y-迷宫内寻找安全区的正确率比对照组的明显地高(P<0.05);应激组动物慢性复合应激后,其海马齿状回(dentate gyrus,DG)和CA3区突触素I的免疫反应性明显地强于对照组(P<0.05), 两组CA1区突触素I的免疫反应性无明显差别(P>0.05).结论这些结果提示,慢性复合应激可增强大鼠空间学习与记忆能力,突触素Ⅰ在大鼠海马内表达的变化可能参与了大鼠空间学习与记忆增强的机制.     

蛋白激酶Cγ和蛋白磷酸酯酶Aα在慢性复合应激性学习记忆增强大鼠海马中表达的变化

目的 探讨蛋白激酶Cγ(PKCγ)和蛋白磷酸酯酶Aα(PP2B-Aα)在慢性复合应激性学习记忆增强大鼠海马中的表达及其意义。方法 将成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为应激组和对照组,对应激组实行慢性复合应激42d后,用Morris水迷宫,Y-迷宫对2组大鼠进行学习和记忆能力测试,然后用免疫组织化学方法,观察2组大鼠PKCγ和PP2B-Aα的表达,并用计算机图像分析系统对免疫阳性反应结果进行处理。结果 应激组比对照组学习记忆能力明显增强;在海马CA3区PKCγ的免疫反应阳性日月显增强;PP2B-Aα在海马CA1和CA3区的免疫反应阳性明显减弱。结论 海马内PKCγ和PP2B-Aα表达的变化可能参与了慢性复合应激致大鼠学习记忆增强的机制。     

慢性复合应激对大鼠学习和记忆及海马神经元神经颗粒素表达的影响

目的探讨慢性复合应激对大鼠学习和记忆功能及海马内神经元神经颗粒素(neurogranin,Ng)表达的影响。方法成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和复合应激组,复合应激组动物每天无规律交替暴露于复合应激原环境中,为期6周。应激结束后,用Morris水迷宫测试大鼠空间学习和记忆成绩,同时用免疫组织化学方法观察海马各亚区Ng表达的变化,并用RT-PCR技术分析各组大鼠海马Ng mRNA水平的变化。结果Morris水迷宫测试显示,应激组动物寻找隐蔽平台潜伏期明显短于对照组(P<0.05);应激组大鼠海马DG和CA3区Ng的蛋白表达水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而两组海马CA1区的Ng的免疫反应性无明显差别;与对照组相比,应激组动物的Ng mRNA水平亦明显上调(P<0.05)。结论慢性复合性应激大鼠的学习与记忆能力增强;Ng在海马中的表达和Ng mRNA转录水平增高,提示Ng参与了该增强机制。     

产前应激对子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞的影响

目的：探讨产前应激对雄性子代大鼠大脑中动脉缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞的影响。方法：SD孕鼠随机分为有产前应激处理（妊娠第15到21天每日3次限制活动）和无产前应激处理,并对其雄性子代大鼠采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型,共分为产前应激+假手术组、MCAO模型组、产前应激+MCAO组（n=10）,于再灌注后第5天检测脑梗死体积,免疫荧光双标染色检测缺血灶边缘区星形胶质细胞形态及促红细胞生成素肝细胞受体A4（EphA4）和胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的共表达情况,并采用Western blot检测EphA4、GFAP和神经蛋白聚糖（Neurocan）蛋白表达。结果：产前应激+MCAO组子代大鼠脑梗死体积百分比、EphA4、GFAP和Neurocan蛋白表达均较MCAO组显著增加（P均<0.05）,且GFAP阳性细胞形态学改变及EphA4/GFAP共表达也较MCAO组明显。结论：产前应激可能改变子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞上EphA4受体的表达,促进星形胶质细胞活化,产生神经蛋白聚糖。     

姜黄素对自发性高血压大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后海马神经元损伤及RANTES表达的影响

