线粒体钾通道参与葛根素抗心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的作用

目的:探讨线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道和线粒体钙激活钾通道在葛根素预处理抗心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤中的作用。方法:采用酶解分离大鼠心肌细胞复制心肌细胞缺氧/复氧模型,台盼蓝拒染法测定心肌细胞存活率;四甲基罗丹明乙酯(TMRE)孵育测定线粒体膜电位值;分离线粒体测定线粒体渗透性转换孔开放程度。结果:与缺氧/复氧组相比,葛根素(0.24mmol/L)预处理5min可明显增加心肌细胞的存活率,线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道抑制剂5-羟基癸酸(100μmol/L,预处理20min)或线粒体钙激活钾通道阻断剂paxilline(1μmol/L,预处理5min)均可拮抗葛根素的作用。葛根素预处理可明显减弱缺氧引起的线粒体膜电位的耗损,5-羟基癸酸和paxilline都能明显拮抗其作用。在分离心肌线粒体模型上,葛根素显著减弱CaCl2诱导的线粒体在A520处吸光度降低,其作用与单独应用线粒体渗透性转换孔抑制剂环孢菌素A相似;5-羟基癸酸和paxilline可拮抗葛根素的保护作用。结论:在大鼠分离心肌细胞模型或分离线粒体模型上,葛根素预处理具有抗缺氧/复氧损伤的作用,这种保护作用可能与其促进线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道和线粒体钙激活钾通道的开放,进而稳定线粒体膜电位,抑制线粒体渗透性转换孔开放有关。     

ATP敏感的钾通道与预适应心肌保护作用

缺血、药物等多种因素产生的预适应现象都具有显著的心肌保护作用。ATP敏感的钾通道是介导预适应保护作用的重要环节。目前多数研究结果表明是线粒体而非质膜ATP敏感的钾通道介导了预适应的保护作用,但它是否为此过程的最终效应器尚有待更多更深入的研究,未来线粒体ATP敏感钾通道的克隆和调控机制的揭示,将是从根本上解决这一问题的关键。     

葛根素抗心肌细胞过氧化氢损伤的线粒体相关机制

目的:探讨葛根素(puerarin,Pue)预处理抗过氧化氢(H2O2)应激损伤的作用是否与线粒体渗透性转换孔和/或线粒体钙激活钾通道有关。方法:采用酶解分离大鼠心肌细胞模型,台盼蓝拒染法测定心肌细胞存活率;Rhodamine123孵育测定线粒体膜电位值,分离线粒体测定mPTP孔开放程度。结果:与H2O2应激组相比,Pue(0.24mmol/L)预处理5min可明显对抗H2O2应激引起的心肌细胞存活率的降低,线粒体钙激活钾通道阻断剂paxilline(Pax,1μmol/L,预处理30min)、线粒体渗透性转换孔开放剂atractyloside(20μmol/L,预处理20min)或PKC抑制剂chelerythrine(5μmol/L,预处理30min)可拮抗Pue的作用。Pue预处理或钙激活钾通道开放剂NS1619(10μmol/L,10min)都明显减弱H2O2应激引起的线粒体膜电位的去极化,线粒体渗透性转换孔开放剂atractyloside能明显减弱Pue的作用。在分离心肌线粒体模型上,Pue(0.24mmol/L,5min)显著减弱CaCl2诱导的线粒体在A520处吸光度降低,Pax(1μmol/L,5min)可拮抗Pue的作用。结论:在大鼠分离心肌细胞模型或分离线粒体模型上,Pue预处理具有抗过氧化氢应激损伤的作用,这种保护作用可能与其抑制线粒体渗透性转换孔的开放和促进线粒体钙激活钾通道的开放有关。     

活性氧、NO和线粒体ATP敏感钾通道在TNF-α预处理对缺血/再灌注心肌保护中的作用

目的: 观察TNF-α预处理对缺血/再灌注心脏功能和酶学指标的影响及其可能机制.方法: 采用心脏Langendorff灌流模型.结果:与单独缺血/再灌注组相比,TNF-α(104U/L)预处理明显减弱缺血/再灌注对左室发展压、左室舒张末压、最大收缩/舒张速率和左室发展压与心率乘积的抑制作用(P<0.05),并显著降低复灌后冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量,增加线粒体中锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)活性(P<0.05);分别使用抗氧化剂2-MPG(0.3 mmol/L)、一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NAME(0.5 mmol/L)或线粒体ATP敏感钾通道抑制剂5-HD(100 μmol/L)预处理,减弱了TNF-α改善缺血/再灌注后心功能、抑制心肌LDH释放和诱导Mn-SOD活性增高的作用.结论: TNF-α预处理具有减轻心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的作用,这一作用可能与其诱导Mn-SOD活性增高有关,活性氧、一氧化氮和线粒体ATP敏感钾通道参与介导TNF-α的心肌保护作用.     

