超声辅助深共晶溶剂高效提取枳实辛弗林的工艺优化及提取动力学分析

为了研究超声辅助深共晶溶剂提取枳实辛弗林的最佳工艺条件及该提取过程的传质动力学模型,本研究采用Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验结合Box-Behnken响应面法对超声辅助深共晶溶剂提取枳实辛弗林的关键工艺参数进行优化,基于Fick第二定律建立超声辅助深共晶溶剂提取枳实辛弗林的提取动力学模型,通过测定在不同功率、不同提取时间下提取液中的辛弗林的质量浓度,对模型进行拟合验证,求解相应的动力学参数。结果表明,最优提取溶媒为一水甜菜碱-乳酸组成的深共晶溶剂(摩尔比1∶3,含水量50%),最佳工艺为：液料比39 mL/g,超声功率220 W,超声时间20 min,在此条件下,辛弗林得率为0.4284%,与模型预测值接近,且优于传统水回流提取法、85%乙醇回流提取法、超声辅助14%乙醇提取法、超声辅助70%甲醇提取法和超声辅助水提法。对动力学实验数据拟合得到的动力学一般方程和指数方程与动力学模型相关性良好,推算出了相应的速率常数、相对萃余率等动力学相关参数,拟合得到了半衰期和有效扩散系数回归方程,为枳实辛弗林的提取工艺优化和深入理论研究提供数据参考。     

正交设计优选橙皮苷提取工艺研究

采用碱-醇提酸沉法提取陈皮中橙皮苷,首先针对提取温度、提取时间、pH值、碱液料液比、醇液料液比、提取次数等因素对提取率的影响进行单因素实验考察,并进一步利用正交实验对橙皮苷的提取工艺进行优化。得到最优浸提条件为:陈皮粉与食用乙醇料液比为1:10、与0.5%NaOH溶液料液比1:10,浸提温度70℃,浸提时间4 h,提取率最高。     

柑橘中天然产物辛弗林的研究进展

辛弗林是柑橘天然产物中的重要有效成分之一,被广泛应用于医药及食品行业,近年来由于其在心血管方面潜在的毒副作用而受到学者关注。本文对辛弗林的来源、结构、合成及检测方法等研究进展进行综述,以期为农产品和食品生产过程中辛弗林的安全使用提供科学依据。     

枳实提取物及其药效组分对ox-LDL损伤的人脐静脉内皮细胞ICAM-1表达和NO释放的影响

目的:研究枳实提取物及其药效组分橙皮苷和新橙皮苷对氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,Ox-LDL)损伤的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells line,HUVEC)细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)表达和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)释放的影响。方法:体外培养HUVEC,50μg/mL ox-LDL制造HUVEC损伤模型。以MTS染色法检测细胞毒性确定用药浓度。细胞ELISA法测定细胞表面ICAM-1的含量,试剂盒测定细胞培养上清液中NO含量。结果:①枳实提取物小于等于2 mg/mL时,橙皮苷浓度小于等于0.03125 mg/mL时,新橙皮苷浓度小于等于0.25 mg/mL时,HUVEC存活率分别大于80%。②2.0 mg/mL和1.0 mg/mL两个浓度的枳实提取物、15.625μg/mL的橙皮苷和0.2500 mg/mL新橙皮苷对ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC的ICAM-1表达有显著抑制作用。③2.0 mg/mL枳实提取物显著提高ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC和正常HUVEC培养液中的NO含量;7.813μg/mL、15.625μg/mL和31.250μg/mL 3个浓度的橙皮苷能显著提高ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC培养液中的NO含量,31.250μg/mL的橙皮苷能促进正常HUVEC的NO释放;0.2500 mg/mL和0.1250 mg/mL 2个浓度的新橙皮苷能显著提高ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC培养液中的NO含量。结论:枳实提取物及其药效组分橙皮苷、新橙皮苷能抑制ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC的ICAM-1表达,促进ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC的NO释放。     