目的：探讨姜黄素对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）脑缺血/再灌注后认知功能及海马神经元损伤和调解活化正常T细胞表达和分泌的趋化因子（RANTES）表达的影响。方法：雄性Wistar-Kyoto大鼠（WKY）和SHR,随机分为5组：假手术组（W-Sham、S-Sham）、缺血/再灌注组（W-I/R、S-I/R）和姜黄素组（S-Cur）,各组按再灌注时间分为3h、12 h、1 d、3 d、7 d 5个亚组（n=6）。采用四血管阻断法制备全脑缺血/再灌注模型,HE染色观察海马CA1区神经细胞形态,Nissl染色计数海马CA1区平均锥体细胞密度,ELISA法检测海马RANTES表达,于再灌注后7 d观察行为学。结果：与假手术组大鼠比较,缺血/再灌注组大鼠学习和记忆能力下降,海马CA1区神经元损伤加重,海马RANTES蛋白表达上调（P〈0.05）;与W-I/R大鼠比较,S-I/R大鼠学习和记忆能力下降,海马CA1区神经元损伤加重,海马RANTES蛋白表达上调（P〈0.05）;姜黄素组大鼠学习和记忆能力明显改善,海马CA1区神经元损伤减轻,海马RANTES蛋白表达下调（P〈0.05）。结论：缺血/再灌注更易导致SHR海马神经元损伤。姜黄素减轻SHR脑缺血/再灌注海马神经元损伤,其机制可能与抑制RANTES蛋白的表达有关。     

孕期应激下调成年雄性子代大鼠海马HDAC2表达

目的明确母代大鼠孕期应激对雄性子代海马中组蛋白去乙酰化酶2(histone deacetylase 2, HDAC2)表达变化的影响。方法将16只SD孕鼠随机分为应激组和对照组,每组8只,应激组在孕16-21天进行限制性应激,对照组不做任何处理。ELISA检测成年子代外周血血浆糖皮质激素,用旷场、高架十字迷宫、新物体识别及巴恩斯迷宫四种行为学评估成年子代认知功能,免疫组织化学、Western blot、RT-PCR 检测成年雄性子代海马HDAC2表达变化。结果母代孕期应激成年子代糖皮质激素升高,旷场与高架十字迷宫中表现出焦虑样行为,新物体识别与Barnes迷宫表现出学习记忆与空间记忆能力下降,海马HDAC2 mRNA和蛋白水平均下调。结论孕期应激对子代成年的认知功能损害可能与子代海马HDAC2的表达下调有关。     

The effects of prenatal stress on expression of CaMK-II and L-Ca2+ channel in offspring hippocampus

The purpose of the present study was to characterize the expressions of phosphorylated Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMK-II), total CaMK-II, and L-type Ca(2+) channel in offspring hippocampus that was induced by prenatal restraint stress. Pregnant rats were divided into two groups: the control group and the prenatal stress (PNS) group. Pregnant rats in the PNS group were exposed to restraint stress on day 14-20 of pregnancy three times daily for 45 min. Adult offspring rats were used in this study. The results demonstrated that prenatal restraint stress induced a significant increase in the expression of p-CaMK-II, total CaMK-II, and L-Ca(2+) channel by western blot analysis in offspring hippocampus. The immunohistochemistry results revealed that PNS increased the expressions of CaMK-II and L-Ca(2+) channel in the hippocampal CA3 of offspring rats. These data suggest that PNS can have long-term neuronal effects within hippocampal structure involved in the feedback mechanisms of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.     

疏肝补肾法对疲劳大鼠的学习和记忆力之影响

目的：探讨疏肝补肾法对疲劳大鼠学习和记忆力及对海马CA1区神经颗粒素（Neurogranin,Ng）的mRNA表达变化的影响。方法：成年雄性Spargue-Dawley大鼠36只,随机分为模型组（MG）、对照组（CG）、和疏肝补肾组（LK）。采用复合模型：运动疲劳模型与睡眠剥夺法造疲劳大鼠模型。运用Y迷宫进行学习和记忆力的测试。以Real-timePCR技术分析海马CA1区神经颗粒素的mRNA表达。结果：Y迷宫实验显示用药后大鼠的学习和记忆能力优于模型组,而疏肝补肾组大鼠在正确反应率、错误反应次数、达标所需训练次数和总反应时间皆与模型组有差异（分别为P〈0.01、P〈0.01、P〈0.05和P〈0.05）,其NgmRNA在海马CA1区的表达也显着高于模型组（P〈0.01）。结论：复合模型会造成大鼠学习和记忆能力受损。疏肝补肾法能显着影响疲劳大鼠的学习记忆能力及海马CA1区Ng的mRNA表达。     