R-PIA保护心肌影响钾通道和一氧化氮的研究

就多种药物或措施改善心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的关键环节或信息通路进行了探讨.以大鼠心肌为材料,选取腺苷A1受体激动剂R-苯异丙基腺苷(R-PIA)为保护剂,分别或同时加入ATP敏感性钾通道阻滞剂格列苯脲、蛋白激酶C(PKC)抑制剂等,观察对氧自由基、一氧化氮、ATP酶和一氧化氮合酶基因等的影响,并与缺血预处理组比较,结果显示：R-PIA和缺血预处理后均有较好的保护作用,这些作用依赖钾通道的开放与蛋白激酶C(PKC)的激活;虽然钾通道的开放部分依赖PKC的激活,但ATP敏感性钾通道可能是居于下游的、比PKC更关键的因素.     

活性氧和线粒体ATP敏感钾通道介导肿瘤坏死因子α对缺氧/复氧心肌的保护作用

在培养的乳鼠心肌细胞上,研究肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)对缺氧/复氧损伤心肌的保护作用的机制。结果发现：(1)用TNF-α(10—500U／ml)预处理,缺氧/复氧后心肌细胞内锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)活性增高、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量减少(P＜0．05);(2)用抗氧化剂N-乙酰半既氨酸(NAC,1mmol/L)、抗霉素A(antimycin A,50μmol/L)、2-巯基丙酰氨基乙酸(2-MPG,400μmol/L)和铜／锌超氧化物歧化酸(Cu/Zn,SOD)抑制剂二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸盐(DDC,100nmol/L)预处理,可取消TNF-α的抑制缺氧/复氧心肌细胞LDH释放和诱导Mn-SOD活性增高的作用;(3)mitoKATP通道抑制剂5-羟基癸酸(5-HD)预处理可阻断TNF-α对缺氧/复氧心肌细胞的保护作用;选择性mitoKATP通道开放剂diazoxide(50μmol/L)预处理可减少复氧后心肌细胞LDH的释放(P＜0．01),其作用可被5-HD(100μmol/L)和NAC所抑制。上述结果表明,活性氧和线粒体ATP敏感钾通道参与介导TNF-α对缺氧/复氧损伤的心肌保护作用。     

缺氧肺动脉平滑肌细胞中线粒体ATP敏感钾通道开放对细胞色素C的分布及细胞增殖的作用

为了探讨线粒体ATP敏感钾通道（mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K^＋channel,mito KATP）和线粒体膜电位（△ψm）在细胞缺氧信号转导中的作用以及对缺氧肺动脉平滑肌细胞中细胞色素C在细胞内的分布及细胞增殖的影响,本实验将人肺动脉平滑肌细胞进行常氧或24h缺氧培养,并将标本分为六组：（1）对照组;（2）mito KATP,开放剂diazoxide组;（3）mito KATP阻断剂5-HD组;（4）24h缺氧组;（5）24h缺氧＋diazoxide组;（6）24h缺氧＋5-HD组。利用激光共聚焦显微镜成像法检测△、ψm;线粒体／胞浆成分分离试剂盒（Bio Vision）分离线粒体和胞浆成分后,Western blot检测两者细胞色素C;Western blot检测细胞中caspase-9的蛋白表达量;MTT法及PI染色后流式细胞仪检测细胞增殖情况。结果显示：（1）diazoxide作用24h后,R-123荧光明显增强,胞浆细胞色素C与线粒体细胞色素C的比值明显降低,caspase-9的蛋白表达显著减少,细胞增殖明显增多、凋亡减少,与正常对照组相比较,均P〈0．05;而5-HD作用24h与正常对照组比较,上述指标无明显变化（P〉0．05）。（2）缺氧24h组,结果与diazoxide组相似,R-123荧光明显增强,胞浆细胞色素C与线粒体细胞色素C的比值明显降低,caspase-9的蛋白表达显著减少,细胞增殖明显增多、凋亡减少,与正常对照组相比较,均P〈0．05;24h缺氧＋diazoxide组与缺氧组相比较,R-123荧光明显增强,胞浆细胞色素C与线粒体细胞色素C的比值明显降低,caspase-9的蛋白表达显著减少,细胞增殖明显增多、凋亡减少（P〈0．05）;而24h缺氧＋5-HD组与缺氧组比较,R-123荧光明显降低,胞浆细胞色素C与线粒体细胞色素C的比值明显升高,caspase-9的蛋白表达显著增加,细胞增殖明显减少、凋亡增多（P〈0．05）。上述实验结果提示,缺氧可以引起mito KATP,的开放以及△ψm的去极化,并进而抑制细胞色素C从线粒体释放到胞浆,抑制线粒体凋亡途径,从而参与并影响肺动脉高压的发生、发展。     