枇杷叶中黄酮类化合物提取工艺研究

以枇杷叶为原料,对黄酮类化合物的提取工艺进行研究,考察乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比对枇杷叶中黄酮类化合物提取率的影响,并采用正交实验进行优化。结果表明四种因素对枇杷叶中黄酮类化合物提取率影响的大小顺序为:乙醇浓度>提取时间>提取温度>料液比,枇杷叶中黄酮类化合物提取的最佳工艺条件为提取时间30min、提取温度80℃、乙醇浓度40%、料液比1:20(g/mL),最佳条件下黄酮类化合物提取率为6.92%。     

枳实提取物及其药效组分对OX—LDL损伤的人脐静脉内皮细胞ICAM-1表达和NO释放的影响

目的：研究枳实提取物及其药效组分橙皮苷和新橙皮苷对氧化低密度脂蛋白（oxidized lowd ensity lipoprotein,Ox—LDL）损伤的人脐静脉内皮细胞（human umbilical vein endothelial cells line,HUVEC）细胞间黏附分子-1（intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1）表达和一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）释放的影响。方法：体外培养HUVEC,50μg／mLOX—LDL制造HUVEC损伤模型。以MTS染色法检测细胞毒性确定用药浓度。细胞ELISA法测定细胞表面ICAM-1的含量,试剂盒测定细胞培养上清液中NO含量。结果：①枳实提取物小于等于2mg／mL时,橙皮苷浓度小于等于0．03125mg／mL时,新橙皮苷浓度小于等于0．25mg／mL时,HUVEC存活率分别大于80％。②2．0mg／mL和1．0mg／mL两个浓度的枳实提取物、15．625μg／mL的橙皮苷和0．2500mg／mL新橙皮苷对OX—LDL诱导的HUVEC的ICAM-1表达有显著抑制作用。③2．0mg／mL枳实提取物显著提高OX—LDL诱导的HUVEC和正常HUVEC培养液中的NO含量;7．813ixg／mL、15．625μg／mL和31．250μg／mL 3个浓度的橙皮苷能显著提高OX—LDL诱导的HUVEC培养液中的NO含量,31．250μg／mL的橙皮苷能促进正常HUVEC的NO释放;0．2500mg／mL和0．1250mg／mL 2个浓度的新橙皮苷能显著提高OX—LDL诱导的HUVEC培养液中的NO含量。结论：枳实提取物及其药效组分橙皮苷、新橙皮苷能抑制Ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC的ICAM-1表达,促进Ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC的NO释放。     

桑叶中白藜芦醇提取工艺的研究

白藜芦醇因其具有多种保健作用而受到人们广泛关注,经研究测定在桑叶中有一定的含量。本文采用有机溶剂回流法提取桑叶中的白藜芦醇,确立了提取的最佳条件:提取溶剂为乙醇;回流时间为105 min;乙醇浓度为80%;物料比为1∶13;回流温度为60℃。原料经回流提取、过滤除渣后旋蒸得到白藜芦醇浓缩液,再用高效液相色谱法测定白藜芦醇的含量。     

从喜树叶中提取喜树碱工艺研究

为优化从喜树叶中提取喜树碱工艺条件,以10kg喜树叶为原料得到的提取物中所含喜树碱的质量为指标,采用四因素三水平正交设计法,筛选影响喜树碱提取工艺的因素,探索最优的提取工艺条件。实验证明,合理的提取方法为：pH值为1.9的酸水法浸提3次,上离子交换柱,用pH为3．5的81％的乙醇溶液洗脱,从l0kg喜树叶中得到2.740提取物,其中喜树碱的含量为98．52％。     

苦瓜皂苷提取工艺研究

采用正交设计研究回流法苦瓜皂苷的提取工艺。考察提取温度、乙醇浓度、固液比和提取时间等因素在不同水平下对苦瓜皂苷提取率的影响,并对结果进行方差分析和显著性检验。结果显示乙醇提取法最佳工艺组合为A3B1C2D3,即70％乙醇,固液比为1：15,100℃回流提取1．5h,重复提取3次。     

