鲈鲤仔鱼的异速生长模式

采用实验生态学方法研究了鲈鲤(Percocypris pingi pingi)仔鱼(0～57日龄)的异速生长模式.结果显示:鲈鲤仔鱼全长由慢速生长到快速生长的转折点为25日龄;其多数外部器官均具有异速生长特点,头部和尾部的生长快于躯干部,均在22 ～ 27日龄出现生长拐点;眼径在14 ～ 15日龄较早出现生长拐点,促使眼睛充分发育,以提高早期仔鱼开口期摄食外源食物的能力;吻长在33～34日龄出现生长拐点,促进了口的充分发育,以适应不同的饵料环境;胸鳍、背鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍和腹鳍分别在13～14日龄、31～32日龄、32 ～33日龄、38 ～39日龄、43 ～ 44日龄出现生长拐点,除胸鳍和尾鳍外,其余各鳍的鳍条均在拐点处分化完全,即鲈鲤仔鱼的游泳能力已得到大幅提高.研究表明,鲈鲤仔鱼的异速生长模式,保证了各重要功能器官的充分发育,以适应多变的环境,有效地保障了其早期的生存,可为育苗生产和野生早期资源的保护提供技术支撑.     

黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林株高生长过程新模型

黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林的株高生长不随时间单调增加,在生长末期因生长动力小于生长阻力,株高随时间小幅度减小。采用宁夏固原上黄生态站柠条林的生长观测资料,以经典Logistic方程为基础,添加了生长阻力因素,建立了柠条林生长的改进模型,使得生长速率在生长末期出现负值;并以高密度柠条成林多年生长观测数据为依据,建立了连年生长模型。用数学建模和统计检验的方法对数据进行处理,其结果表明,改进模型较Logistic方程具有更高的拟合度和相关系数。建立的模型与传统生长方程不同,由于微分方程中引入了阻力因子,故生长曲线中存在极值坐标且不具有严格单调性。将多年的株高生长曲线综合到一个坐标系内后,新模型中位置参数a与内禀生长率b的比值随着生长呈现逐渐增大的趋势。改进模型的生长顶点出现在8月,与柠条林株高的实际生长过程吻合;计算了新模型的生长顶点与生长期结束时的株高的差值,并将该值记为生长损失。由于柠条林的灌丛较为矮小,在越冬时干梢现象对株高的影响不可忽略,该过程导致生长方程中第二年初始点小于第一年最末点;在考虑了该现象后所建立的连年生长模型中,2002年和2003年干稍现象的终止点位于2月,与植物生长的节律吻合。本研究为描述半干旱区灌木林生长过程提供了依据。     

Trade-off between height growth and stem diameter growth for an evergreen Oak, Quercus glauca, in a mixed hardwood forest

1. Patterns of stem growth of a mid-successional evergreen Oak species ( Quercus glauca ) in a mixed hardwood forest were examined to explore the trade-off relationship between stem-diameter growth and height growth.
2. The mean cross-sectional area (and the corresponding mean diameter) of a stem at a point in time was defined as the stem volume divided by tree height. Based on this definition, a simple equation representing the trade-off relationship between the height growth and mean diameter growth was formulated.
3. In the long term, allocation to height growth was encouraged at the seedling stage and it gradually declined with time, with the decline in the suppressed seedlings being more pronounced than in the dominant trees.
4. However, both the suppressed and the dominant trees showed acceleration of height growth at various ages. Such a fluctuation in the allocation of biomass to height growth is likely to have been caused by chronological changes in light conditions, and meandered the trajectory of allometry between the height and mean diameter.
5. The observed stem growth patterns of the individual trees could explain the chronological changes in the diameter–height relationship of the population.     

