Characterization of a partially purified adenosine triphosphatase from a corn root plasma membrane fraction

The (K⁺,Mg²⁺)-ATPase was partially purified from a plasma membrane fraction from corn roots (WF9 × Mol7) and stored in liquid N₂ without loss of activity. Specific activity was increased 4-fold over that of the plasma membrane fraction. ATPase activity resembled that of the plasma membrane fraction with certain alterations in cation sensitivity. The enzyme required a divalent cation for activity (Co²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Mn²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Ca²⁺) when assayed at 3 millimolar ATP and 3 millimolar divalent cation at pH 6.3. When assayed in the presence of 3 millimolar Mg²⁺, the enzyme was further activated by monovalent cations (K⁺, NH₄⁺, Rb⁺ Na⁺, Cs⁺, Li⁺). The pH optima were 6.5 and 6.3 in the absence and presence of 50 millimolar KCl, respectively. The enzyme showed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics for the substrate ATP-Mg, with a K_m of 1.3 millimolar in the absence and 0.7 millimolar in the presence of 50 millimolar KCl. Stimulation by K⁺ approached simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a K_m of approximately 4 millimolar KCl. ATPase activity was inhibited by sodium orthovanadate. Half-maximal inhibition was at 150 and 35 micromolar in the absence and presence of 50 millimolar KCl. The enzyme required the substrate ATP. The rate of hydrolysis of other substrates, except UDP, IDP, and GDP, was less than 20% of ATP hydrolysis. Nucleoside diphosphatase activity was less than 30% of ATPase activity, was not inhibited by vanadate, was not stimulated by K⁺, and preferred Mn²⁺ to Mg²⁺. The results demonstrate that the (K⁺,Mg²⁺)-ATPase can be clearly distinguished from nonspecific phosphohydrolase and nucleoside diphosphatase activities of plasma membrane fractions prepared from corn roots.     

Phosphorylation of the adenosine triphosphatase in a deoxycholate-treated plasma membrane fraction from corn roots

The ATP phosphohydrolase (ATPase) activity of a corn (Zea mays L., WF9 × Mo17) root plasma membrane fraction was enriched almost 2-fold by selective extraction with 0.1% (w/v) deoxycholate. The detergent treatment solubilized about 30% of the total membrane protein and some ATP hydrolyzing activity that was not K⁺-stimulated, but the major portion of the ATPase activity could be pelleted with membranes. The properties of the ATPase associated with the detergent-extracted plasma membrane fraction were similar to those for the ATPase of the untreated plasma membrane fraction with respect to substrate specificity, pH optimum, kinetics with MgATP, ion stimulation, and inhibitor sensitivity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed only minor differences in protein composition resulting from the detergent treatment.

The plasma membrane fraction from corn roots contained an endogenous protein kinase activity. This was shown by the time course of phosphate incorporation and by the labeling of a number of protein bands on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The deoxycholate treatment removed measurable protein kinase activity and allowed the demonstration of a rapidly turning over covalent phosphorylated intermediate associated with the detergent-extracted plasma membrane fraction. The phosphorylated intermediate was present as a 100,000 dalton polypeptide and may represent the catalytic subunit of the plasma membrane K⁺-ATPase.

     

Solubilization and partial purification of ATPase from a rose cell plasma membrane fraction

Some isolates of the fungus Nectria haematococca Berk. and Br. can demethylate pisatin, a phytoalexin from pea (Pisum sativum L.). Pisatin demethylation appears to be necessary for tolerance to pisatin and virulence on pea, and is catalyzed by a microsomal cytochrome P-450. We now report solubilization of this enzyme from N. haematococca microsomes. Pisatin demethylase activity was obtained in the high speed supernatant of detergent treated microsomes, if detergent was removed before assay. The CO-binding spectrum of the soluble enzyme preparation indicated the presence of cytochrome P-450. Cholic acids were the most effective of the detergents tested for solubilizing enzyme activity. Loss of enzyme activity during solubilization was reduced by certain protease inhibitors, but not by substrate, reducing agents, antioxidants, or phospholipids. The most effective solubilization medium tested was 1% sodium cholate, 100 millimolar potassium phosphate, 500 millimolar sucrose, 1 millimolar phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, pH 7.5, which yielded approximately 30% of the pisatin demethylase and over 95% of the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the soluble fraction. Demethylase activity was lost when the reductase was removed by adsorption on 2′,5′-ADP-agarose. The demethylase activity of reductase-free fractions could be restored by adding a reductase preparation purified approximately 100-fold from microsomes of N. haematococca isolate 74-8-1, which does not demethylate pisatin. We conclude that pisatin demethylase requires NADPH-cytochrome c reductase for activity. The inability of some isolates to demethylate pisatin appears to be due to the absence of a suitable cytochrome P-450, rather than to a lack of functional reductase.     

