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1.
T. R. McClanahan V. Hendrick M. J. Rodrigues N. V. C. Polunin 《Coral reefs (Online)》1999,18(3):195-203
The consequences of macroalgal overgrowth on reef fishes and means to reverse this condition have been little explored. An
experimental reduction of macroalgae was conducted at a site in the Watamu Marine National Park in Kenya, where a documented
increase in macroalgal cover has occurred over the last nine years. In four experimental 10 m by 10 m plots, macroalgae were
greatly reduced (fleshy algal cover reduced by 84%) by scrubbing and shearing, while four similar plots acted as controls.
The numerical abundance in all fish groups except wrasses and macroalgal-feeding parrotfishes (species in the genera Calotomus and Leptoscarus) increased in experimental algal reduction plots. Algal (Sargassum) and seagrass (Thalassia) assays, susceptible to scraping and excavating parrotfishes, were bitten more frequently in the algal reduction plots one
month after the manipulation. Further, surgeonfish (Acanthurus leucosternon and A. nigrofuscus) foraging intensity increased in these algal reduction plots. The abundance of triggerfishes increased significantly in experimental
plots relative to control plots, but densities remained low, and an index of sea urchin predation using tethered juvenile
and adult Echinometra mathaei showed no differences between treatments following macroalgal reduction. Dominance of reefs by macrofleshy algae appears
to reduce the abundance of fishes, mostly herbivores and their rates of herbivory, but also other groups such as predators
of invertebrates (triggerfishes, butterflyfishes and angelfishes).
Accepted: 2 February 1999 相似文献
2.
Determining a subset of wavelengths that best discriminates reef benthic habitats and their associated communities is essential for the development of remote sensing techniques to monitor them. This study measured spectral reflectance from 17 species of western Caribbean reef biota including coral, algae, seagrasses, and sediments, as well as healthy and diseased coral. It sought to extend the spectral library of reef-associated species found in the literature and to test the spectral discrimination of a hierarchy of habitats, community groups, and species. We compared results from hyperspectral reflectance and derivative datasets to those simulated for the three visible multispectral wavebands of the IKONOS sensor. The best discriminating subset of wavelengths was identified by multivariate stepwise selection procedure (discriminant function analysis). Best discrimination at all levels was obtained using the derivative dataset based on 6–15 non-contiguous wavebands depending on the level of the classification, followed by the hyperspectral reflectance dataset which was based on as few as 2–4 non-contiguous wavebands. IKONOS wavebands performed worst. The best discriminating subset of wavelengths in the three classification resolutions, and particularly those of the medium resolution, was in agreement with those identified by Hochberg and Atkinson (2003) and Hochberg et al. (2003) for reef communities worldwide. At all levels of classification, reflectance wavebands selected by the analysis were similar to those reported in recent studies carried out elsewhere, confirming their applicability in different biogeographical regions. However the greater accuracies achieved using the derivative datasets suggests that hyperspectral data is required for the most accurate classification of reef biotic systems. 相似文献
3.
C. Lavett Smith 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1978,3(1):109-128
Synopsis The fishes associated with coral reefs offer excellent opportunities for the study of the factors that determine the species composition of complex, highly interactive communities. Amenable to sampling and direct observations many patch reefs are small enough to be studied as entire units and yet diverse enough to include a wide range of interactions.Coral reef fishes appear to be highly specialized in morphology, color, behavior and life cycles and yet colonization experiments and repeated censusing have shown a surprisingly high variation in the fishes that are associated in similar habitats or in the same habitat at different times. This has led to two different views: (i) the chaos view that holds that the species composition is due to random factors and chance colonization, and (ii) the order view that resource sharing adaptations determine which species can live together.This paper reviews some of the obvious adaptations of reef fishes. An examination of the maximum sizes reached by infaunal reef dwellers shows that the largest individual of each species differs by a constant proportion from the next larger and next smaller species. This suggests growth limitations by interspecies competition. A hypothetical model showing how this might work is offered and it is shown that as long as there are more species than can be accommodated in the community at any one time the number of combinations is great enough to give the appearance of randomness even though the individual species may have precise environmental requirements.This paper forms part of the proceedings of a mini-symposium convened at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 18–19 May 1976, entitled Patterns of Community Structure in Fishes (G. S. Hellman, ed.). 相似文献
4.
Spectral discrimination of coral reef benthic communities 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Effective identification and mapping of coral reef benthic communities using high-spatial and -spectral resolution digital
imaging spectrometry requires that the different communities are distinguishable by their spectral reflectance characteristics.
In Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA, we collected in situ a total of 247 spectral reflectances of three coral species (Montipora capitata, Porites compressa, Porites lobata), five algal species (Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, Gracilaria salicornia, Halimeda sp., Porolithon sp., Sargassum echinocarpum) and three sand benthic communities (fine-grained carbonate sand, sand mixed with coral rubble, coral rubble). Major reflectance
features were identified by peaks in fourth derivative reflectance spectra of coral (at 573, 604, 652, 675 nm), algae (at
556, 601, 649 nm) and sand (at 416, 448, 585, 652, 696 nm). Stepwise wavelength selection and linear discriminant function
analysis revealed that spectral separation of the communities is possible with as few as four non-contiguous wavebands. These
linear discriminant functions were applied to an airborne hyperspectral image of a patch reef in Kaneohe Bay. The results
demonstrate the ability of spectral reflectance characteristics, determined in situ, to discriminate the three basic benthic
community types: coral, algae and sand.
Accepted: 12 January 2000 相似文献
5.
Spatial associations of seven herbivore species in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, are analyzed using a new technique,
Correlative Coherence Analysis (CoCA). CoCA is a generalization of the concept of correlation to more than two sequences of
numbers. Prior information on the feeding ecology and metabolic requirements of these species is used to contrast spatial
scales at which hypothesized guild aggregation or competition occurs. These hypotheses are tested using 13 years of aerial
census data collected during the dry season. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that distributions of large and
small species of the same feeding type (i.e., grazers and browsers) overlap in potentially resource-rich areas, but have lower
similarity values across all areas because the higher tolerance of large species for low quality foods results in a more even
spatial distribution of large species compared to small species. 相似文献
6.
7.
The constancy of phenotypic variation and covariation is an assumption that underlies most recent investigations of past selective regimes and attempts to predict future responses to selection. Few studies have tested this assumption of constancy despite good reasons to expect that the pattern of phenotypic variation and covariation may vary in space and time. We compared phenotypic variance-covariance matrices (P) estimated for populations of six species of distantly related coral reef fishes sampled at two locations on Australia's Great Barrier Reef separated by more than 1000 km. The intraspecific similarity between these matrices was estimated using two methods: matrix correlation and common principal component analysis. Although there was no evidence of equality between pairs of P, both statistical approaches indicated a high degree of similarity in morphology between the two populations for each species. In general, the hierarchical decomposition of the variance-covariance structure of these populations indicated that all principal components of phenotypic variance-covariance were shared but that they differed in the degree of variation associated with each of these components. The consistency of this pattern is remarkable given the diversity of morphologies and life histories encompassed by these species. Although some phenotypic instability was indicated, these results were consistent with a generally conserved pattern of multivariate selection between populations. 相似文献
8.
C. B. Edwards A. M. Friedlander A. G. Green M. J. Hardt E. Sala H. P. Sweatman I. D. Williams B. Zgliczynski S. A. Sandin J. E. Smith 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2014,281(1774)
On coral reefs, herbivorous fishes consume benthic primary producers and regulate competition between fleshy algae and reef-building corals. Many of these species are also important fishery targets, yet little is known about their global status. Using a large-scale synthesis of peer-reviewed and unpublished data, we examine variability in abundance and biomass of herbivorous reef fishes and explore evidence for fishing impacts globally and within regions. We show that biomass is more than twice as high in locations not accessible to fisheries relative to fisheries-accessible locations. Although there are large biogeographic differences in total biomass, the effects of fishing are consistent in nearly all regions. We also show that exposure to fishing alters the structure of the herbivore community by disproportionately reducing biomass of large-bodied functional groups (scraper/excavators, browsers, grazer/detritivores), while increasing biomass and abundance of territorial algal-farming damselfishes (Pomacentridae). The browser functional group that consumes macroalgae and can help to prevent coral–macroalgal phase shifts appears to be most susceptible to fishing. This fishing down the herbivore guild probably alters the effectiveness of these fishes in regulating algal abundance on reefs. Finally, data from remote and unfished locations provide important baselines for setting management and conservation targets for this important group of fishes. 相似文献
9.
Summary The Upper Rhaetian coral limestone of Adnet, southeast of Salzburg Austria has been repeatedly referred to as one of the most
spectacular examples of an ancient ‘autochthonous’ coral reef structure. The ‘Tropfbruch’ quarry is probably the best outcrop
for interpreting the distributional patterns of biotic successions and communities of a late Triassic patch reef. Our study
is based on the interpretation of a) outcrop photographs, b) reef maps resulting from quadrat transects, and c) the analysis
of quantitative data describing the distribution and frequency of reef organisms and sediment. A new methodological approach
(combination of reef mapping and photo-transects) is used to obtain quantitative field data which can be compared in greater
detail with data from modern coral reefs investigated by corresponding quantitative surveys.