甘肃鼠兔幼子生长的初步研究

根据3 窝14只甘肃鼠兔幼子56 天的生长发育资料初步分析了甘肃鼠兔的生长发育规律。依据逻辑斯蒂曲线的拐点,甘肃鼠兔的体重生长可划分为加速增长相（0～0.5日龄）和减速增长相（20.5日龄以后）。按照瞬时生长率曲线的拐点,体重增长过程可分为3个时期,即缓慢生长期（0～6.5 日龄）、快速生长期（6.5～34.5 日龄）和渐进生长期（34.5 日龄以后）。文章对使用逻辑斯蒂方程和其它“S”形曲线描述动物生长过程存在的一些问题进行了讨论,认为：如果只用1条“S”形曲线描述动物的整个生长过程,就有可能会因为成年期动物生长规律的变化而破坏模型参数的生物学意义,同时引起模型拟合精度的降低。为克服这一问题,作者建议：在使用“S”形曲线拟合动物生长模型时,生长过程的资料最好不要覆盖体重波动较大的成年阶段。     

长白山北坡林线岳桦种群空间分布格局

许多自然林线具有的趋同特征之一即乔木树种高生长受限,常演化为矮曲状或类似于灌木的形态(即树种的灌木型)占据高山植被带,因此研究林线树种乔木型与灌木型的结构、功能差异有助于进一步理解林线形成的原因。种群分布格局作为种群相对位置定量化描述的基本特征,可以表征物种对环境适应性选择的结果,反应生态过程的综合作用。利用点格局方法,研究长白山北坡林线岳桦种群各生活史阶段、两种生活型的分布格局,结果表明,长白山北坡林线岳桦树高生长受到限制,1.5—3.0m是一个关键的树高生长阶段;相比于老树、中树,幼苗和灌木型岳桦更为均匀,对空间的异质性选择更弱;林线岳桦发育过程中,存在一个生活型分离的重要阶段。此外,相对于老树,灌木型分布更为均匀,表明低矮、多枝这种相对紧凑的生活型更适宜在过渡带生存,乔木型岳桦和灌木型岳桦可能代表着不同的生存策略。     

Almost-one Parameter Hypothesis of Individuality in Height Growth

Thus far an individual height growth curve h_ij(t) of the i-th person in the j-th period, t being his (or her) age, has been studied as a function of t associated with its velocity curve. In this note we introduce a natural scale X(t) in place of t, which linearizes this personal curve and facilitates its analysis, in the sense that this equation of growth contains apparently two personal parameters for one period but one of them plays an essential role. The effectiveness of this approach will be seen in four figures.     

不同产地苦楝苗期生长节律研究

苦楝在我国分布广泛,具有丰富的遗传变异性。为进一步做好苦楝种源筛选和良种选育工作,该文对不同产地苦楝实生苗生长性状和各阶段的生长特点进行了比较分析,初步揭示了苦楝苗期生长规律。以15个产地的1年生实生苗为试材,对苗高、地径、复叶生长及生物量积累等生长性状进行了观测分析,并用Logistics方程对生长节律进行了拟合。结果表明:(1)不同产地苦楝苗高、地径生长差异均达显著水平,根生物量、茎生物量及复叶相关性状差异均达极显著性水平;(2)苗高和地径生长均呈现慢-快-慢的S型生长规律,且均存在2次生长高峰,与苗高生长高峰出现时间相比,地径生长高峰出现时间较晚;(3)Logistic拟合方程的R²为0.976～0.994,均达到极显著相关水平,说明可用Logistic方程拟合苦楝的生长节律;(4)总体上地径速生期较苗高速生期长20～30 d,北方产地苗高和地径进入速生期和结束速生期的时间均早于南方产地,速生期苗高和地径累积生长量均超过总生长量的60%;(5)各生长指标均与纬度负相关,苗高、生物量及复叶面积与经度正相关,其他指标与经度负相关。综上结果表明,苦楝为全期生长型树种,各生长性状在产地间达显著差异水平,生长受纬度和经度双重控制,以纬度控制为主。     

Ungulate browsing in winter reduces the growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fraxinus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer</Emphasis> saplings in subsequent unbrowsed years