Large-scale purification and phosphorylation of a detergent-treated adenosine triphosphatase complex from plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A new procedure for large-scale preparation of plasma-membrane-bound ATPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. The crude membrane fraction is purified by selective extraction with three successive detergents: deoxycholate (0.25 mg/mg protein), Triton X-100 (0.25%) and lysophosphatidylcholine (1 mg/mg protein). These treatments extract the mitochondria and strip the plasma membrane. From 1 kg commercial baker's yeast, 200 mg of plasma membrane proteins are isolated in 2--3 days. Plasma-membrane-bound ATPase of specific activity of 10--13 mumol Pi x min-1 x mg protein-1 is obtained with a yield estimated to 60%. Dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows three predominant polypeptides of Mr = 95000, 70000 and 56000 in the purified membrane fraction. The major polypeptide of Mr = 95000 identified as the ATPase subunit is phosphorylated by millimolar concentrations of ATP. The phosphorylated intermediate reaches the steady-state level in less than 100 ms and turns over very rapidly. It is hydrolyzed by hydroxylamine. Its formation is prevented by the ATPase inhibitors vanadate and Dio-9, a plasma-membrane ATPase inhibitor of unknown structure. At least four other membrane proteins are phosphorylated with much slower kinetics, presumably through the action of protein-kinase(s).     

Solubilization and reconstitution of ca pump from corn leaf plasma membrane

The Ca²⁺ transport system of corn (Zea mays) leaf plasma membrane is composed of Ca²⁺ pump and Ca²⁺/H⁺ antiporter driven by H⁺ gradient imposed by a H⁺ pump (M Kasai, S Muto [1990] J Membr Biol 114: 133-142). It is necessary for characterization of these Ca²⁺ transporters to establish the procedure for their solubilization, isolation, and reconstitution into liposomes. We attempted to solubilize and reconstitute the Ca²⁺ pump in the present study. A nonionic detergent octaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether (C₁₂E₈) was the most effective detergent for a series of extraction and functional reconstitution of the Ca²⁺ pump among seven detergents examined. This was judged from activities of ATP-dependent ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake into liposomes reconstituted with the respective detergent-extract of the plasma membrane by the detergent dilution method. C₁₂E₈-extract of the plasma membrane was subjected to high performance liquid chromatography using a DEAE anion exchange column. Ca²⁺-ATPase was separated from VO₄³⁻-sensitive Mg²⁺-ATPase. These ATPases were separately reconstituted into liposomes, and their ATP-dependent Ca²⁺ uptake was measured. The liposomes reconstituted with the Ca²⁺-ATPase, but not with the VO₄³⁻-sensitive Mg²⁺-ATPase, showed ATP-dependent Ca²⁺ uptake. Nigericin-induced pH gradient (acid inside) caused only a little Ca²⁺ uptake into liposomes reconstituted with the Ca²⁺-ATPase, suggesting that the Ca²⁺/H⁺ antiporter was not present in the preparation. These results indicate that the Ca²⁺-ATPase actually functions as Ca²⁺ pump in the corn leaf plasma membrane.     

Electrophoretic characterization of a detergent-treated plasma membrane fraction from corn roots

Experiments were conducted to determine conditions essential for electrophoretic characterization of a detergent-extracted plasma membrane fraction from corn (Zea mays L.) roots. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) initially gave poor resolution of polypeptides in the plasma membrane fraction and, upon detergent treatment for purification of the proton-pumping adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), showed no enrichment for a 100 kilodalton catalytic subunit characteristic of the ATPase. In contrast to SDS-PAGE, phenol urea acetic acid (PAU)-PAGE clearly resolved two polypeptides in the 100 kilodalton region that were enriched during detergent treatment and indicated at least one polypeptide forms a phosphorylated intermediate characteristic of the ATPase. Problems with SDS-PAGE were found to be caused, in part, by a combination of endogenous proteases and heat-induced aggregation of high molecular weight proteins. The usually standard procedure of boiling the sample prior to SDS-PAGE caused the aggregation of the 100 kilodalton polypeptides. By controlling for proteases using chymostatin and/or phenylmethane sulfonyl floride, and not boiling the sample prior to electrophoresis, two polypeptides were clearly resolved by SDS-PAGE in the 100 kilodalton region of Triton X-114-extracted membranes from corn, oat, barley, and tomato.     

