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1.
Iranian seedless barberry is a very recalcitrant species in in vitro culture which does not show appropriate growth on standard culture media. Response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the effects of changing macronutrients concentrations on establishment and proliferation phases. KNO3 and NH4NO3 macronutrients at 0.3 to 1.5?×?MS medium levels and CaCl2, MgSO4 and KH2PO4 macronutrients in a range of 0.5 to 1.5?×?MS medium concentrations were tested in a response surface design with 30 treatments. Many significant interactions were found among the macronutrients. High concentrations of KNO3, NH4NO3 and CaCl2 improved the growth rate in the establishment phase. The growth rate in media containing high KNO3 and low CaCl2 was high. Reduced concentrations of CaCl2 and KNO3 decreased hyperhydricity. The greatest hyperhydricity was induced when both NH4NO3 and CaCl2 were used at 1.5?×?MS level. The number of hooked leaves decreased as KH2PO4 increased and MgSO4 reduced. In the proliferation phase, there were many significant interactions among the macronutrients. Increased concentration of NH4NO3 and reduced concentration of KH2PO4 improved the growth rate. Proliferation rate increased in media containing high concentration of KNO3 and low to moderate concentrations of NH4NO3. The greatest production of new tissues and organs was seen in media with high KNO3 and moderate to high CaCl2. High concentration of NH4NO3 and low concentration of KH2PO4 also increased production of new tissues and organs. No shoot apical meristem was seen when CaCl2 level was high and KNO3 level was low. Formation of shoot apical meristem required high KH2PO4 concentration and low CaCl2 concentration. Finally, low concentration of KNO3 and low to moderate concentrations of NH4NO3 increased phenol exudation. 相似文献
2.
Mineral nutrient medium requirements for propagation of in vitro shoots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Maksat’, and ‘Voskhod’ were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). The mineral nutritional factors evaluated were based on Murashige and Skoog (MS) mineral nutrients (NH4NO3, KNO3, CaCl2, KH2PO4, MgSO4, and minor nutrients), with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3.0× the MS concentrations. Nine plant growth qualities were evaluated. The most significant factors were NH4NO3 at 0.5 to 1.0× MS, and minor nutrients at 2.0× MS. Most of the other factors were optimal at 0.5×. The quality rating was highest when minor nutrients were 2.0× MS, and most other nutrients were standard concentrations or lower. Increased KH2PO4 and minor nutrients were the most significant for improved multiplication, and higher KNO3 for shoot length. Optimized media were developed for each cultivar based on these models. The cultivars were grown on the three individual optimized media, a general medium based on the three optimizations, and MS. The optimized medium for each cultivar was significantly better for shoot quality and shoot length of each cultivar than MS, but the generalized medium of minors at 2.0× and NH4NO3, CaCl2, and MgSO4 at 0.5× MS, was significantly better for two of the three cultivars and not significantly different for the third. The next step to develop a final optimized medium will require the evaluation of the minor nutrients, determination of optimal concentrations of each, and screening a wide range of Malus germplasm on the finalized medium. 相似文献
3.
Mature zygotic embryos of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) were germinated on a Murashige and Skoog medium lacking growth
regulators. However, when the zygotic embryos were cultured on MS medium containing increased levels of macrosalts (NH 4NO 3, KNO 3, KH 2PO 4, MgSO 4, or CaCl 2) to result is a mild salt stress, growth of zygotic embryos was strongly suppressed and eventually browning occurred. Somatic
embryos or embryogenic calli were formed directly from these abnormal stressed zygotic embryos. Cotyledons were the most competent
tissue for somatic embryo production. The highest frequency of somatic embryo formation (56.3%) was observed on medium containing
61.8 mM of NH 4NO 3. The highest frequency of somatic embryo formation by five different macrosalt treatments occurred in the following order:
NH 4NO 3> KNO 3> KH 2PO 4> MgSO 4> CaCl 2. Somatic embryos were regenerated into plants with a shoot and root, and the plants survived on soil in the greenhouse.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
The effects of five different N-sources (KNO 3 + NH 4NO 3 = control, KNO 3, NH 4NO 3, NH 4H 2PO 4, L-alanine) on growth, nutritional status, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and photosynthetic parameters of the apple rootstock MM 106 shoots cultured in vitro were investigated. In comparison to all the other treatments, control explants grown on a MS medium containing KNO 3 + NH 4NO 3 had the highest fresh mass, Chl content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. 相似文献
5.