Browsing by ungulates has become a hotly debated issue in many European mountain forests in the past century. Acer pseudoplatanus L. and Fraxinus excelsior L. are broadleaved tree species that are preferentially browsed by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in central Europe. We analyzed growth data from shaded saplings of both tree species to quantify the extent to which height growth after game browsing is reduced in subsequent, unbrowsed years in forest stands. Sixty saplings of F. excelsior and A. pseudoplatanus from forest stands at Albisriederberg (Switzerland) were available to us that had been dissected into pieces that then were split in the middle for counting tree rings and assessing ungulate damage. We fitted the von Bertalanffy growth equation to these height growth data and included a reduction factor for winter browsing. Both tree species showed significantly reduced height growth in unbrowsed years after one to several browsing events in winter, and this effect increased with the number of browsing events. Saplings with a high growth rate showed a higher growth reduction. After winter browsing, height growth of A. pseudoplatanus saplings was less affected in unbrowsed years than that of F. excelsior saplings. We conclude that browsed saplings of these species in forest stands are not able to compensate browsing-induced height loss, but that height differences between browsed and unbrowsed saplings probably increase over time. A comparison between our analysis and the parameters estimated using equations published by Eiberle for predicting age at 130 cm height suggests that our parameter values are rather conservative estimates of the growth reduction effect after winter browsing. Neither F. excelsior nor A. pseudoplatanus show a distinct pattern in browsing-induced growth reduction with respect to soil moisture, nutrient level, and altitude. We thus conclude that our results are likely to be valid for a wide range of forested sites.     

不同密度猪毛菜形态结构性状及生物量分配策略的异速关系

植物的生长特性随环境条件的变化具有可塑性,而不同的环境因素对植物可塑性的影响也不尽相同。利用异速分析的方法,通过模拟退化草地恢复过程中猪毛菜（Salsola collina）的不同种群密度（16、44、100、400株/m²）,研究其形态结构性状及生物量分配策略的异速关系在种群密度间的差异。结果表明,种群密度增大能抑制猪毛菜的生长,而且对猪毛菜的株高、根长、一级分枝数、二级分枝数、三级分枝数以及总分枝长均产生了极显著的影响,表明种群密度的变化使得植物的高生长和侧向生长发生了显著变化。种群密度的变化也引起了植物生物量的变化,其中植物根、茎、叶间的生物关系是一种表观可塑性,植物的生长策略未发生改变,只是植物个体大小发生改变引起的生物量分配的变化。植物株高、总分枝长、一级分枝数及繁殖分配的变化,是由种群密度变化引起的,植物的适应策略发生了改变,是真正的可塑性。种群密度改变了植物的繁殖分配策略,而未改变植物叶的分配策略,说明当环境发生变化时,植物调整了其繁殖策略以适应环境因素的改变,以保证种群的生存繁衍。     

Tradeoff between height and relative growth rate in a dominant grass from the Serengeti ecosystem

We determined the relationship between plant height and whole-plant relative growth rate (g g^-1 day^-1) for ten genotypes of Sporobolus kentrophyllus collected from an intensively grazed site on the Serengeti Plains, Tanzania. Plants were grown for 7 weeks in a greenhouse in Syracuse, N.Y., and harvested weekly. Plants that received simulated bovine urine showed a negative relationship between plant height and growth rate, suggesting a genetic tradeoff between competitive ability if ungrazed (height) and ability to recover from grazing (growth rate). There was no height-growth rate relationship under nitrogen addition rates similar to field mineralization rates. In addition, faster-growing, shorter plants tended to have relatively higher above-ground growth rates than slower-growing, taller plants. These results suggest that natural selection has maintained a gradient of morphologies within this species ranging from short, rapidly growing genotypes adapted to intense grazing conditions to tall, slow-growing, grazer-susceptible genotypes that are superior light competitors in absence of herbivory.     

Biology and functional morphology of a new species of endolithic Bryopa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagelloidea) from Japan and a comparison with fossil species of Stirpulina and other Clavagellidae