Lysosomal membrane adenosine triphosphatase; solubilization and partial characterization

Membranes prepared from Triton WR-1339-filled lysosomes (tritosomes) contained ATPase activity with a pH optimum of 5–8. These membranes also showed adenosine diphosphatase, adenosine monophosphatase, acid β-glycerol phosphatase, and acid pyrophosphatase activities. The soluble (nonmembrane) fraction of the tritosomes also contained these activities, but the properties of the soluble adenine nucleotide phosphatase activities were different from the membrane-associated enzymes. The pH optimum of tritosomal membrane ATPase changed to 5 after solubilization with Triton X-100, but ADPase and AMPase optima remained at 6–7. The pH optimum of intact membrane ATPase was also 5 when the substrate was α,β-methylene-ATP. Thus, tritosomal membrane ATPase apparently exhibits a pH 8 optimum only when acting in concert with ADPase and AMPase in intact membranes. Rates of ATP hydrolysis to adenosine were also significantly greater in intact membranes than in Triton X-100-solubilized fraction. Centrifugation of Triton X-100-solubilized tritosomal membranes in sucrose density gradients showed that ATPase and ADPase activities sedimented to one peak, and that AMPase, acid phosphatase, and pyrophosphatase were grouped in another peak. Thus, tritosomal membrane ATPase activity was not due to the latter enzymes. The resulting purification was about fourfold for ATPase. The Mr for ATPase and ADPase was estimated to be about 65,000 and for AMPase, acid phosphatase, and pyrophosphatase about 200,000.     

Isolation and partial purification of plasma membrane from porcine oocytes

Egg plasma membrane (EPM) was isolated in comparatively large amounts from porcine slaughterhouse ovaries. Ovaries were minced, and the oocyte containing fluid was filtered to retrieve zona pellucidae–intact oocytes. The oocytes were homogenized and filtered again to remove zona pellucidae. The egg filtrate was subjected to differential centrifugation to remove membrane bound organelles and the remaining plasma membrane containing material was pelleted by ultracentrifugation. Plasma membranes were further separated from cellular material by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and were collected from portions of the gradient that correspond to the densities of plasma membrane. The purity of isolated plasma membranes was assessed by membrane marker enzyme analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Activities of the plasma membrane marker enzymes 5' nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase increased from nondetectable levels in the egg filtrate to relatively high levels in the plasma membrane preparation. Marker enzymes for mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes fell from detectable levels in the egg filtrate to levels that were at the lower limits of the assays to detect in the final preparation. Evidence provided by binding of biotin-labeled EPM to capacitated sperm suggests that the isolated EPM retains its biological activity. The procedure presented here represents a novel method of isolating procine egg plasma membranes for further study involving sperm–egg interaction. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Partial purification of a dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide-sensitive membrane adenosine triphosphatase complex from the obligately anaerobic bacterium Clostridium Pasteurianum.

The membrane adenosine triphosphatase complex of vegetatively growing Clostridium pasteurianum, solublized with Triton X-100, has been recovered as a significantly purified particulate preparation that is still sensitive to inhibition by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and butyricin 7423.     

Solubilization of a phospholipid-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase complex from membranes of Escherichia coli.

A phospholipid-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) complex was solubilized and partially purified from membrane particles of Escherichia coli ML308-225. The complex was of large molecular size and contained 16 polypeptides, five of which were subunits of the F₁-type ATPase of E. coli. Components of the respiratory chain were absent. Enzyme activity was stimulated by lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin but not by phosphatidylethanolamine. The ATPase activity of the complex was inhibited by N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and by Dio-9 at lower inhibitor:protein ratios than required for inhibition of the F₁-type ATPase of E. coli. However, the ATPase complex was less sensitive than the membrane-bound enzyme to inhibition by these compounds.     

Solubilization and partial purification of aromatase from chicken ovary

Aromatase, the cytochrome P-450 that converts androgen to estrogen, has been solubilized from chicken ovarian microsomes with the nonionic detergent Emulgen 913. Following chromatography on gel filtration, anion exchange, dye affinity, and hydrophobic media, ovarian aromatase is purified up to 27-fold with 10-15% recovery. Separation of the cytochrome P-450 aromatase from NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase is achieved during the purification. The partially purified enzyme is stable for as long as 6 months when frozen in liquid nitrogen in buffer containing dithiothreitol, glycerol, Emulgen and 150 mM KCl.     

Identification and purification of a soluble adenosine triphosphatase from Tetrahymena pyriformis .

An unusual ATPase isolated from the postribosomal supernatant fraction of $\text{Tetrahymena pyriformis}$ has been purified to homogeneity. The purification procedure consisted of protamine sulfate and heat treatment; column chromatography successively on phosphocellulose, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-150; and isoelectric focusing. The pure enzyme has a molecular weight of 89,000 and requires either Ca²⁺ or Ba²⁺ for maximum activation. Nucleoside triphosphates are hydrolized at decreasing rates in the order: ATP > GTP > ITP > CTP > UTP. The K_m for ATP is 2.5 mM. Because of its properties the enzyme is tentatively classified as a soluble Ca²⁺-activated ATPase.     

Characterization of plasma membrane adenosine triphosphatase of Neurospora crassa.