Caulogenesis took place in internodal stem segments of Rosmarinus officinalis in the presence of both 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA). There existed a synergism between BAP and IAA, where lower concentration of 0.1 mg/l IAA increased the shoot bud inducing efficacy of BAP to about ten times, while at 0.25 mg/l IAA it was counteracted. Presence of both NH 4NO 3 and KNO 3 was essential for shoot bud differentiation. While caulogenesis greatly declined if any of the inorganic salts was lacking in the medium, it increased in the absence of CaCl 2. The regeneration potentiality of the first internode was more than the second internode and within the internode it was more in the upper end than the lower. Shoot meristems differentiated from the subepidermal tissue from the meristemoids, which were formed in close proximity with nests of tracheary tissue. There was no direct regeneration from the epidermal cells. 相似文献
6.
The influence of three nitrogen salts: NH 4NO 3, KNO 3 and NH 4Cl on wheat in vitro cultures was investigated. Both NO
3
−
and NH
4
+
ions were indispensable for proliferation of embryogenic calli and development of wheat somatic embryos. It is possible to
obtain wheat somatic embryos when the medium is enriched with NH 4NO 3 only as a source of inorganic nitrogen. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the level of NH 4NO 3 and KNO 3 in the medium had a great influence on the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis. We observed tendency that calli on media
containing 50 mM NH 4NO 3 and 0 to 20 mM KNO 3 turned out to be more embryogenic than on control MS medium. High concentrations of KNO 3- 100 mM inhibited somatic embryogenesis, while 100 mM NH 4NO 3 did not. The level of total N did not have significant influence on wheat somatic embryogenesis. Ratio NO
3
−
:NH
4
+
also turned out to be not substantial. We observed that mutual connection of concentration levels between NH 4NO 3 and KNO 3 and between NH 4Cl and KNO 3 was more important. The efficiency of somatic embriogenesis obtained in the experiment with NH 4Cl and KNO 3 was significantly lower than in experiment with NH 4NO 3 and KNO 3. 相似文献
7.
Defining optimal mineral-salt concentrations for in vitro plant development is challenging, due to the many chemical interactions in growth media and genotype variability among plants. Statistical approaches that are easier to interpret are needed to make optimization processes practical. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) data mining algorithm were used to analyze the growth of shoots in a hazelnut tissue-culture medium optimization experiment. Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut medium (DKW) salts (NH 4NO 3, Ca(NO 3) 2·4H 2O, CaCl 2·2H 2O, MgSO 4·7H 2O, KH 2PO 4 and K 2SO 4) were varied from 0.5× to 3× DKW concentrations with 42 combinations in a IV-optimal design. Shoot quality, shoot length, multiplication and callus formation were evaluated and analyzed using the two methods. Both analyses indicated that NH 4NO 3 was a predominant nutrient factor. RSM projected that low NH 4NO 3 and high KH 2PO 4 concentrations were significant for quality, shoot length, multiplication and callus formation in some of the hazelnut genotypes. CHAID analysis indicated that NH 4NO 3 at ≤1.701× DKW and KH 2PO 4 at >2.012× DKW were the most critical factors for shoot quality. NH 4NO 3 at ≤0.5× DKW and Ca(NO 3) 2 at ≤1.725× DKW were essential for good multiplication. RSM results were genotype dependent while CHAID included genotype as a factor in the analysis, allowing development of a common medium rather than several genotype specific media. Overall, CHAID results were more specific and easier to interpret than RSM graphs. The optimal growth medium for Corylus avellana L. cultivars should include: 0.5× NH 4NO 3, 3× KH 2PO 4, 1.5× Ca(NO 3) 2. 相似文献
8.
Withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant that contains withanolides as bioactive compounds. We have investigated the effects of macroelements and nitrogen source in hairy roots of W. somnifera with the aim of optimizing the production of biomass and withanolide A content. The effects of the macroelements NH 4NO 3, KNO 3, CaCl 2, MgSO 4 and KH 2PO 4 at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0× strengths and of nitrogen source [NH 4 +/NO 3 ? (0.00/18.80, 7.19/18.80, 14.38/18.80, 21.57/18.80, 28.75/18.80, 14.38/0.00, 14.38/9.40, 14.38/18.80, 14.38/28.20 and 14.38/37.60 mM)] in Murashige and Skoog medium were evaluated for biomass and withanolide A production. The highest accumulation of biomass (139.42 g l ?1 FW and 13.11 g l ?1 DW) was recorded in the medium with 2.0× concentration of KH 2PO 4, and the highest production of withanolide A was recorded with 2.0× KNO 3 (15.27 mg g ?1 DW). The NH 4 +/NO 3 ? ratio also influenced root growth and withanolide A production, with both parameters being larger when the NO 3 ? concentration was higher than that of NH 4 +. Maximum biomass growth (148.17 g l ?1 FW and 14.79 g l ?1 DW) was achieved at NH 4 +/NO 3 ? ratio of 14.38/37.60 mM, while withanolide A production was greatest (14.68 mg g ?1 DW) when the NH 4 +/NO 3 ? ratio was 0.00/18.80 mM. The results are useful for the large scale cultivation of Withania hairy root culture for the production of withanolide A. 相似文献
9.
A liquid meristematic root primordia culture (RPC) of Solanum lycopersicoides Dun. based on persistent rhizogenesis in a modified Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplemented with NAA (15 mg·l −1) or 2,4-D (1 mg·l −1) was described. The meristematic clumps (2–3 mm in diameter) originating from NAA supplemented medium were capable of regenerating
plants through the callus stage (up to 70 %). Efficient direct plant regeneration (up to 21 %) was possible from numerous
single globular-shaped root primordia (RP) structures liberated from the parental aggregates in 2,4-D supplemented proliferation
medium without NH 4NO 3 and with a 2.5 fold increase in KNO 3. The RP converted into plantlets (artificial seedlings) on solid or liquid media without growth growth regulators through
the unipolar followed by the mace-shaped bipolar structure stages. The use of apical shoot bud, root apices or root segments
as a primary explants brought about RPC induction and plant regeneration. The plants derived from 2 years old culture were
phenotypically identical to their parental S. lycopersicoides plants and possessed the same ploidy. 相似文献
10.
Calluses were induced from immature embryos of an indica type rice and finely dispersed cell suspension cultures were initiated from the callus using modified AA medium (S 1 medium). The suspension cultures were maintained alternatively (1–2 passages in each medium) in S 1 medium and S 2 medium, the latter containing KNO 3, NH 4NO 3, proline and glutamine as nitrogen source. Protoplasts of high quality were isolated form suspension cells cultured in S 2 medium supplemented with ABA. Embedding the protoplasts in agarose blocks containing NH 4NO 3-free modified KM8P(PM 1) medium and immersing the blocks in NH 4NO 3-containing modified KM8P(PM 3) medium were most effective for obtaining protoplast division and callus formation. The protoplast-derived calluses were precultured in potato extract-aand/or ABA-containing N 6(D 1, D 2 or D 3) media and many embryo-like structures were formed. These structures developed into plantlets after being transferred to N 6 differentiation (D 4) medium. The regenerated plantlets grew into mature plants and beard seeds normally.Abbreviations AA medium
amino acids based medium
- ABA
abscisic acid
- BA
benzyladenine
- 2,4- D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- DF
division frequency
- IAA
indoleacetic acid
- KIN
kinetin
- NAA
naphthaleneacetic acid
- PE
planting efficiency 相似文献
11.
