中华稻蝗消化道内分泌细胞的鉴别与定位

采用整块组织Grimelius银染法和过氧化物酶标记的链霉亲和素免疫组织化学技术,结合生物统计学分析,对中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis消化道内分泌细胞进行鉴别与定位。结果表明：嗜银细胞分布于中华稻蝗的胃盲囊、中肠和后肠各段,以中肠和直肠中最多（P<0.05）, 前肠中未见分布。免疫组织化学法检测出了五羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT）、 胃泌素（gastrin, Gas）、 胰高血糖素（glucagon, Glu）和胰多肽（pancreatic polypeptide, PP）细胞, 未检出生长抑素（somatostatin, SS）细胞。免疫阳性细胞分布于中肠和后肠中, 前肠中未见分布。5-HT细胞和Gas细胞均主要分布于胃盲囊、中肠及直肠中,且均以直肠中最多（P<0.05）。Glu细胞在胃盲囊及整个中、后肠均有分布, 在中肠和直肠中最多（P<0.05）。PP细胞主要分布于中肠、回肠和直肠中,中肠中分布密度最大（P<0.05）。本研究显示中华稻蝗消化道中存在多种内分泌细胞,它们的分布情况与其他节肢动物相比存在一定的共性,也有其一定的特异性,可能与中华稻蝗特定的消化道结构和消化生理功能有关。     

臭腹腺蝗（直翅目： 锥头蝗科）中肠内营养物-水分的流动和吸收

对臭腹腺蝗Zonocerus variegatus中肠内水分和营养物的流动和吸收进行了研究,以期确定其流动模式及在该虫对氰化氢适应方面的意义。对中肠细胞进行了组织切片观察;测定了K⁺, Na⁺和蛋白质沿中肠的浓度梯度,并观察了中肠对K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺和甲基蓝的通透性。结果表明,中肠（胃和胃盲囊）组织上结构相似,均由具有纹状边缘的柱状细胞构成。营养物质在中肠不同部分的浓度不同。测试物在整个中肠中流动,中肠各段均参与了食物和水分的吸收。臭腹腺蝗肠内没有像大多数直翅目昆虫那样自后肠的液流逆向流动。肠溶物的单向流动可以防止有毒物质的积累,使臭腹腺蝗成功耐受木薯叶中的氰化氢。     

宽翅曲背蝗受精囊形态与超微结构观察

[目的]明确宽翅曲背蝗Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis雌虫受精囊的形态、组织结构与超微结构,为更好地认识昆虫受精囊的功能提供依据.[方法]本研究以宽翅曲背蝗已交配雌成虫为实验材料,利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察其受精囊的形态、组织结构和超微结构.[结果]宽翅曲背蝗受精囊由一个端囊和一条长的受精囊管组成,端囊用于储存精子.端囊和受精囊管有相似的组织学结构,由外到内依次为肌肉层、基膜、上皮层及表皮内膜.上皮层含上皮细胞、腺细胞和导管细胞3种细胞类型.腺细胞具有一个被有微绒毛的细胞外腔.腺细胞的分泌物经细胞外腔通过分泌导管进入到受精囊腔.分泌导管由导管细胞形成.[结论]在宽翅曲背蝗受精囊的端囊和受精囊管上,内膜和腺细胞的细胞外腔结构均存在差异,由此推测,端囊和受精囊管的功能存在一定差异.上皮细胞的超微结构特点显示上皮细胞具有支持、分泌和吸收的功能.     

意大利蝗血细胞形态学研究

血细胞是昆虫免疫防御、代谢和分泌等生理活动的重要参与者。本文通过Gimesa-Wright试剂盒染色法研究了意大利蝗成虫血细胞类型。结果表明,意大利蝗存在原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、脂血胞、囊血胞、巨核细胞6种细胞。粒血胞、脂血胞和浆血胞是意大利蝗主要的血细胞类型,分别占细胞总数的42.04%、29.60%和23.32%。研究结果为深入研究意大利蝗血细胞的功能及其对意大利蝗适应环境的机制提供了基础数据。     

