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1.
Thomas M 《Journal of the history of biology》2005,38(3):425-460
Historians of science have only just begun to sample the wealth of different approaches to the study of animal behavior undertaken
in the twentieth century. To date, more attention has been given to Lorenzian ethology and American behaviorism than to other
work and traditions, but different approaches are equally worthy of the historian’s attention, reflecting not only the broader
range of questions that could be asked about animal behavior and the “animal mind” but also the different contexts in which
these questions were important. One such approach is that represented by the work of the French zoologist Louis Boutan (1859–1934).
This paper explores the intellectual and cultural history of Boutan’s work on animal language and the animal mind, and contextualizes
the place of animal behavior studies within late-nineteenth-and early-twentieth-century French biology. I explore the ways
in which Boutan addressed the philosophical issue of whether language was necessary for abstract thought and show how he shifted
from the idea that animals were endowed with a purely affective language to the notion that of they were capable of “rudimentary”
reasoning. I argue that the scientific and broader socio-cultural contexts in which Boutan operated played a role in this
transition. Then I show how Boutan’s linguistic and psychological experiments with a gibbon and children provide insights
into his conception of “naturalness.” Although Boutan reared his gibbon at home and studied it in the controlled environment
of his laboratory, he continued to identify its behavior as “natural.” I specifically demonstrate the importance of the milieu of the French Third Republic in shaping Boutan’s understanding not only of animal intelligence and child education, but also
his definition of nature. Finally, I argue that Boutan’s studies on the primate mind provide us with a lens through which
we can examine the co-invention of animal and child psychology in early-twentieth-century France. 相似文献
2.
Raphael Chijioke Njoku 《Dialectical Anthropology》2007,31(1-3):45-64
It is difficult to completely understand the life history of an intellectual excluding an understanding of his family upbringing
and formative years. Family upbringing and childhood environment, often the less known part of a life history, play crucial
roles in shaping the ideas and values individuals espouse in their adult life. Notwithstanding, this paper is not concerned
with Don C. Ohadike’s childhood. It rather focuses on the professional career of our able historian – that is the part of
his life as revealed by his most outstanding published writings. Ohadike’s published works contain a wellspring of idioms
that tell much about his values, quality of mind, and his mission as an African historian. Ohadike was a humanist, an African
patriot, and a nationalist crusader. His entire philosophy centered on safeguarding his African identity in an emergent world
of cultural imperialism.
The funds for this research were provided by a NEH-funded fellowship at the Schomburg Center, New York in the Spring of 2007.
I owe a lot of gratitude to Professor John McLeod and Dean Blaine Hudson for granting me the extra incentives to pursue my
research in New York. While all errors and misinterpretations are mine, I wish to thank the editors and anonymous reviewers
for Journal of Dialectical Anthropology for their perspective comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this paper. 相似文献
3.
The levels of selection problem was central to Maynard Smith’s work throughout his career. This paper traces Maynard Smith’s
views on the levels of selection, from his objections to group selection in the 1960s to his concern with the major evolutionary
transitions in the 1990s. The relations between Maynard Smith’s position and those of Hamilton and G.C. Williams are explored,
as is Maynard Smith’s dislike of the Price equation approach to multi-level selection. Maynard Smith’s account of the ‘core
Darwinian principles’ is discussed, as is his debate with Sober and Wilson (1998) over the status of trait-group models, and
his attitude to the currently fashionable concept of pluralism about the levels of selection. 相似文献
4.
According to the approach developed by Thomas A. Sebeok (1921–2001) and his ‘global semiotics,’ semiosis and life converge.
This leads to his cardinal axiom: ‘semiosis is the criterial attribute of life.’ His global approach to sign life presupposes
his critique of anthropocentrism and glottocentrism. Global semiotics is open to zoosemiotics, indeed, even more broadly,
biosemiotics which extends its gaze to semiosis in the whole living universe to include the realms of macro- and microorganisms.
In Sebeok’s conception, the sign science is not only the study of communication in culture, but of communicative behaviour
from a biosemiotic perspective. 相似文献
5.