Three unconformities and three well-defined ‘reef growth stages’ reflecting the vertical and lateral development of the reef
structure were differrentiated using transects:
Stage 1, representing the reef growth optimum, is characterized by laterally differentiated coral reef knobs with corals in
growth position. Criteria supporting this interpretation are the extraordinary size of the corals, their preservation in situ
and the great thickness of this interval. The massive coralPamiroseris grew under higher energy conditions at the rim of the reef knob, whereas branchingRetiophyllia colonies preferred less agitated water in the center. Vertical changes are reflected by an increase in frequency of the dasycladacean
algaDiplopora adnetensis and by the decreasing size ofRetiophyllia. These sedimentological and biological criteria together with the unconformity above indicate a fall in the sea level as
a major control mechanism.
Stage 2, separated from stage 1 by an unconformity caused by partial subaerial exposure and karstification, is characterized
by vertically stacked coral successions with diverse reef debris. Facies heterogeneity is reflected by differences in the
diversity, taphonomy and packing density of reef-building organisms as well as by differences in sediment input from the platform.
Water depths and accommodation space were lower, therefore minor sea level fluctuations had a stronger effect on the biotic
composition. The high percentage of coral debris and corals reworked by storms and the increase in the input of platform sediment
led to a reduction of reef growth.
Stage 3, again separated at the base by an unconformity associated with karstification, is characterized by bioclastic sediments
with isolated reefbuilders forming a level-bottom community. The distribution of different coral morphotypes suggests that
sea level fluctuations were not the only controlling factor. Variations in the substrate were caused by differences in the
input of platform sediment.
The three-step development seen in Adnet documents the response of low-diverse coral associations to variations caused by
small-scale sea level changes, storm activity and sedimentation. The vertical changes in reef community structures correspond
to a sequence of ‘allogenic replacements’.
The Adnet reef structure should not be regarded as a general model of Alpine Upper Rhaetian reefs, because of the particular
setting of the patch reef. Only the ‘capping beds’ of the Upper Rhaetian Reef Limestone of the Steinplatte exhibit criteria
similar to Adnet.
Potential modern analogues of features seen in the coral communities of Adnet are the internal structure of theRetiophyllia thickets, the key role of branching corals within the communities, the scattered distribution and low and even diversity
of corals subsequent to breaks in settlement, segration patterns of corals indicating ‘contact avoidance’, toppling of large
coral colonies by intensive boring, and decreasing coral coverage from deeper and sheltered settings to more shallower water
depths. 相似文献
10.
Synopsis Eight species in six different families of tropical marine reef fishes from the Indo-West Pacific region (Naso lituratus, Zebrasoma.flavescens, Balistes fuscus, B. vidua, Forcipiger longirostris, Echidna zebra, Cromileptes altivelis, Canthigaster jactator) were tested for ability to thermoregulate behaviorally in electronic shuttleboxes. All of these species preferred mean temperatures between 20 and 30°C, but differed considerably in thermoregulatory precision. All species avoided lethal high or low temperatures (i.e., they did not die during the tests), and some species thermoregulated as precisely as temperate species. Some temperate species prefer higher temperatures (above 30°C) than do these tropical reef species. 相似文献
11.
Laura D. Puk Sebastian C. A. Ferse Christian Wild 《Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries》2016,26(1):53-70
Browsing fishes have been identified as an important component of coral reef resilience, because in contrast to other herbivorous fishes they are able to feed on established macroalgae. Climate change and local anthropogenic impacts have contributed to phase shifts in many coral reefs from coral to macroalgae dominance, and recent research suggests the potential ability of browsers to reverse such phase shifts. However, there is high variation among studies and some contradicting findings exist. Here, we review the relevant literature to assemble a list of species currently known to contribute to browsing in the Indo-Pacific. Furthermore, we identify spatial and temporal patterns, outline factors influencing browsing, and discuss the probability of phase shift reversal. We formulate research recommendations addressing the identified gaps in knowledge about the interactions of browsing fishes and their environment. To date, 37 species of fishes have been observed consuming macroalgae in the Indo-Pacific. The most important groups are the family Siganidae, the subfamily Scarinae (Labridae), and the subfamily Nasinae (Acanthuridae). Browsing species vary between studies depending on location, season and macroalgae species examined. Several influencing factors, such as structural complexity, palatability of macroalgae and ecosystem connectivity have been suggested to cause these discrepancies. The most promising avenues for future research are the effect of structural complexity, the importance of mobile link species and influences of food availability on the selectivity of browsing species. Increasing our knowledge in these fields will provide a better basis for successful management strategies directed at increasing the resilience of coral reefs. 相似文献
12.