It has been proposed (Slayman, C.L., Long W.S., and Lu, C.Y.-H. (1973) J. Membr. Biol. 14, 305--338) that in Neurospora crassa, a plasma membrane ATPase functions to pump H+ ions out of the cell, thereby generating an electrochemical gradient that can drive transport processes. Using the concanavalin A method of Scarborough (Scarborough G.A. (1975)J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1106--1111), we have prepared plasma membranes of Neurospora and have deomonstrated that they do contain a distinct ATPase activity with the following properties. It has a pH optimum of 6.0, is highly specific for ATP (hydrolyzing other nucleoside triphosphates less than 6% as rapidly), requires Mg2+ at concentrations approximately equimolar to the concentration of ATP, is weakly stimulated by certain monovalent cations (K+ and NH4+) and anions (SCN- and acetate), is inhibited by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, but is not affected by oligomycin or ouabain. The plasma membrane fraction also contains residual mitochondrial contamination, which can be determined quantitatively by assaying oligomycin-sensitive ATP-ase activity, at pH 8.25, and succinic dehydrogenase activity.     

Characterization of a k-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase associated with the plasma membrane of red beet

A membrane fraction enriched with a magnesium-dependent, monovalent cation-stimulated ATPase was isolated from red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) storage roots by a combination of differential centrifugation, extraction with KI, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This fraction was distinct from endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, mitochondrial, and possibly tonoplast membranes as determined from an analysis of marker enzymes. The ATPase activity associated with this fraction was further characterized and found to have a pH optimum of 6.5 in the presence of both Mg²⁺ and K⁺. The activity was substrate specific for ATP and had a temperature optimum near 40°C. Kinetics with Mg:ATP followed a simple Michaelis-Menten relationship. However the kinetics of K⁺-stimulation were complex and suggestive of negative cooperativity. When monovalent cations were present at 2.5 millimolarity, ATPase was stimulated in the sequence K⁺ > Rb⁺ > Na⁺ > Li⁺ but when the concentration was raised to 50 millimolarity, the sequence changed to K⁺ ≥ Na⁺ ≥ Rb⁺ > Li. The activity was not synergistically stimulated by combinations of Na⁺ and K⁺. The enzyme was insensitive to NaN₃, oligomycin, ouabain, and sodium molybdate but sensitive to N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, diethylstilbestrol, and sodium vanadate. Based on the similarity between the properties of this ATPase activity and those from other well characterized plant tissues, it has been concluded that this membrane fraction is enriched with plasma membrane vesicles.     

Solubilization and partial purification of GABAB receptor from bovine brain

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)B receptor has been solubilized and partially purified by an affinity column chromatography. GABAB receptor was solubilized by 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) in the presence of asolectin. The solubilized GABAB receptor was adsorbed on baclofen-coupled epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B. The affinity matrix adsorbed 80% of the solubilized [3H]GABA binding activity to GABAB receptor, and approximately 75% of the adsorbed activity could be eluted with 1 M KC1. GABAB receptor binding in the fraction eluted from affinity column was displaced by GABA, baclofen and 2-hydroxy saclofen in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the purified GABAB receptor showed approximately 2800-fold purification as compared with the original solubilized fraction and possessed the specific binding activity of 17.68 p mol/mg of protein. This binding consisted of a single binding site with a dissociation constant of 64.4 nM. The present results indicate that affinity column chromatographic procedures using baclofen-coupled epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B are suitable for the partial purification of GABAB receptor from cerebral tissues.     

Solubilization and partial purification of hyaluronate synthetase from oligodendroglioma cells

Hyaluronate synthetase was solubilized with digitonin from crude membranes of mouse oligodendroglioma cells. Detergent extraction was carried out in 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid-buffered saline with an optimal digitonin to protein ratio (w/w) of 0.7-0.8. The solubilized synthetase was partially purified approximately 230-fold by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The solubilized enzyme displayed similar properties to membrane-bound enzyme: (a) it synthesized high molecular weight hyaluronate which eluted in the void volume of a Sepharose CL-2B column; (b) the apparent Km values obtained for UDP-GlcUA and UDP-GlcNAc were 50 and 100 microM, respectively; and (c) treatment of intact cells with hyaluronidase prior to extraction with digitonin resulted in a 3-fold increase in solubilized synthetase activity. Furthermore, gel filtration chromatography of the solubilized hyaluronidase-treated synthetase complex showed that it was smaller than the solubilized untreated synthetase complex, due to shorter nascent-bound hyaluronate. The solubilized synthetase was shown to be associated with hyaluronate in the form of a complex. Both hyaluronidase-treated and -untreated synthetase-hyaluronate complexes after solubilization were adsorbed by an affinity matrix using the hyaluronate binding domain of rat chondrosarcoma proteoglycan as ligand. This solubilized active enzyme preparation should allow the identification and characterization of the components of the hyaluronate-synthetase complex.