Smith CU 《Journal of the history of biology》1999,32(1):31-50
Coleridge has been seen by some not so much as a poet spoiled by philosophy, but as a philosopher who was also a poet. It
could be argued that his major endeavor was an attempt to save the life sciences form the mechanistic interpretation which
he saw as the outcome of Lockean “mechanico-corpuscularian” philosophy. This contribution describes that endeavour. It shows
its connection to the social circumstances of the time. It discussess its relationship to the poetic sensibility of the “Lake
poets” and to the German thought which Coleridge absorbed during and after his sojourn in Gottingen in 1798--99. It describes
the nature of his “Theory of Life” as seen not only from the posthumous publication itself, but also from the numerous hints
and struggles recorded in his voluminous notebooks, letters and lecture notes. It is concluded that, although never adequately
assembled, it forms the only serious attempt to construct a profound alternative to the ultimately mechanistic biology of
Charles Darwin and the physiologists of the second half of the century. As such it strongly influenced the young Richard Owen
and, as is well known, was eventually overwhelmed by the Darwin-Huxley synthesis of the 1860s. Nevertheless, insofar as Coleridge's
concept of life ultimately derived from his ambition to find a way of healing the Cartesian divide, we may wonder whether
the recent upsurge in consciousness studies may cause us to look again at his panentheistic ideas and, discarding the obsolete
and fanciful metaphysics, recast them into a more acceptable form.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Jane Maienschein 《Journal of the history of biology》2009,42(2):215-230
In his 1987 book Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology, Philip Pauly presented his readers with the biologist Jacques Loeb and his role in developing an emphasis on control of life
processes. Loeb’s work on artificial parthenogenesis, for example, provided an example of bioengineering at work. This paper
revisits Pauly’s study of Loeb and explores the way current research in regenerative medicine reflects the same tradition.
A history of regeneration research reveals patterns of thinking and research methods that both echo Loeb’s ideology and point
the way to modern studies. Pauly’s work revealed far more than we readers realized at the time of its publication. 相似文献
7.
Timo Maran 《Biosemiotics》2010,3(3):315-329
In the current debates about zoosemiotics its relations with the neighbouring disciplines are a relevant topic. The present
article aims to analyse the complex relations between zoosemiotics and cognitive ethology with special attention to their
establishers: Thomas A. Sebeok and Donald R. Griffin. It is argued that zoosemiotics and cognitive ethology have common roots
in comparative studies of animal communication in the early 1960s. For supporting this claim Sebeok’s works are analysed,
the classical and philosophical periods of his zoosemiotic views are distinguished and the changing relations between zoosemiotics
and cognitive ethology are described. The animal language controversy can be interpreted as the explicit point of divergence
of the two paradigms, which, however, is a mere symptom of a deeper cleavage. The analysis brings out later critical differences
between Sebeok’s and Griffin’s views on animal cognition and language. This disagreement has been the main reason for the
critical reception and later neglect of Sebeok’s works in cognitive ethology. Sebeok’s position in this debate remains, however,
paradigmatic, i.e. it proceeds from understanding of the contextualisation of semiotic processes that do not allow treating
the animal mind as a distinct entity. As a peculiar parallel to Griffin’s metaphor of “animal mind”, Sebeok develops his understanding
of “semiotic self” as a layered structure, characterised by an ability to make distinctions, foremost between itself and the
surrounding environment. It appears that the history of zoosemiotics has two layers: in addition to the chronological history
starting in 1963, when Sebeok proposed a name for the field, zoosemiotics is also philosophically rooted in Peircean semiotics
and German biological philosophy. It is argued that the confrontation between zoosemiotics and cognitive ethology is related
to different epistemological approaches and at least partly induced by underlying philosophical traditions. 相似文献
8.
Michael R. Rose Molly K. Burke Parvin Shahrestani Laurence D. Mueller 《Journal of genetics》2008,87(4):363-371
In the late 19th century, the evolutionary approach to the problem of ageing was initiated by August Weismann, who argued
that natural selection was more important for ageing than any physiological mechanism. In the mid-twentieth century, J. B.
S. Haldane, P. B. Medawar and G. C. Williams informally argued that the force of natural selection falls with adult age. In
1966, W. D. Hamilton published formal equations that showed mathematically that two’ forces of natural selection’ do indeed
decline with age, though his analysis was not genetically explicit. Brian Charlesworth then developed the required mathematical
population genetics for the evolution of ageing in the 1970’s. In the 1980’s, experiments using Drosophila showed that the rate of ageing evolves as predicted by Hamilton’s’ forces of natural selection’. The discovery of the cessation
of ageing late in life in the 1990’s was followed by its explanation in terms of evolutionary theory based on Hamilton’s forces.
Recently, it has been shown that the cessation of ageing can also be manipulated experimentally using Hamilton’s’ forces of
natural selection’. Despite the success of evolutionary research on ageing, mainstream gerontological research has largely
ignored both this work and the opportunity that it provides for effective intervention in ageing. 相似文献
9.