Developmental toxicity of Citrus aurantium in rats

BACKGROUND: Ephedra was commonly used in herbal products marketed for weight loss until safety concerns forced its removal from products. Even before the ban, manufacturers had begun to replace ephedra with other compounds, including Citrus aurantium, or bitter orange. The major component in the bitter orange extract is synephrine which is chemically similar to ephedrine. The purpose of this study was to determine if relatively pure synephrine or synephrine present as a constituent of a bitter orange extract produced developmental toxicity in rats. METHOD: Sprague‐Dawley rats were dosed daily by gavage with one of several different doses of synephrine from one of two different extracts. Caffeine was added to some doses. Animals were sacrificed on GD 21, and fetuses were examined for the presence of various developmental toxic endpoints. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At doses up to 100 mg synephrine/kg body weight, there were no adverse effects on embryolethality, fetal weight, or incidences of gross, visceral, or skeletal abnormalities. There was a decrease in maternal weight at 50 mg synephrine/kg body weight when given as the 6% synephrine extract with 25 mg caffeine/kg body weight; there was also a decrease in maternal weight in the caffeine only group. This decrease in body weight may have been due to decreased food consumption which was also observed in these two groups. Overall, doses of up to 100 mg synephrine/kg body weight did not produce developmental toxicity in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:216–223, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oil from the Flowers,Leaves and Peels of Citrus aurantium

Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl., is a better species of sour oranges. There are essential oils in the flowers, the peels, the leaves and the branches of C. aurantium. The flower oil can be used in the preparation of perfumes of high quality. The peel oil is used mainly for the flavor-endowing of soft drinks, alcoholic drinks, bread, confectionaries and cakes. In order to control the quality of the essential oils and to improve them, we have systema- tically studied the chemical constituents of the flowers, the leaves and the peals of C. aurantium with our preparation. 12 main components were separated by silica gel column chromatography. The following 33 chemical components were identified by IR, GC-MS and GC retention index: α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, β-ocimene, trans-linalooloxide (furanoid), cis-linalooloxide (furanoid), linalool, 1,4-p-methadien-7-ol, trans-pinocarveol, camphor, terpinen-4-ol α-terpineol, nerol, citral-b, geraniol, linalylacetate, citrala, trans-linalooloxide (pyranoid), methyl anthranilate, terpinyl acetate, cis-linalooloxide (pyranoid), neryl acetate. geranyl acetate, nonanal, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, γ-muurolene, β-nerolidol, farnesol, α- nerolidol. GC retention index of 33 compounds were measured. A fast method for routine determination is presented.     

代代花挥发油的超临界萃取及其在烟草中的应用

为了开发新的天然烟用香料,采用超临界流体萃取技术萃取代代花并优化了萃取工艺,GC-MS对挥发油成分进行了分离鉴定,并对其进行了卷烟加香试验.结果表明:①超临界萃取代代花的最佳工艺为:萃取压力40 MPa、萃取温度50℃萃取时间15 min、改性剂为20%乙醇;②代代花挥发油中共鉴定出45种挥发性成分,主要成分为柠檬烯、...     

苦橙叶精油化学成分及抗炎作用研究

为探究苦橙叶精油的抗炎作用。实验采用气相-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析精油成分,并建立脂多糖(LPS)诱导RAW 264.7细胞炎症模型,用Griess法检测一氧化氮(NO)含量评价其体外抗炎作用,随后进一步通过巴豆油致小鼠耳肿胀模型和鸡蛋清致小鼠足肿胀模型评价其体内抗炎作用。结果表明苦橙叶精油成分以酯类、醇类物质为主;25μg/mL浓度能显著抑制RAW 264.7细胞NO的释放;中浓度苦橙叶精油能明显减轻小鼠耳肿胀程度;低、中、高浓度苦橙叶精油均对小鼠足肿胀模型有炎症缓解作用,并于肿胀前期呈浓度依赖性。以上实验证明苦橙叶精油在体外和体内具有一定抗炎作用。     