Abstract. A new species of Clavagellidae, Bryopa aligamenta, from Okinawa, Japan, is described. The species is endolithic in living corals, with the left valve cemented to the crypt wall, as in all clavagellids. The free right valve exhibits an unusual growth pattern, with commarginal lines seemingly arising from the posterior valve margin and extending towards the anterior. This results from: (i) progressive anterior erosion of the umbones, probably as a consequence of the boring process; (ii) the apparent migration posteriorly, as the umbones are eroded, of the dorso‐ventral growth axis of the shell; and (iii) enhanced posterior inter‐commarginal growth. Unlike other clavagellid genera and species, however, there is no discernible primary ligament, at least in the adult. It is possible, however, that if a juvenile ligament were present (as in B. lata), it too would be lost as a consequence of antero‐dorsal erosion during boring. To retain valve alignment in the absence of a primary ligament, and possibly upon reaching an adult size, the mantle lays down alternating layers of calcium carbonate and proteinaceous periostracum onto the interior surface of the shell to thicken it, most noticeably marginally and, especially, posteriorly. The two valves are united dorsally, therefore, by thin layers of periostracum that probably exert a minimal opening force. B. aligamenta is, however, further characterised by large adductor, pallial, and siphonal retractor muscles so that the entire animal is encased tightly within an internally strengthened shell within a crypt. Movement must be minimal, blood being pumped into pallial haemocoels to push open the valves and extend the siphons. Despite a suggestion to the contrary, Bryopa is retained in the Clavagellidae, its unusual growth processes resulting from an endolithic life style within living corals. The fossil clavagellid Stirpulina bacillus, from the Pliocene/Pleistocene of Palermo, Sicily, Italy, was, unlike Bryopa aligamenta and other clavagellids, endobenthic, with a long adventitious tube and anterior watering pot superficially similar to species of Penicillidae, another family of the Clavagelloidea. Furthermore, as in all clavagellids only the left valve is fused into the fabric of the tube, the right being free within it. In all penicillids, both valves are fused into the fabric of their tubes. The watering pots of the fossil S. coronata, S. vicentina, and S. bacillus, moreover, are formed in a different manner to that of penicillids, by progressive encasement of the right valve inside the tube. In penicillids, the tube is secreted in a single event from the general mantle surface and the incorporation of both valves into its fabric. The constituent genera of the Clavagellidae thus constitute an example of parallel evolution with members of the Penicillidae.     

A New Generalized Logistic Sigmoid Growth Equation Compared with the Richards Growth Equation

A new sigmoid growth equation is presented for curve-fitting,analysis and simulation of growth curves. Like the logisticgrowth equation, it increases monotonically, with both upperand lower asymptotes. Like the Richards growth equation, itcan have its maximum slope at any value between its minimumand maximum. The new sigmoid equation is unique because it alwaystends towards exponential growth at small sizes or low densities,unlike the Richards equation, which only has this characteristicin part of its range. The new sigmoid equation is thereforeuniquely suitable for circumstances in which growth at smallsizes or low densities is expected to be approximately exponential,and the maximum slope of the growth curve can be at any value.Eleven widely different sigmoid curves were constructed withan exponential form at low values, using an independent algorithm.Sets of 100 variations of sequences of 20 points along eachcurve were created by adding random errors. In general, thenew sigmoid equation fitted the sequences of points as closelyas the original curves that they were generated from. The newsigmoid equation always gave closer fits and more accurate estimatesof the characteristics of the 11 original sigmoid curves thanthe Richards equation. The Richards equation could not estimatethe maximum intrinsic rate of increase (relative growth rate)of several of the curves. Both equations tended to estimatethat points of inflexion were closer to half the maximum sizethan was actually the case; the Richards equation underestimatedasymmetry by more than the new sigmoid equation. When the twoequations were compared by fitting to the example dataset thatwas used in the original presentation of the Richards growthequation, both equations gave good fits. The Richards equationis sometimes suitable for growth processes that may or may notbe close to exponential during initial growth. The new sigmoidis more suitable when initial growth is believed to be generallyclose to exponential, when estimates of maximum relative growthrate are required, or for generic growth simulations.Copyright1999 Annals of Botany Company Asymptote,Cucumis melo,curve-fitting, exponential growth, intrinsic rate of increase, logistic equation, maximum growth rate, model, non-linear least-squares regression, numerical algorithm, point of inflexion, relative growth rate, Richards growth equation, sigmoid growth curve.     