Endersby J 《Journal of the history of biology》2011,44(4):611-631
The life of Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911) provides an invaluable lens through which to view mid-Victorian science. A biographical
approach makes it clear that some well-established narratives about this period need revising. For example, Hooker’s career
cannot be considered an example of the professionalisation of the sciences, given the doubtful respectability of being paid
to do science and his reliance on unpaid collectors with pretensions to equal scientific and/or social status. Nor was Hooker’s
response to Darwin’s theories either straightforward or contradictory; it only makes sense as carefully crafted equivocation
when seen in the context of his life and career. However, the importance of Hooker’s life is ultimately its typicality; what
was true of Hooker was true of many other Victorian men of science. 相似文献
10.
Christian Reiß 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2007,126(4):155-164
Julius Schaxel is an almost forgotten figure in the history of early twentieth century biology. By focusing on his life and
work, I would like to illustrate several central developments in that period of history of biology. Julius Schaxel was an
early representative and organizer of theoretical biology, discussing and criticizing both Wilhelm Roux’s mechanism and Hans
Driesch’s vitalism. In addition to his theoretical work, Schaxel also did experimental research on developmental issues to
support his critique. In this paper, special emphasis is made on the negotiating practice of Schaxel, which he used to establish
a new area of biological research and a new audience for that area. In contrast to these new fields, Schaxel can be also portrayed
as the endpoint of a research tradition investigating ontogeny and phylogeny together, which today is called Evo–Devo. Following
Garland Allen’s dialectical processes that led to the decline of the Evo–Devo research agenda, Schaxel’s example is used to
investigate these processes. 相似文献
11.
Rachel A. Ankeny 《Journal of the history of biology》2000,33(2):315-347
The so-called “biometric-Mendelian controversy” has received much attention from science studies scholars. This paper focuses
on one scientist involved in this debate, Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire, who performed a series of hybridization experiments
with mice beginning in 1901. Previous historical work on Darbishire’s experiments and his later attempt to reconcile Mendelian
and biometric views describe Darbishire as eventually being “converted”' to Mendelism. I provide a new analysis of this episode
in the context of Darbishire’s experimental results, his underlying epistemology, and his influence on the broader debate
surrounding the rediscovery and acceptance of Mendelism. Iinvestigate various historiographical issues raised by this episode
in order to reflect on the idea of “conversion” to a scientific theory. Darbishire was an influential figure who resisted
strong forces compelling him to convert prematurely due to his requirements that the new theory account for particularly important
anomalous facts and answer the most pressing questions in the field.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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14.
Stefano Dominici 《Evolution》2010,3(4):585-594
The Italian geologist Giambattista Brocchi (1771–1826) is presented as a key figure in the historical period preceding young
Charles Darwin’s first work on transmutational theory while on the Beagle. The brief biographical account focuses on Brocchi’s
writings related to his analogy that species have births and deaths like individuals, and culminates in his most important
work, Subapennine Fossil Conchology of 1814. Brocchi’s analogy as an original and fertile way to approach the fossil record was to influence Darwin’s first evolutionary
thinking. Relevant passages of the book are presented for the first time in an English translation. 相似文献
15.
Giambattista Brocchi’s (1814) monograph (see Dominici, Evo Edu Outreach, this issue, 2010) on the Tertiary fossils of the Subappenines in Italy—and their relation to the living molluscan fauna—contains a theoretical,
transmutational perspective (“Brocchian transmutation”). Unlike Lamarck (1809), Brocchi saw species as discrete and fundamentally stable entities. Explicitly analogizing the births and deaths of species
with those of individual organisms (“Brocchi’s analogy”), Brocchi proposed that species have inherent longevities, eventually
dying of old age unless driven to extinction by external forces. As for individuals, births and deaths of species are understood
to have natural causes; sequences of births and deaths of species produce genealogical lineages of descent, and faunas become
increasingly modernized through time. Brocchi calculated that over 50% of his fossil species are still alive in the modern
fauna. Brocchi’s work was reviewed by Horner (1816) in Edinburgh. Brocchi’s influence as a transmutational thinker is clear in Jameson’s (1827) “geological illustrations” in his fifth edition of his translation of Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth (read by his student Charles Darwin) and in the anonymous essays of 1826 and 1827 published in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal—which also carried a notice of Brocchi’s death in 1827. The notion that new species replace older, extinct ones—in what today
would be called an explicitly phylogenetic context—permeates these essays. Herschel’s (1830) discussion of temporal replacement of species and the modernization of faunas closely mirrors these prior discussions. His
book, dedicated to the search for natural causes of natural phenomena, was read by Charles Darwin while a student at Cambridge.
Darwin’s work on HMS Beagle was in large measure an exploration of replacement patterns of “allied forms” of endemic species
in time and in space. His earliest discussions of transmutation, in his essay February 1835, as well as the Red Notebook and the early pages of Notebook B (the latter two written in 1837 back in England), contain Brocchi’s analogy, including
the idea of inherent species longevities. Darwin’s first theory of the origin of species was explicitly saltational, invoking
geographic isolation as the main cause of the abrupt appearance of new species. We conclude that Darwin was testing the predicted
patterns of both Brocchian and Lamarckian transmutation as early as 1832 at the outset of his work on the Beagle. 相似文献
16.