Prenatal stress in rat causes long-term spatial memory deficit and hippocampus MRI abnormality: differential effects of postweaning enriched environment

Prenatal stress (PS) can cause long-term hippocampus alternations in structure and plasticity in adult offspring. Enriched environment (EE) has an effect in rescuing a variety of neurological disorders. Pregnant dams were left undisturbed (prenatal control, PC) or restrained 6h per day from days 14 to 21 (prenatal stress, PS). Control and prenatal stressed offspring rats were subjected to a standard rearing environment (SE) or an EE on postnatal days 22-120 (PC/SE PC/EE, PS/SE, and PS/EE; n=5, each group). At ～4 months of age, all rats underwent Morris water maze test and brain MRI examination. Hippocampi were then dissected for biochemical analyses, including, Western blot for NMDA receptor (NR) subunits and synaptophysin and RT-PCR forβ1 integrin and tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA). MRI showed all 5 rats in the PS/SE group and 5 in the PS/EE group exhibited increased signals in bilateral hippocampus and increased T2 time in the PS/SE group. Exposure to EE treatment on postnatal days 22-120 counteracted the deficit in spatial memory and increased NR1 protein expression, but it did not affect the rate of high signals and increased T2 time, decreased NR2, synaptophysin, β1 integrin and t-PA mRNA expressions in PS adult offspring. The results of this study indicate PS in rats causes long-term spatial memory deficits and gross hippocampus pathology. Postnatal EE treatment has differential benefits in terms of spatial learning, signaling molecules, and gross hippocampus pathology.     

慢性复合应激对大鼠学习记忆功能及脑ERK表达活化的影响

目的：研究慢性复合应激对大鼠学习记忆的影响,以及大脑细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）表达活化的变化,探讨慢性应激致学习记忆损害的分子机制。方法：采用低温暴露、足电击、白噪声、束缚、尾部悬吊、睡眠剥夺、水平震荡等刺激方式,建立慢性复合应激大鼠模型。Morris水迷宫实验观察应激对学习记忆的影响;放射免疫法检测血清皮质酮（CORT）含量;Western blot检测ERK的表达。结果：应激组大鼠水迷宫训练潜伏期较对照组延长,应激3周时有所恢复,但4周时大鼠的训练潜伏期再次显著延长（P〈0.05）。同时应激组大鼠血清CORT水平增高,海马、前额皮质P-ERK水平降低（P〈0.05）,两者在应激3周时均出现短时恢复,但4周时再次下调。结论：海马、前额皮质ERK蛋白磷酸化水平的改变可能参与了慢性复合应激损害学习记忆的分子机制。     

Prenatal stress on the kinetic properties of Ca2+ and K+ channels in offspring hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons

Prenatal stress is known to cause neuronal loss and oxidative damage in the hippocampus of offspring rats. To further understand the mechanisms, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of prenatal stress on the kinetic properties of high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca(2+) and K(+) channels in freshly isolated hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons of offspring rats. Pregnant rats in the prenatal stress group were exposed to restraint stress on days 14-20 of pregnancy three times daily for 45 min. The patch clamp technique was employed to record HVA Ca(2+) and K(+) channel currents. Prenatal stress significantly increased HVA Ca(2+) channel disturbance including the maximal average HVA calcium peak current amplitude (-576.52+/-7.03 pA in control group and -702.05+/-6.82 pA in prenatal stress group, p<0.01), the maximal average HVA Ca(2+) current density (-40.89+/-0.31 pA/pF in control group and -49.44+/-0.37 pA/pF in prenatal stress group, p<0.01), and the maximal average integral current of the HVA Ca(2+) channel (106.81+/-4.20 nA ms in control group and 133.49+/-4.59 nA ms in prenatal stress group, p<0.01). The current-voltage relationship and conductance--voltage relationship of HVA Ca(2+) channels and potassium channels in offspring CA3 neurons were not affected by prenatal stress. These data suggest that exposure of animals to stressful experience during pregnancy can exert effects on calcium ion channels of offspring hippocampal neurons and that the calcium channel disturbance may play a role in prenatal stress-induced neuronal loss and oxidative damage in offspring brain.     