Synopsis Coral reef fishes almost universally disperse over relatively great distances during a pelagic larval phase. Barlow (1981)
suggested that this dispersal is adaptive because adult fishes inhabit a patchy, uncertain environment. This reiterated an
older idea that the random extinction of local populations necessarily favours dispersal, since ultimately all populations
of non-dispersers will disappear. Whereas this view is based on adult survival, we emphasize a less frequent view that substantial
larval dispersal may be adaptive when offspring experience patchy and unpredictable survival in the pelagic habitat. We do
not address the question of why these animals ‘broadcast’ rather than ‘brood’, but suggest that species committed to pelagic
offspring will be under selection to disperse siblings to spread the risk of failure among members of a cohort. Our arguments
are supported by a heuristic computer simulation. 相似文献
13.
Are the population genomic patterns underlying local adaptation and the early stages of speciation similar? Addressing this question requires a system in which (i) local adaptation and the early stages of speciation can be clearly identified and distinguished, (ii) the amount of genetic divergence driven by the two processes is similar, and (iii) comparisons can be repeated both taxonomically (for local adaptation) and geographically (for speciation). Here, we report just such a situation in the hamlets (Hypoplectrus spp), brightly colored reef fishes from the wider Caribbean. Close to 100,000 SNPs genotyped in 126 individuals from three sympatric species sampled in three repeated populations provide genome‐wide levels of divergence that are comparable among allopatric populations (Fst estimate = 0.0042) and sympatric species (Fst estimate = 0.0038). Population genetic, clustering, and phylogenetic analyses reveal very similar patterns for local adaptation and speciation, with a large fraction of the genome undifferentiated (Fst estimate ≈ 0), a very small proportion of Fst outlier loci (0.05–0.07%), and remarkably few repeated outliers (1–3). Nevertheless, different loci appear to be involved in the two processes in Hypoplectrus, with only 7% of the most differentiated SNPs and outliers shared between populations and species comparisons. In particular, a tropomyosin (Tpm4) and a previously identified hox (HoxCa) locus emerge as candidate loci (repeated outliers) for local adaptation and speciation, respectively. We conclude that marine populations may be locally adapted notwithstanding shallow levels of genetic divergence, and that from a population genomic perspective, this process does not appear to differ fundamentally from the early stages of speciation. 相似文献
14.
Brian E. Lapointe Peter J. Barile William R. Matzie 《Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology》2004,308(1):23-58
Land-based nutrient pollution represents a significant human threat to coral reefs globally. We examined this phenomenon in shallow seagrass and coral reef communities between the Content Keys (southern Florida Bay) and Looe Key (south of Big Pine Key) in the Lower Florida Keys by quantifying the role of physical forcing (rainfall, wind, tides) and water management on mainland South Florida to nutrient enrichment and blooms of phytoplankton, macroalgae, and seagrass epiphytes. Initial studies (Phase I) in 1996 involved daily water quality sampling (prior to, during, and following physical forcing events) at three stations (AJ, an inshore area directly impacted by sewage discharges; PR, a nearshore patch reef located inshore of Hawk Channel; and LK, an offshore bank reef at Looe Key) to assess the spatial and temporal patterns in advection of land-based nutrients to the offshore reefs. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN=NH4++NO3−+NO2−), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and chlorophyll a increased at PR and LK following a wind event (∼15 knots, northeast) in mid-February. The highest DIN (mostly NH4+) and SRP concentrations of the entire study occurred at the inshore AJ during an extreme low tide in March. Following the onset of the wet season in May, mean NH4+ and chlorophyll a concentrations increased significantly to maximum seasonal values at PR and LK during summer; relatively low concentrations of NO3− and a low f-ratio (NO3−/NH4++NO3−) at all stations during summer do not support the hypothesis that the seasonal phytoplankton blooms resulted from upwelling of NO3−. A bloom of the seagrass epiphyte Cladosiphon occidentalis (phaeophyta) followed the onset of the rainy season and increased NH4+ concentrations at LK, resulting in very high epiphyte:blade ratios (∼3:1) on Thalassia testudinum. Biomass of macroalgae increased at all three stations from relatively low values (<50 g dry wt m−2) in winter and early spring to higher values (∼100-300 g dry wt m−2) typical of eutrophic seagrass meadows and coral reefs following the onset of the rainy season. The mean δ15N value of Laurencia intricata (rhodophyta) during 1996 at AJ (+4.7‰) was within the range reported for macroalgae