Doogab Yi 《Journal of the history of biology》2008,41(4):589-636
The existing literature on the development of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering tends to focus on Stanley
Cohen and Herbert Boyer’s recombinant DNA cloning technology and its commercialization starting in the mid-1970s. Historians
of science, however, have pointedly noted that experimental procedures for making recombinant DNA molecules were initially
developed by Stanford biochemist Paul Berg and his colleagues, Peter Lobban and A. Dale Kaiser in the early 1970s. This paper,
recognizing the uneasy disjuncture between scientific authorship and legal invention in the history of recombinant DNA technology,
investigates the development of recombinant DNA technology in its full scientific context. I do so by focusing on Stanford
biochemist Berg’s research on the genetic regulation of higher organisms. As I hope to demonstrate, Berg’s new venture reflected
a mass migration of biomedical researchers as they shifted from studying prokaryotic organisms like bacteria to studying eukaryotic
organisms like mammalian and human cells. It was out of this boundary crossing from prokaryotic to eukaryotic systems through
virus model systems that recombinant DNA technology and other significant new research techniques and agendas emerged. Indeed,
in their attempt to reconstitute ‹life’ as a research technology, Stanford biochemists’ recombinant DNA research recast genes
as a sequence that could be rewritten thorough biochemical operations. The last part of this paper shifts focus from recombinant
DNA technology’s academic origins to its transformation into a genetic engineering technology by examining the wide range
of experimental hybridizations which occurred as techniques and knowledge circulated between Stanford biochemists and the
Bay Area’s experimentalists. Situating their interchange in a dense research network based at Stanford’s biochemistry department,
this paper helps to revise the canonized history of genetic engineering’s origins that emerged during the patenting of Cohen–Boyer’s
recombinant DNA cloning procedures. 相似文献
17.
David Iosifovich Sapozhnikov (17.06.1911–23.11.1983), a well-known plant physiologist and evolutionist would have been 100
this year. Sapozhnikov investigated the role of carotenoids in plant life and acquired worldwide recognition for his discovery
of the violaxanthin cycle. This review considers the most important Sapozhnikov’s results and hypotheses elaborated by subsequent
research, as well as the modern concepts in this area of investigation. 相似文献
18.
We draw on Short’s work on Peirce’s theory of signs to propose a new general definition of interpretation. Short argues that
Peirce’s semiotics rests on his naturalised teleology. Our proposal extends Short’s work by modifying his definition of interpretation
so as to make it more generally applicable to putatively interpretative processes in biological systems. We use our definition
as the basis of an account of different kinds of misinterpretation and we discuss some questions raised by the definition
by reference to parallel problems in the field of teleosemantics. We propose that interpretative responses fulfilling the
criteria of our definition may be made by relatively simple molecular entities and we suggest two specific empirical applications
of the definition to experimental work in the field of origin of life research. Our wider aim is to suggest that a well formulated
naturalistic definition of interpretation will allow a re-evaluation of the role of semiotic phenomena in biological systems,
including the generation of empirically testable hypotheses. 相似文献
19.
Roger Bill 《Dialectical Anthropology》2010,34(3):395-417
Jack Kerouac, the author of On The Road, was a central figure of the Beat Generation, a generation which rebelled against middle-class conformity in post–World War
II America. Kerouac described himself as “a religious wanderer” (Kerouac 2006: 2), but an examination of his texts and life suggest his travels may also be understood as tourism. Viewed through the prism
of tourism, this study will argue, for example, that MacCannell’s notion of the tourist’s quest for reality and authenticity
(MacCannell 1989: 3) provides some insight into why Kerouac wrote that just south of Macon, Georgia, he and his travelling companion Neal
Cassady stopped and got out of the car, “and suddenly both of us were stoned with joy to realize that in the darkness all
around us was fragrant green grass and the smell of fresh manure and warm waters” (Kerouac 1957: 115). As Kerouac rebelled against being, as one of his protagonists in The Dharma Bums put it, “imprisoned in a system of work, produce, consume, work, produce, consume” (Kerouac 2006: 73) he travelled across America on a rapidly improving network of highways, turning “mobility into a retreat” (Holladay
and Holton 2009: 42). Kerouac alternately identified himself as a hobo (Kerouac 1973: 181) and “not a real hobo” (Kerouac 1973: 173), but this article asks whether Kerouac’s travels were those of the last in a line of wanderers rebelling against conformity
and modernization or a precursor of mobile mass tourism in America. 相似文献