宽翅曲背蝗受精囊形态与超微结构观察（英文）

【目的】明确宽翅曲背蝗Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis雌虫受精囊的形态、组织结构与超微结构,为更好地认识昆虫受精囊的功能提供依据。【方法】本研究以宽翅曲背蝗已交配雌成虫为实验材料,利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察其受精囊的形态、组织结构和超微结构。【结果】宽翅曲背蝗受精囊由一个端囊和一条长的受精囊管组成,端囊用于储存精子。端囊和受精囊管有相似的组织学结构,由外到内依次为肌肉层、基膜、上皮层及表皮内膜。上皮层含上皮细胞、腺细胞和导管细胞3种细胞类型。腺细胞具有一个被有微绒毛的细胞外腔。腺细胞的分泌物经细胞外腔通过分泌导管进入到受精囊腔。分泌导管由导管细胞形成。【结论】在宽翅曲背蝗受精囊的端囊和受精囊管上,内膜和腺细胞的细胞外腔结构均存在差异,由此推测,端囊和受精囊管的功能存在一定差异。上皮细胞的超微结构特点显示上皮细胞具有支持、分泌和吸收的功能。     

狭胸天牛成虫和幼虫的消化道研究

研究了狭胸天牛成虫和幼虫消化道形态。成虫消化道细长,嗉囊长囊状,中肠前段具极少的稀疏瘤状小突起。幼虫消化道相当长,前肠细短,中肠很长,前中肠粗短而膨大,中肠表面无小盲囊。     

蝗虫消化道结构的比较研究

采用扫描仪分析方法对10种蝗虫消化道形态结构进行了观察比较,发现蝗虫不同类群个体其中肠占消化道总长的比例依进化地位呈现递增趋势,胃盲囊和后肠则呈递减趋势.这种趋势可能是随着蝗虫类群的进化,中肠在消化道所占的比例逐渐增大,对食物的消化吸收能力逐渐增强,与之相应的是胃盲囊呈退化趋势,同时后肠所排泄的残渣逐渐减少,导致蝗虫消化道形态发生适应性变化的结果.     

温度对意大利蝗生长发育的影响

为了全面掌握意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus(L.)生长发育规律,明确该虫的越冬和适宜生长区域,为该虫预测预报和合理防治提供科学依据。本文研究了恒温条件下意大利蝗蝗卵越冬低温、各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温。研究结果表明意大利蝗蝗卵越冬低温高于-20℃;发育速率与温度呈线性正相关:卵、幼虫、雌成虫、雄成虫和雌成虫世代和雄成虫世代发育起点温度为8.62、16.12、17.07、17.82、15.02、16.27℃,有效积温为249.84、397.46、377.9、323.78、1053.82、931.53日·度;发育速率随着温度的升高而加快,同时通过测量发现33℃意大利蝗雌虫和雄虫体重均最大。     

放牧和季节性增加降水对毛足棒角蝗发育与存活的影响

【目的】降水和放牧是驱动草原蝗虫发生的重要因素,但其如何发挥作用尚存在争论。本文研究放牧和季节性降水增加的耦合效应通过改变栖息环境中食料植物的养分含量来驱动草原蝗虫灾害发生的生理与生态学机理。【方法】在野外设置放牧和季节性增加降水的交叉处理,利用室外笼罩和室内饲养的方法研究在不同放牧和降水处理下毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus barbipes发育与存活的响应规律,分析放牧和季节性降雨量变化耦合对毛足棒角蝗发生程度的影响。【结果】放牧极显著地(P0.01)降低羊草Leymus chinensis叶片中可溶性糖态C和可利用C的含量,但对淀粉态C和总C的含量无显著影响;极显著地增加氨基酸态N、可利用N和总N含量,但对蛋白质态的N无影响;显著增加可利用的C︰N比值。增加降水的作用在放牧和不放牧间有波动,对可溶性糖态C和氨基酸态N有降低的趋势,但没有达到显著水平(P0.05)。放牧会极显著地(P0.01)降低毛足棒角蝗室内雌虫从5龄到成虫过程的死亡率,缩短发育历期,增加生长速率,增加成虫体重。放牧处理在野外笼罩实验中也表现出增加存活率和发育速率。降水对该蝗虫各特征的影响均不显著(P0.05)。【结论】适当放牧会降低植物中可溶性糖态C,增加氨基酸态N的含量,有利于毛足棒角蝗的生长、发育、存活,促进毛足棒角蝗种群发生。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫消化系统的解剖学和组织学