Insecticidal activity of Citrus aurantium peel extract against Bactrocera oleae and Ceratitis capitata adults (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Citrus aurantium (L.) peel extracts in petroleum ether were evaluated for toxicity against olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) and medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) adults. Bactrocera oleae flies were more susceptible to the extract than C. capitata in contact and residual bioassays. Fumigation bioassay had no effect. Both sexes of B. oleae were equally susceptible in both types of bioassays. However, males of C. capitata were more susceptible than the conspecific females. LD₅₀ values (concentration causing 50% mortality) after 96 h for the males and females of B. oleae were 44.8 and 40.1 μg/insect in contact bioassay through topical application. Whereas, LD₅₀ values for the males and females of C. capitata were 38.8 and 67.8 μg/insect respectively. LC₅₀ values after 96 h for the males and females of B. oleae were 18.8 and 17.8 μg/cm² in Petri dish residual bioassay. Whereas, LC₅₀ values for the males and females of C. capitata were 70.6 and 147.1 μg/cm² respectively.
Fractionation of the extract on a silica gel column with three different polarity solvents resulted in three fractions with only the intermediate polarity solvent fraction having substantial insecticidal activity. Toxicity of the mixtures of active and inactive fractions was equal to the original extract. Our results indicate that C. aurantium has potential for controlling insect pests.     

High-performance liquid chromatography methods for the analysis of adrenergic amines and flavanones in Citrus aurantium L. var. amara

Reverse-phase HPLC coupled with photodiode array detection was used for the simultaneous separation and determination of naturally occurring adrenergic amines (octopamine, synephrine and tyramine) in fruits and dry extracts of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara and in herbal medicines derived therefrom. Synephrine was the main component in fruits (0.10-0.35%) and in dry extracts (3.00-3.08%) and was present in the range 0.25-0.99% in herbal medicines. Flavanones were analysed in the same samples using a reverse-phase HPLC technique which allowed the identification and quantification of neoeriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringenin and hesperetin. C. aurantium fruits and derivatives contained mainly glycosylated flavanones: in particular, naringin and neohesperidin were found to be the major flavonoids and their concentrations ranged from 1.80 to 26.30 and from 3.90 to 14.71 mg/g, respectively. The levels of aglycones were very low in all samples tested.     

Hesperidin,a citrus flavonoid,increases the bioavailability of micronutrients of Gallus domesticus (chicken) eggshell: in vitro study

The consumption of citrus flavonoid, hesperidin may inhibit the bone loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hesperidin on the bioavailability of Ca, a probable reason to prevent bone loss. Citrus flavonoid (hesperidin) in combination with citric acid and ascorbic acid was scrutinized to estimate the bioavailability of micronutrients from chicken egg shells using in vitro method. Effect of citric acid, ascorbic acid and hesperidin on the bioavailability of minerals (Zn, Fe) and macro elements (Ca, Mg, P) was evaluated and the amounts required to get maximum bioavailability were concluded. The highest bioavailability of Ca, Mg, P, Fe and Zn was 89.25 ± 2.13, 92.28 ± 1.87, 40.32 ± 3.09, 32.81 ± 1.24 and 46.19 ± 0.83%, respectively after the addition of 3 g of citric acid, 100 mg of ascorbic acid and 4 mg of hesperidin per gram of chicken eggshell powder. Citric acid greatly affects the bioavailability of Ca, Mg, P, and Zn, whereas addition of ascorbic acid enhances the bioavailability of Fe, and hesperidin boosts the bioavailability (p < 0.05) of all micronutrients of the chicken eggshells.