growing on sewage nitrogen; lower values at the more offshore PR (+3.1‰) and LK (+2.9‰) were at the low end of the sewage range, indicating an offshore dilution of the sewage signal during the 1996 study. However, transient increases in δ15N of Cladophora catanata (chlorophtyta) from ~+2% to +5% at LK concurrent with elevated NH4+ concentrations following rain and/or wind events in May and July suggest episodic advection of sewage nitrogen to the offshore LK station. The Phase II study involved sampling of macroalgae for δ15N along a gradient from the Content Keys through Big Pine Key and offshore to LK in the summer wet season of 2000 and again in the drought of spring 2001. During the July 2000 sampling, macroalgae in nearshore waters around Big Pine Key had elevated δ15N values (~+4‰) characteristic of sewage enrichment; lower values (~+2‰) at LK were similar to values reported for macroalgae in upstream waters of western Florida Bay influenced by nitrogen-rich Everglades runoff. That pattern contrasted with the drought sampling in March 2001, when δ15N values of macroalgae were elevated (+6‰) to levels characteristic of sewage enrichment over a broad spatial scale from the Content Keys to LK. These results suggest that regional-scale agricultural runoff from the mainland Everglades watersheds as well as local sewage discharges from the Florida Keys are both significant nitrogen sources supporting eutrophication and algal blooms in seagrass and coral reef communities in the Lower Florida Keys. Hydrological and physical forcing mechanisms, including rainfall, water management on the South Florida mainland, wind, and tides, regulate the relative importance and variability of these anthropogenic nitrogen inputs over gradients extending to the offshore waters of the Florida Reef Tract. 相似文献
15.
The interaction of flowing water with reef topography creates a continuum of flow microhabitats that can alter species distributions
directly via transport of organisms or propagules, or indirectly by modulating the availability of critical resources. To
examine how water flow affects the distribution and feeding performance of two species of planktivorous tube blennies (Chaenopsidae),
flow speed and turbulence were measured within the feeding areas of Acanthemblemaria spinosa and A. aspera at three sites within Glover’s Reef, Belize. Although co-occurring, A. spinosa occupies topographically high locations (e.g., upright coral skeletons) while A. aspera occupies topographically low shelters in the coral pavement. Boundary layer theory predicts that A. spinosa should experience higher flow (and a higher flux of planktonic food) relative to A. aspera; however, complex topography and oscillatory flow require that this prediction is tested directly in the field. Within each
site, the flow experienced by A. spinosa was, indeed, faster and more turbulent than that experienced by A. aspera at site-specific intermediate wave heights. When waves were small, gentle velocity gradients produced similar flows for the
two species. When waves were high, flow was uniformly fast through the water column due to thinning of the benthic boundary
layer. Plankton availability was similar for the species, with the exception of a greater abundance of harpacticoid copepods
at the shelters of A. aspera. Quantitative behavioral observations suggest that the foraging strategies employed by the two fishes exploit the prevailing
hydrodynamic conditions. For example, A. spinosa, the stronger swimmer of the two, attacks nearly 100% of the time in the water column where it can exploit the higher flux
of plankton associated with faster flows, while A. aspera attacks primarily toward the reef surface where currents are likely to be slower and it can exploit more abundant benthic
prey.
Communicated by Biology Editor Dr. Mark McCormick 相似文献
16.
Robert K Logan Kock 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1982,7(2):121-136
Synopsis Development of the fish community on a submerged 16 m barge and variation in fish abundance on nearby transects were surveyed twice monthly for twenty months. A steady increase in abundance was observed for certain fishes on the barge, whereas a few species exhibited distinct seasonal variation on both the barge and transects. Most of the seasonal species settled between March and May.Some seasonal species appeared to be site selective in their settlement and consequently settled juveniles were clumped in their distribution. An abundance of preferred topographical features may be why settlement was relatively high at the study site and indirectly why predators became significantly (r3 = 7.67***, N = 37) more abundant at the study area during the months of maximum prey settlement. Concurrent settlement of several species during the same few months may be important because juveniles become an abundant food source to predators during those few months only. Periodic swamping of predators by abundant juvenile prey may improve the chances for individuals of rarer prey species to be overlooked and therefore be succesfully recruited. 相似文献
17.