Hippocampal apoptosis involved in learning deficits in the offspring exposed to maternal high sucrose diets

The hippocampus plays a crucial role in learning and memory, and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus contributes to learning deficits. Metabolism problems in pregnancy related to excessive fuel consumption (e.g., high fat, high sugar) may influence cognitive and behavioral functions in the offspring by affecting developing brain cells. This study determined the influence of maternal high sucrose (HS) diets on behavior and hippocampal neurons in the young offspring. The ratio of brain weight to body weight in the offspring exposed to prenatal HS diets was significantly decreased; the Morris water maze showed that the offspring exposed to prenatal HS diets exhibited increased escape latencies and path length during navigation testing, while there were no changes in time spent in the target quadrant and number of target approaches. In the offspring exposed to prenatal HS, TUNEL-positive cells were significantly increased in CA1, CA2 and CA3 of the hippocampus; protein expression of insulin-like growth factor-I, PI3K and phosphorylated Akt was significantly decreased, while caspase-3 and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors were significantly increased in the hippocampus, and there was no change in expression of Bcl-2 and Akt. The results demonstrated that prenatal HS diets could induce the spatial acquisition deficits in the young offspring associated with hippocampal apoptosis, and altered signaling factors for antiapoptosis in the hippocampus might play a critical role in cognition disorders in young children.     

Prenatal testosterone improves the spatial learning and memory by protein synthesis in different lobes of the brain in the male and female rat

The high density of the steroid hormone receptors in the structures of temporal lobe involved in learning and memory, such as the hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex and amigdaloid complex, shows that there must be a direct relationship between gonadal hormones and organizational effects of steroid hormones in those structures during development of the nervous system. The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the effect of testosterone administration during the third week of gestation on the spatial memory formation of the offspring rats and the level of soluble proteins in the temporal lobe and frontal lobe of brain, as evidence of important organizational effects of androgens during prenatal development in brain sexual dimorphism. Animals have received testosterone undecanoate on days 14, 15, 16 and 19, 20, 21 of gestation. Learning and memory tests were started 100 days after the testosterone treatment. At the end of the experiments, the temporal and frontal lobes of brain were removed for assessing the level of soluble proteins. Testosterone treatment significantly improved spontaneous alternations percentage of male offspring in Y-maze task comparative with female offspring and reference memory in radial 8 arm-maze task (decreasing in number of reference memory errors in both male and female offspring groups), suggesting effects of both short and long-term memory. Also, testosterone significantly increased the brain soluble protein level of treated female rats in 14–16 prenatal days compared with the control group as well as the brain soluble protein level of treated male rats. These results suggest that steroid hormones play an important role in the spatial learning and memory formation by means of protein synthesis in different lobes of the brain.     

疏肝补肾法对疲劳大鼠的学习和记忆力之影响

目的:探讨疏肝补肾法对疲劳大鼠学习和记忆力及对海马CA1区神经颗粒素(Neurogranin,Ng)的mRNA表达变化的影响。方法:成年雄性Spargue-Dawley大鼠36只,随机分为模型组(MG)、对照组(CG)、和疏肝补肾组(LK)。采用复合模型:运动疲劳模型与睡眠剥夺法造疲劳大鼠模型。运用Y迷宫进行学习和记忆力的测试。以Real-timePCR技术分析海马CA1区神经颗粒素的mRNA表达。结果:Y迷宫实验显示用药后大鼠的学习和记忆能力优于模型组,而疏肝补肾组大鼠在正确反应率、错误反应次数、达标所需训练次数和总反应时间皆与模型组有差异(分别为P<0.01、P<0.01、P<0.05和P<0.05),其NgmRNA在海马CA1区的表达也显着高于模型组(P<0.01)。结论:复合模型会造成大鼠学习和记忆能力受损。疏肝补肾法能显着影响疲劳大鼠的学习记忆能力及海马CA1区Ng的mRNA表达。