Larval growth patterns in Cyprinus carpio and Clarias gariepinus with attention to the finfold

During the larval period, most teleost fishes undergo a dramatic change in body form. Most functional systems are incomplete at hatching. Rapid development of swimming, feeding and respiration systems are expected. In this study, growth patterns of morphological characteristics related to these three functions were studied in two species of Ostariophysian teleosts: African catfish Clarias gariepinus and common carp Cyprinus carpio . Special attention was paid to the larval finfold, which is a remarkably common feature of fish larvae. The results confirmed that larval growth shows different phases. Many morphological characters showed fast allometric growth in early larvae, followed by isometric growth after an inflexion point. In carp, all larval growth curves showed such inflexion points at a total length of about 7 mm while in Clarias such a coupling was not found. The inflexion points in carp occur at a stage during which the typical larval swimming style changes towards the adult swimming style.     

Growth allocation between height and stem diameter in nonsuppressed reproducing Abies mariesii trees

To understand the growth patterns with respect to competition and leaf‐mass increase in reproducing trees, growth allocation between height and stem diameter was examined for nonsuppressed reproducing Abies mariesii trees in a subalpine forest in northern Honshu, Japan. The growth allocation was analyzed by dividing the relative growth rate of the stem volume into the relative contributions of height and stem‐diameter growth. During a 9‐yr period, height growth and seed‐cone production showed obvious annual variation, while stem‐diameter growth recorded moderate variation. For two of three years of seed‐cone production during the 9‐yr period, trees with larger seed‐cone production were associated with less height growth in the following year of seed‐cone production; however, there was no trend of height growth in the year of seed‐cone production. In the following year of mast seeding, trees with larger stem‐volume growth were associated with less height growth. This trend was also shown for the relationship between the cumulative stem‐volume growth during the 9‐yr period and growth allocation to height, suggesting that trees with a larger biomass increase depress the allocation of photosynthate to competition with a large expenditure for reproduction. In contrast to this, trees with a smaller biomass increase might allocate photosynthate to competition with surrounding trees. The results of this study suggest that an increase in reproductive organs during life history and annual variation in reproduction are closely associated with the growth patterns of the stem in A. mariesii trees.     

入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花对土壤水分变化的生态学响应

以盆栽的入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花为材料,在100%(CK)、80%(W_80)、60%(W_60)和40%(W_40)土壤田间持水量条件下,研究了该植物的生长、生物量分配和光合生理特征,以探讨其入侵机制.结果表明:(1)加拿大一枝黄花的生长速率、株高、叶面积(叶长、叶宽)等均随土壤含水量的降低而下降;总生物量及根、茎、叶各器官生物量积累均随土壤含水量的减少而呈不同程度降低,根生物量比、叶生物量比和根冠比则表现出逐渐增大趋势,并在W_40处理下达到最大;克隆生长在W_40处理下受到严重抑制,表现为无克隆分株和二级根茎,分枝强度低、根茎直径小等特征.(2)随着土壤含水量减少,植株叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量逐渐下降,叶绿素a/b比值却升高,同期的净光合速率、最大净光合速率、光饱和点下降,而光补偿点却上升,其光适应范围逐渐变小.研究发现,加拿大一枝黄花具有较强的抗旱性和耐旱性,但重度干旱仍严重影响其正常生长,其适宜的水分生态位是中偏湿的土壤环境;其通过一系列形态和生理上的可塑性变化来适应和占据各种异质性生境,表型可塑性可能是其成功入侵的重要机制.     

Surfactant inhibition of bacterial growth on solid anthracene

Surfactants have been proposed as a promising method to enhance bioremediation of hydrophobic compounds in contaminated soils. However, the results of effects of surfactants on bioremediation are not consistent. This study showed that Triton X-100 at low concentration (0.024 mM or 0.09 CMC) inhibited the rate of growth of either a Mycobacterium sp. or a Pseudomonas sp. on solid anthracene as sole carbon source. Recovery of microbial growth rate could be achieved by dilution of surfactants, while addition of more surfactant gave an immediate decrease in growth rate. No inhibition of growth by Triton X-100 was observed with growth on glucose. The surfactant sorbed onto the surfaces of both the cells and the anthracene particles, which could inhibit uptake of anthracene. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of microbial adhesion of cells to anthracene was responsible for the inhibition of growth by Triton X-100.     