Corinne N. Kane Andrew J. Brooks Sally J. Holbrook Russell J. Schmitt 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2009,84(1):1-10
Both habitat preferences and social organization can influence the spatial distributions of individuals. We explored effects
of individual behavior and social organization on distributions of arc-eye hawkfish (Paracirrhites arcatus) in lagoons of French Polynesia. Analysis of habitat selectivity data obtained during surveys revealed that the most highly
preferred microhabitat of arc-eye hawkfish was large Pocillopora coral with an open branching morphology. However, such corals were rare and most hawkfish occupied smaller, less preferred
Pocillopora. Indeed, total abundance of Pocillopora explained nearly two thirds of the lagoon-wide variation in abundance of hawkfish and the derived relationship between the
numbers of hawkfish and Pocillopora predicted 86% of the spatial variation in hawkfish abundance during subsequent surveys. In contrast, large, open-branched
Pocillopora explained little of the spatial variation in abundance of hawkfish. Individual behavior and social organization significantly
impacted use of the most highly preferred Pocillopora. During a colonization experiment set up outside hawkfish home ranges, all colonizers resided on the most highly preferred
corals. Following addition of the most highly preferred Pocillopora corals to areas occupied by hawkfish, only the largest, socially dominant individuals obtained access to added corals, spending
significantly more time and increasing both aggressive acts and prey attacks from these substrates. These results illustrate
the importance of understanding the modulating effects of social behavior on habitat use and explain why most hawkfish individuals
do not occupy their most preferred microhabitat type. 相似文献
18.
S. D. Simpson A. Jeffs J. C. Montgomery R. D. McCauley M. G. Meekan 《Coral reefs (Online)》2008,27(1):97-104
Juvenile and adult reef fishes often undergo migration, ontogenic habitat shifts, and nocturnal foraging movements. The orientation
cues used for these behaviours are largely unknown. In this study, the use of sound as an orientation cue guiding the nocturnal
movements of adult and juvenile reef fishes at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef was examined. The first experiment compared
the movements of fishes to small patch reefs where reef noise was broadcast, with those to silent reefs. No significant responses
were found in the 79 adults that were collected, but the 166 juveniles collected showed an increased diversity each morning
on the reefs with broadcast noise, and significantly greater numbers of juveniles from three taxa (Apogonidae, Gobiidae and
Pinguipedidae) were collected from reefs with broadcast noise. The second experiment compared the movement of adult and juvenile
fishes to reefs broadcasting high (>570 Hz), or low (<570 Hz) frequency reef noise, or to silent reefs. Of the 122 adults
collected, the highest diversity was seen at the low frequency reefs; and adults from two families (Gobiidae and Blenniidae)
preferred these reefs. A similar trend was observed in the 372 juveniles collected, with higher diversity at the reefs with
low frequency noises. This preference was seen in the juvenile apogonids; however, juvenile gobiids were attracted to both
high and low sound treatments equally, and juvenile stage Acanthuridae preferred the high frequency noises. This evidence
that juvenile and adult reef fishes orientate with respect to the soundscape raises important issues for management, conservation
and the protection of sound cues used in natural behaviour. 相似文献
19.
D. Ross Robertson Nicholas V. C. Polunin Kimberley Leighton 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1979,4(2):125-170
Synopsis The relationship between the morphology, feeding strategies and social and mating systems of three surgeonfishes was investigated. Adults of each defend feeding territories, intra-and interspecifically. The largest species, because of its morphological limitation, relies on food that has to be defended against many other species. It forms large colonies in which fishes singly defend small territories containing high standing crop algal mats. Colony formation is a mechanism by which the efficiency and effectiveness of interspecific territory defense is increased. The smallest species, because of its morphological adaptations, is able to rely most on food that other species cannot efficiently exploit. It forms pairs that defend large territories containing a thin algal mat. It is restricted to the poorest quality habitat by the aggressive activities of more dominant species. The third species, which also forms pairs, has an intermediate feeding strategy. The local coexistence of these three and other surgeonfishes results from a combination of (i) their partitioning both habitat and food resources, and (ii) the populations of two of the most dominant species apparently being below the carrying capacity. Territoriality and the absence of parental care facilitates pair formation in surgeonfishes. Permanently territorial species usually form pairs. The colonial species does not form pairs because the colonial habit facilitates interference of males in each other's spawnings. 相似文献