The effects of several inorganic elements contained in B5 medium on Phytophthora stem rot disease reduction of Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Chusei‐Hikarikuro, fungal growth of Phytophthora sojae isolate and zoospore release were investigated. Application of B5 solution and macro inorganic nutrients in the B5 medium prior to inoculation significantly inhibited infection, compared with controls. Various concentrations of KNO 3, (NH 4) 2SO 4, MgSO 4, CaCl 2 and NaH 2PO 4 in the presence of macro inorganic nutrients were investigated in an effort to determine the elements most effective in suppressing the incidence of disease. A concentration of 2.47–24.7 mm KNO 3 and 0.1–10.2 mm CaCl 2 greatly inhibited infection. Although mycelium growth of the isolate was affected by the potassium and calcium concentration, no significant relationship was observed between inhibition of the growth rate and disease reduction at 2.47 mm KNO 3 and 0.1–5.1 mm CaCl 2 application. Disease suppression recorded in laboratory experiments using pathogen mycelium was due to the response of plant tissues rather than a direct inhibition of pathogen fungal growth by the application of potassium or calcium. The extent of disease reduction was related to an increased potassium and calcium uptake by plants, suggesting that the effective elements in reducing Phytophthora stem rot were potassium and calcium. The presence of 2.47–247 mm KNO 3 and 5.1–10.2 mm CaCl 2 decreased the release of zoospores, although 0.1–2.5 mm CaCl 2 significantly induced zoospore release. These results suggest that applying a solution containing more than 2.47 mm of potassium and 5.1 mm of calcium can decrease the incidence of disease in agricultural fields by the inhibition of zoospore release. 相似文献
12.
NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH) activity of radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings pretreated with various plant growth regulators: KiN, GA, and ABA and different nitrogen sources viz. KNO 3, NH 4Cl and NH 4NO 3 in light and dark was investigated. ICDH activity was significantly higher in light than in dark; addition of different nitrogen
sources reduced it to a greater extent in NO 3 supplementation. Among hormonal treatment only KiN showed slight promotion with KNO 3 and NH 4NO 3. On the other hand in light KNO 3 and/or NH 4NO 3 promoted ICDH activity and among hormones, KiN significantly promoted the activity in KNO 3 and NH 4NO 3 supplemented seedlings while ABA was effective in NH 4CL. It is suggested that in non-photosynthetic tissues, NADP-ICDH provides both reductant and carbon skeleton for glutamate
synthesis. 相似文献
13.
The present work deals with optimization of adventitious shoot culture of Bacopa monnieri for the production of biomass and bacoside A and has investigated the effects of macro elements (NH 4NO 3, KNO 3, CaCl 2, MgSO 4 and KH 2PO 4) and nitrogen source [NH 4
+/NO 3
−] of Murashige and Skoog (Physiol Plant 15:473–497, 1962) medium (MS) on accumulation of biomass and bacoside A content. Optimum number of adventitious shoots (99.33 shoots explant −1), fresh weight (1.841 g) and dry weight (0.150 g) were obtained in the medium with 2.0× strength of NH 4NO 3. The highest production of bacoside A content was also recorded in the medium of 2.0× NH 4NO 3, which produced 17.935 mg g −1 DW. The number of adventitious shoot biomass and bacoside A content were optimum when the NO 3
− concentration was higher than that of NH 4
+. Maximum number of shoots (70.00 shoots explant −1), biomass (fresh weight 1.137 g and dry weight 0.080 g) and also bacoside A content (27.106 mg g −1 DW) were obtained at NH 4
+/NO 3
− ratio of 14.38/37.60 mM. Overall, MS medium supplemented with 2.0× NH 4NO 3 is recommended for most efficient bacoside A production. 相似文献
14.
Immature and mature zygotic embryos excised from Feijoa fruits were employed as explants and the effects of NH 4
+ and NO 3
– ionic concentration in basal LPm culture medium supplemented with 2,4-D (10 M) were evaluated. Moreover, the addition of 4 mM of Asn, Gln, and Arg, and levels of Gln (0 to 8 mM) were tested. The original NH 4
+ and NO 3
– concentration present in the LPm culture medium supplemented with Gln (4 mM) resulted in the highest somatic embryo number from immature zygotic embryos. For mature zygotic embryos, the addition of Asn, Gln or Arg to the basal LPm culture medium resulted in improved somatic embryogenesis induction. Ten weeks in culture allowed the highest somatic embryo number when mature zygotic embryos were used as explant. Half-strength MS culture medium supplemented with BAP (0.5 M) enhanced the conversion of somatic embryos to plantlets. 相似文献
15.