本利用石蜡切片对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫其消化系统的组织学进行了研究。结果表明,幼虫的消化道无特殊变异,但中肠亚端部的一对胃盲囊长而发达,是消化道的突出特征。中肠和胃盲囊不同部位的细胞学特点有明显差异。根据中肠细胞形状及其分布将中肠分为4个区域,对中肠不同区域的细胞学特点进行了描述。     

臭腹腺蝗（直翅目：锥头蝗科）消化道对食物储存、消化和吸收相适应的显微结构

显微观察发现臭腹腺蝗Zonocerus variegatus（直翅目：锥头蝗科）嗉囊、中肠和后肠的肠壁结构有所不同。嗉囊为空时纵向折叠。中肠上皮层的厚度随龄期有明显变化,1龄和2龄时明显大于3龄、4龄和5龄。后肠具有帮助消化和吸收的功能。     

Digestive morphophysiology of Gryllodes sigillatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

The evolution of the digestive system in the Order Orthoptera is disclosed from the study of the morphophysiology of the digestive process in its major taxa. This paper deals with a cricket representing the less known suborder Ensifera. Most amylase and trypsin activities occur in crop and caeca, respectively. Maltase and aminopeptidase are found in soluble and membrane-bound forms in caeca, with aminopeptidase also occurring in ventriculus. Amaranth was orally fed to Gryllodes sigillatus adults or injected into their haemolymph. The experiments were performed with starving and feeding insects with identical results. Following feeding of the dye the luminal side of the most anterior ventriculus (and in lesser amounts the midgut caeca) became heavily stained. In injected insects, the haemal side of the most posterior ventriculus was stained. This suggested that the anterior ventriculus is the main site of water absorption (the caeca is a secondary one), whereas the posterior ventriculus secretes water into the gut. Thus, a putative counter-current flux of fluid from posterior to anterior ventriculus may propel digestive enzyme recycling. This was confirmed by the finding that digestive enzymes are excreted at a low rate. The fine structure of midgut caeca and ventriculus cells revealed that they have morphological features that may be related to their involvement in secretion (movement from cell to lumen) and absorption (movement from lumen to cell) of fluids. Furthermore, morphological data showed that both merocrine and apocrine secretory mechanisms occur in midgut cells. The results showed that cricket digestion differs from that in grasshopper in having: (1) more membrane-bound digestive enzymes; (2) protein digestion slightly displaced toward the ventriculus; (3) midgut fluxes, and hence digestive enzyme recycling, in both starved and fed insects.     

Fine structure of the larval midgut of the fly Rhynchosciara and its physiological implications

The midgut of Rhynchosciara americana larvae consists of a cylindrical ventriculus from which protrudes two gastric caeca formed by polyhedral cells with microvilli covering their apical faces. The basal plasma membrane of these cells is infolded and displays associated mitochondria which are, nevertheless, more conspicuous in the apical cytoplasm. The anterior ventricular cells possess elaborate mitochondria-associated basal plasma membrane infoldings extending almost to the tips of the cells, and small microvilli disposed in the cell apexes. Distal posterior ventricular cells with long apical microvilli are grouped into major epithelial foldings forming multicellular crypts. In these cells the majority of the mitochondria are dispersed in the apical cytoplasm, minor amounts being associated with moderately-developed basal plasma membrane infoldings. The proximal posterior ventriculus represents a transition region between the anterior ventriculus and the distal posterior ventriculus. The resemblance between the gastric caeca and distal posterior ventricular cells is stressed by the finding that their microvilli preparations display similar alkaline phosphatase-specific activities. The results lend support to the proposal, based mainly on previous data on enzyme excretion rates, that the endo-ectoperitrophic circulation of digestive enzymes is a consequence of fluid fluxes caused by the transport of water into the first two thirds of midgut lumen, and its transference back to the haemolymph in the gastric caeca and in the distal posterior ventriculus.     