Modelling the distribution of diameter growth along the stem in Scots pine

This paper presents an empirical model for the distribution of diameter growth along the stem in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and for the consequent stem form over time. First, the distribution of annual mass growth in the stem is determined as a function of the total annual growth in stem mass, current stem mass and the distribution of the latter along the stem. Second, the distribution of diameter growth is obtained by converting the fraction of annual growth in the stem mass at a given height in the stem into the thickness of the annual ring at the same height. Application of the model to Scots pine data sets including both young and mature trees not used in parameter estimation showed that the model was capable of reconstructing the distribution of diameter growth from the stem butt to the apex and from the pith to the stem surface at any height in the stem in both young and mature trees. The resulting empirical model was also linked to a physiological, process-based model in order to study its performance in a simulated stand. Simulations representing trees grown in unthinned and thinned Scots pine stands with trees of different status (from dominant to suppressed) showed that the response in tree growth to thinning in terms of the distribution of diameter growth along the stem was quite realistic relative to measured data.     

光倒刺鲃的年龄与生长的初步研究

研究了光倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus hollandi)的年龄与生长规律,结果表明:光倒刺鲃鳞片年轮特征主要为疏密切割型。体长与鳞长呈直线相关L=44.44R-11.69,体重与体长呈指数函数相关W=0.0258L2.9125,4龄以前生长较快,生长指标高,体长指标高,体长和体重的相对增长率大,其生长规律可用Von Bertalanffy方程表达:Lt=67.3[1-e-0.2018(t-0.1338)],Wt=5441.44[1-e-0.2018(t-0.1338)]3。体重生长曲线的拐点位于t=5.678,拐点体长Lr=45.313cm,拐点体重Wr=1660.885g。光倒刺鲃雌性一般在3~4龄性成熟,雄鱼3龄时性成熟。     

Genetic characteristics and growth patterns of the hybrid grouper derived from the hybridization of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (female) × Epinephelus polyphekadion (male)

Hybridization is one of the primary methods used to cultivate farmed grouper species. The hybrid grouper derived from crossing Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (♀) and E. polyphekadion (♂) exhibits growth superiority over its parents. The genetic characteristics and growth patterns of the hybrid grouper have not yet been defined. This study confirms the ploidy level of the hybrid grouper (2n = 48) using chromosome count analysis and flow cytometry. The 5S rDNA family was used to evaluate genetic diversity. Only one 5S class (~400 bp) was detected in the hybrid grouper, which could be used to distinguish between two different types based on nucleotide sequences, likely representing homologous unit classes from the female and male parental species. Growth patterns of 5–8-month-old hybrid groupers were also monitored. In this phase, a positive allometric growth pattern in body mass with total length was found. Body height and body mass were significantly correlated based on correlation and path coefficient, suggesting that body height could serve as an excellent index to increase body mass. These results aid our understanding of the genetic evolution of the hybrid grouper and inform the development of improved rearing techniques.     

Planting Seedlings in Tree Islands Versus Plantations as a Large‐Scale Tropical Forest Restoration Strategy

Planting tree seedlings in small patches (islands) has been proposed as a method to facilitate forest recovery that is less expensive than planting large areas and better simulates the nucleation process of recovery. We planted seedlings of four tree species at 12 formerly agricultural sites in southern Costa Rica in two designs: plantation (entire 50 × 50 m area planted) and island (six patches of three sizes). We monitored seedling survival, height, and canopy area over 3 years. To elucidate mechanisms influencing survival and growth, we measured soil and foliar nutrients, soil compaction, and photosynthesis. Survival of all species was similar in the two planting designs. Seedling height and canopy area were greater in plantations than islands at most sites, and more seedlings in islands decreased in height due to damage incurred during plot maintenance. Survival, height, and canopy area were both site‐ and species‐specific with the two N‐fixing species (Inga edulis and Erythrina poeppigiana) greater than the other species (Terminalia amazonia and Vochysia guatemalensis). Foliar N was higher in Terminalia and Vochysia in sites where Inga growth was greater. Soil nutrients, however, explained a small amount of the large differences in growth across sites. Leaf mass per area was higher in islands, and P use efficiency was higher in plantations. Our results show advantages (good seedling survival, cheaper) and disadvantages (more seedling damage, slightly lower growth) to the island planting design. Our study highlights the importance of replicating restoration strategies at several sites to make widespread management recommendations.