The effects of NO 3
– and BAP on organogenesis in shoot primordia of Utricularia praelonga subcultured in B5 liquid medium were studied. In B5 liquid basal medium supplemented with 24.73 m M KNO 3 and 2.0 mg/l BAP the subcultured shoot primordia continuously multiplied into numerous small, globular masses, while with
dilution of the KNO 3 to 3 m M organogenesis was promoted. Pulse treatment of the shoot primordia with 3 m M KNO 3 in B5 liquid medium for 72 h and then transplantation to the B5 basal liquid-medium induced meristemoids in this tissue.
When the shoot primordia regenerated meristemoids, they never reverted back into the proliferation cycle. The addition of
BAP in the B5 liquid medium with 3 m M KNO 3 regulated the differentiation rate of the stems and leaves in the meristemoids induced in the masses of shoot primordia.
The control produced 3 parts stems to 1 part leaves; medium with 0.02 mg/l BAP regenerated approximately 2 parts stems and
1 part leaves; that of 0.20 mg/l BAP 1 part stems and 2 parts leaves; and medium with 2.00 mg/l BAP regenerated leaves only.
Received: 17 September 1997 / Revision received: 30 October 1997 / Accepted: 18 November 1997 相似文献
16.
Soil cultures, enrichment cultures, and pure culture isolates produced substantial quantities of salicylic acid from naphthalene in a mineral salts medium containing NH 4Cl as the nitrogen source. However, when KNO 3 was substituted for NH 4Cl, these same cultures failed to accumulate detectable quantities of salicylic acid but did turn the medium yellow. When an isolate identified as a Pseudomonas species was used, viable cell numbers were much greater in the medium containing KNO 3, but up to 94% of the naphthalene was utilized in both media. After 48 h of incubation in a 0.1% naphthalene-mineral salts medium, the cultures containing NH 4Cl showed irregular clumped cells, a pH of 4.7, 42 μg of salicylic acid per ml, and the production of 4.4 ml of CO 2. Under the same conditions, the cultures in the medium containing KNO 3 showed uniform cellular morphology, a pH of 7.3, no salicylic acid, the production of 29.7 ml of CO 2, and a distinct yellow coloration of the medium. The differences between nitrogen sources could not be accounted for by pH alone since results obtained using buffered media were similar. Growth with NH 4NO 3 displayed a pattern similar to that obtained when NH 4Cl was used. The yellow coloration in the medium containing KNO 3 was apparently due to more than one compound, none of which were 1,2-naphthoquinone or acidic in nature, as suggested by other investigators. Further attempts to identify the yellow compounds by high-pressure liquid chromatography, infrared analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry have been unsuccessful thus far. 相似文献
17.
Summary A simple and efficient micropropagation method was established for direct protocorm-like body (PLB) formation and plant regeneration
from flower stalk internodes of a sympodial orchid, Epidendrum radicans. Small transparent tissues formed on surfaces and cut ends of flower stalk internodes on a modified half-strength Murashige
and Skoog basal medium with or without thidiazuron (TDZ) after 1–2 wk of culture. In the light, the transparent tissues enlarged
and turned into organized calluses on most of the explants. However, PLBs formed only on a medium supplemened with 0.45 μ M TDZ within 2 mo. of culture. Sucrose, NH 4NO 3, and KNO 3 were used in media to test their effects on PLB proliferation and shooting. The best response on number of PLBs per tube
was 23.6 at 40 gl −1 sucrose, 825 mgl −1 NH 4NO 3, and 950 mgl −1 KNO 3, and the highest number of PLBs with shoots was found at 10 gl −1 sucrose, 825 mgl −1 NH 4NO 3, and 950 mgl −1 KNO 3. Homogenized PLB tissues produced by blending were used to test the effects of four cytokinins [TDZ, N 6-benzyladenine (BA), zeatin-riboside, and kinetin] on PLB proliferation and shoot formation. The best responses on number
of PLBs per tube, proliferation rate, and number of PLBs with shoots per tube were obtained at 4.44 μ M BA, 0.28 μ M zeatin-riboside, and 1.39 μ M kinetin, respectively. Normal plantlets converted from PLBs on the same TDZ-containing medium after 1 mo. of culture. The
optimized procedure required about 12–13 wk from the initiation of PLBs to plantlet formation. The regenerated plants grew
well with an almost 100% survival rate when acclimatized in a greenhouse. 相似文献
18.