Digestive enzyme compartmentalization and recycling and sites of absorption and secretion along the midgut of Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera) larvae

Bostrichiformia is the less known major series of Coleoptera regarding digestive physiology. The midgut of Dermestes maculatus has a cylindrical ventriculus with anterior caeca. There is no cell differentiation along the ventriculus, except for the predominance of cells undergoing apocrine secretion in the anterior region. Apocrine secretion affects a larger extension and a greater number of cells in caeca than in ventriculus. Ventricular cells putatively secrete digestive enzymes, whereas caecal cells are supposed to secrete peritrophic gel (PG) glycoproteins. Feeding larvae with dyes showed that caeca are water-absorbing, whereas the posterior ventriculus is water-secreting. Midgut dissection revealed a PG and a peritrophic membrane (PM) covering the contents in anterior and posterior ventriculus, respectively. This was confirmed by in situ chitin detection with FITC-WGA conjugates. Ion-exchange chromatography of midgut homogenates, associated with enzymatic assays with natural and synthetic substrates and specific inhibitors, showed that trypsin and chymotrypsin are the major proteinases, cysteine proteinase is absent, and aspartic proteinase probably is negligible. Amylase and trypsin occur in contents and decrease along the ventriculus; the contrary is true for cell-membrane-bound aminopeptidase. Maltase is cell-membrane-bound and predominates in anterior and middle midgut. Digestive enzyme activities in hindgut are negligible. This, together with dye data, indicates that enzymes are recovered from inside PM by a posterior-anterior flux of fluid outside PM before being excreted. The combined results suggest that protein digestion starts in anterior midgut and ends in the surface of posterior midgut cells. All glycogen digestion takes place in anterior midgut.     

Feeding, nutrient flow, and functional gut morphology in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

The flow of nutrients through the digestive tract of Gryllus bimaculatus is regulated by the proventriculus, which effectively triturates the partially digested food coming from the crop and shoves the mushy nutrient mass into the space between the paired caeca. The many folds at the base of the caeca form a sieve, and only fine food particles (4-10 microm) and fluids in the mush are filtered under pressure (produced by proventricular peristalsis) into the caeca. Combined with the release of enzymes in the caeca and the influx of water, the caeca are rapidly inflated on day 1 after the terminal molt. The remaining, mostly undigested food is shoved into a tube formed by the peritrophic membrane, which is first formed at the anterior end of the ventriculus. A mucous membrane (peritrophic gel) covers the caecal epithelium, and seems to merge with the true peritrophic membrane at the beginning of the ventriculus. The Type I peritrophic membrane is dragged posteriorly through the entire ventriculus and ileum by the posterior movement of the food bolus, which is shoved posteriorly at a rate of 6 mm/h by proventricular pressure. The growth rate of the peritrophic membrane is about 3 mm/h. Peristalsis does not occur in the midgut or ileum; the muscles in these regions function solely to counteract the internal pressure produced by the proventriculus. The exo- and endoperitrophic space in newly molted animals is open and fluids can flow in both directions. The endoperitrophic space becomes filled on day 1, and leads to a great reduction of the exoperitrophic space. In the ileal pouch (exoperitrophic space) the peritrophic membrane separates the mass of bacteria from the waste bolus within the endoperitrophic space. Feathery bristles arising from the cuticular covering of the finger-like invaginations of the ileal wall hold most of the bacterial mass in place. The crop weight decreases from day 1 to day 3 as the weight of caeca, ventriculus, and ileum increases. After day 3, food uptake and the weight of the entire gut system decrease in female crickets, partly in response to space restrictions in the abdomen caused by rapid ovarial growth.     

Ultrastructure of the digestive tract in Acarus siro (Acari: Acaridida)

The gut of the mite Acarus siro is characterized on the ultrastructural level. It consists of the foregut (pharynx, esophagus), midgut (ventriculus, caeca, colon, intercolon, postcolonic diverticula, postcolon), and hindgut (anal atrium). The gut wall is formed by a single-layered epithelium; only regenerative cells are located basally and these have no contact with the lumen. Eight cell types form the whole gut: (i) simple epithelial cells forming fore- and hindgut; (ii) cells that probably produce the peritrophic membrane; (iii) regenerative cells occurring in the ventriculus, caeca, colon, and intercolon; (iv) spherite cells and (v) digestive cells forming the ventriculus and caeca; (vi) colonic cells and (vii) intercolonic cells; and (viii) cells forming the walls of postcolonic diverticula and postcolon. Spherite and digestive cells change in structure during secretory cycles, which are described and discussed. The cycle of spherite, colonic, and intercolonic cells is terminated by apoptosis. Ingested food is packed into a food bolus surrounded by a single homogeneous peritrophic membrane formed by addition of lamellae that subsequently fuse together. The postcolonic diverticula serve as a shelter for filamentous bacteria, which also are abundant in the intercolon.     