We investigated the effects on ginseng adventitious root growth and ginsenoside production when macro-element concentrations
and nitrogen source were manipulated in the culture media. Biomass growth was greatest in the medium supplemented with 0.5-strength
NH 4PO 3, whereas ginsenoside accumulation was highest (9.90 mg g -1 DW) in the absence of NH 4PO 3. At levels of 1.0-strength KNO 3, root growth was maximum, but a 2.0 strength of KNO 3 led to the greatest ginsenoside content (9.85 mg g -l). High concentrations of MgSO 4 were most favorable for both root growth and ginsenoside accumulation (up to 8.89 mg g -1 DW). Root growth and ginsenoside content also increased in proportion to the concentration of CaCI 2 in the medium, with the greatest accumulation of ginsenoside (8.91 mg g -1 DW) occurring at a 2.0 strength. The NH 4/NO 3
-- ratio also influenced adventitious root growth and ginsenoside production; both parameters were greater when the NO 3
- concentration was higher than that of NH 4
+. Maximum root growth was achieved at an NH 4
+/NO 3
- ratio of 7.19/18.50, while ginsenoside production was greatest (83.37 mg L -1) when NO 3
- was used as the sole N source. 相似文献
19.
When grown in vitro in a medium containing NH 4NO 3 as the sole source of nitrogen, seeds ro the orchid, Cattleya (C. labiata ‘Wonder’ X C. labiata ‘Treasure'), germinated readily and proceeded to form small plantlets. Development of the embryos was accompanied by an increase in their total nitrogen and a decline in the percent dry weight. Growth responses of the seedlings in other ammonium salts like (NH 4) 2SO 4, (NH 4) 2HPO 4, NH 4Cl, ammonium acetate and ammonium oxalate were similar to that in NH 4NO 3. However, when grown in a medium containing NaNO 3, development of the seedlings was drastically inhibited; KNO 3, Ca(NO 3) 2, KNO 2 and NaNO 2 also were poor nitrogen sources. Attempts to grow the seedlings in NaNO 3 by changing the pH or by addition of kinetin, molybdenum or ascorbic acid as supplements were completely unsuccessful. When seedlings growing in NH 4NO 3 for varying periods were transferred to NaNO 3, it was found that those plants allowed to grow for 60 or more days in NH 4NO 3 could resume normal growth thereafter in NaNO 3. Determination of the nitrate reductase activity in seedlings of different ages grown in NaNO 3, after NH 4NO 3, showed that the ability of the seedlings to assimilate inorganic nitrogen was paralleled by the appearance of the enzyme. 相似文献
20.
Mineral nutrition in the media used for growth of in vitro plants is often difficult to optimize due to complex chemical interactions of required nutrients. The response of plant tissue to standard growth media varies widely due to the genetic diversity of the plant species studied. This study was designed as the initial step in determining the optimal mineral nutrient requirements for micropropagation of shoot tips from a collection of genetically diverse pear germplasm. Five mineral nutrient factors were defined from Murashige and Skoog salts: NH 4NO 3, KNO 3, mesos (CaCl 2·2H 20–KH 2PO 4–MgSO 4), micronutrients (B, Cu, Co, I, Mn, Mo, and Zn), and Fe-EDTA. Each factor was varied over a range of concentrations. Treatment combinations were selected using response surface methods. Five pears in three species ( Pyrus communis ‘Horner 51,’ ‘Old Home?×?Farmingdale 87,’ ‘Winter Nelis,’ Pyrus dimorphophylla, and Pyrus ussuriensis ‘Hang Pa Li’) were grown on each treatment combination, responses were measured, and each response was analyzed by analysis of variance. The analyses resulted in the identification of the following factors with the single largest effects on plant response: shoot quality (mesos), leaf spotting/necrosis (mesos), leaf size (mesos), leaf color (mesos, NH 4NO 3, and KNO 3), shoot number (NH 4NO 3 and Fe), nodes (NH 4NO 3 and KNO 3), and shoot length (mesos and Fe). Factors with the largest effects (mesos and Fe) were similar among the genotypes. This approach was very successful for defining the appropriate types and concentrations of mineral nutrients for micropropagation of diverse pear genotypes. 相似文献
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