The ultrastructural investigation of the midgut in the quill mite Syringophilopsis fringilla (Acari,Trombidiformes: Syringophilidae)

The midgut of the females of Syringophilopsis fringilla (Fritsch) composed of anterior midgut and excretory organ (=posterior midgut) was investigated by means of light and transmission electron microscopy. The anterior midgut includes the ventriculus and two pairs of midgut caeca. These organs are lined by a similar epithelium except for the region adjacent to the coxal glands. Four cell subtypes were distinguished in the epithelium of the anterior midgut. All of them evidently represent physiological states of a single cell type. The digestive cells are most abundant. These cells are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and participate both in secretion and intracellular digestion. They form macropinocytotic vesicles in the apical region and a lot of secondary lysosomes in the central cytoplasm. After accumulating various residual bodies and spherites, the digestive cells transform into the excretory cells. The latter can be either extruded into the gut lumen or bud off their apical region and enter a new digestive cycle. The secretory cells were not found in all specimens examined. They are characterized by the presence of dense membrane-bounded granules, 2–4 μm in diameter, as well as by an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies. The ventricular wall adjacent to the coxal glands demonstrates features of transporting epithelia. The cells are characterized by irregularly branched apical processes and a high concentration of mitochondria. The main function of the excretory organ (posterior midgut) is the elimination of nitrogenous waste. Formation of guanine-containing granules in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells was shown to be associated with Golgi activity. The excretory granules are released into the gut lumen by means of eccrine or apocrine secretion. Evacuation of the fecal masses occurs periodically. Mitotic figures have been observed occasionally in the epithelial cells of the anterior midgut.     

Ontogeny of gut morphology in the white shrimp Penaeus setiferus (Decapoda,Penaeidae)

Ontogeny of the gut in Penaeus setiferus was investigated by reconstruction of serial sections examined by light microscopy. Development of the gut into the adult form is protracted over several weeks beyond metamorphosis in steps that may be directly related to the unique postlarval life history of Penaeus. The gastric mill is lacking in larval stages of P. setiferus. In protozoeal stages Z₁-Z₃, the pyloric ampullae are blind sacs that do not communicate with the midgut. The gland filter first appears in mysis stage M₂. The gastric mill in early postlarval (PL) stages consists of poorly chitinized lobes with flexible setae. By PL₂₁ the ossicles of the gastric mill are rigid and setae are replaced by spine-like denticles, but even by PL₃₅ the gastric mill is neither as massive nor heavily chitinized as in adults. During the mysis stages and early PL stages, the hepatopancreas communicates freely with both the foregut and the midgut trunk. By PL₃₅ the hepatopancreatic ducts are essentially isolated from the remainder of the midgut by foregut ossicles. The midgut in Z₁ consists of two pairs of simple caeca and the midgut trunk. During larval growth, each of the lateral midgut caeca develops into a number of lobes. After metamorphosis these lobes begin to ramify into small-diameter tubules, and by PL₃₅ have completely ramified into the hepatopancreas of adults. From M₁ to PL₄, the anterior midgut caeca decrease in absolute size and become a single anterior diverticulum. The posterior midgut diverticulum first appears in PL₂₁ as a simple sac and thereafter increases in size and complexity.     

The alimentary canal of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Blomia tropicalis</Emphasis> (Acari: Astigmata: Echymopodidae): the application of three-dimensional reconstruction technology

The domestic mite species Blomia tropicalis is an important indoor allergen source related to asthma and other allergic diseases in tropical and subtropical regions. Here, we describe the alimentary canal of B. tropicalis with the particular application of three-dimensional reconstruction technology. The alimentary canal of B. tropicalis resembles the typical acarid form consisting of the cuticle-lined foregut and hindgut separated by a cuticle-free midgut. The foregut is divided into a muscular pharynx and an esophagus. The midgut is composed of a central ventriculus, two lateral caeca, a globular colon and a postcolon with two tubiform postcolonic diverticula. The most common cells forming the epithelium of ventriculus and caeca are squamous and cuboidal. The globular cells contain a big central vacuole in the posterior region of the caeca. The epithelium of the colon and postcolon has significantly longer microvilli. The anal atrium is a simple tube with flattened epithelial cells. The spatial measurements of the three-dimensional model suggest that the paired caeca and central ventriculus occupy 55.1 and 34.6%, respectively, of the total volume of the alimentary canal and may play the key role in food digestion. J. Wu and F. Yang contributed equally.