ATP敏感性钾通道、酪氨酸激酶和NF-κB参与高铁血红素诱导的大鼠心肌保护作用

通过诱导血红素氧化酶1(Hemeoxygenase1,HO1)可增强大鼠对抗心肌缺血复灌损伤。本文探讨线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道(MitochondrialATPsensitivepotassiumchannel,mitoKATP)、酪氨酸激酶(Proteintyrosinekinases,PTK)和核因子κB(NuclearfactorkappaB,NFκB)是否参与其中。SD大鼠腹腔注射HO1的诱导剂高铁血红素(hemin)50mg/kg,24h后取离体心脏给予30min缺血和120min复灌。结果发现,hemin可改善缺血-复灌(Ischemiareperfusion,IS)心脏的收缩功能,缩小心肌梗死面积;而HO1的抑制剂ZnPP可抑制hemin引起的HO1活性增加,并抵消hemin诱导的心肌保护作用。在腹腔注射hemin前给予mitoKATP通道阻断剂5HD(5mg/kg),与hemin IS组相比,心脏的收缩功能明显下降,心肌梗死面积增大,LDH和CK释放增加。而在hemin预处理后24h,30min缺血前给予5HD灌流(100μmol/L)同样可阻断hemin诱导的心肌保护作用。hemin诱导的心肌保护作用亦可被PTK抑制剂genistein(10μmol/L)或NFκB抑制剂PDTC(100μmol/L)所取消。结果提示:hemin可诱导心肌HO1增加,保护心肌缺血-复灌性损伤,其作用可能与PTK和NFκB的激活有关,而mitoKATP通道在hemin诱导的心肌保护作用中可能扮演了启动因子和终末效应器双重角色。     

ATP敏感性钾通道在心血管系统中的作用

ＡＴＰ敏感性钾通道对Ｋ＾＋有较高的选择性,且有相当高的电导。磺酰脲类药物对ＡＴＰ敏感性钾通道有特异的抑制作用,而一些开放剂对其有激活作用。缺血或其它代谢抑制时,ＡＴＰ浓度下降,腺苷产生产增加,两者激活ＡＴＰ敏感性钾通道,对心肌缺血再灌注损伤起保持作用;ＡＴＰ敏感性钾通道开放剂对高血压有一定的治疗效用。     

降钙素基因相关肽在离体大鼠心肌缺血后处理中的作用

目的:观察降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)在离体大鼠心肌缺血后处理保护中的作用。方法:采用离体大鼠全心停灌心肌缺血复灌模型。测定心室动力学指标、复灌各时间点冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量和心肌组织formazan含量的变化。结果:与缺血/复灌组相比,缺血后处理组明显增加心脏formazan含量,降低冠脉流出液中LDH含量,促进左室发展压、左室做功和冠脉流量的恢复。CGRP受体阻断剂CGRP-(8-37)和线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道阻断剂5-HD均减弱了缺血后处理的作用,且CGRP-(8-37)阻断了线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道开放剂Diaz的心肌保护作用。结论:缺血后处理可能通过促进线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道的开放,引起内源性降钙素基因相关肽的释放发挥心肌保护作用。     

A novel potassium channel in skeletal muscle mitochondria

In this work we provide evidence for the potential presence of a potassium channel in skeletal muscle mitochondria. In isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria, Ca(2+) was able to depolarize the mitochondrial inner membrane and stimulate respiration in a strictly potassium-dependent manner. These potassium-specific effects of Ca(2+) were completely abolished by 200 nM charybdotoxin or 50 nM iberiotoxin, which are well-known inhibitors of large conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels (BK(Ca) channel). Furthermore, NS1619, a BK(Ca)-channel opener, mimicked the potassium-specific effects of calcium on respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential. In agreement with these functional data, light and electron microscopy, planar lipid bilayer reconstruction and immunological studies identified the BK(Ca) channel to be preferentially located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of rat skeletal muscle fibers. We propose that activation of mitochondrial K(+) transport by opening of the BK(Ca) channel may be important for myoprotection since the channel opener NS1619 protected the myoblast cell line C2C12 against oxidative injury.     

Mitochondrial large-conductance potassium channel from Dictyostelium discoideum

In the present study, we describe the existence of a large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK_Ca) channel in the mitochondria of Dictyostelium discoideum. A single-channel current was recorded in a reconstituted system, using planar lipid bilayers. The large-conductance potassium channel activity of 258 ± 12 pS was recorded in a 50/150 mM KCl gradient solution. The probability of channel opening (the channel activity) was increased by calcium ions and NS1619 (potassium channel opener) and reduced by iberiotoxin (BK_Ca channel inhibitor). The substances known to modulate BK_Ca channel activity influenced the bioenergetics of D. discoideum mitochondria. In isolated mitochondria, NS1619 and NS11021 stimulated non-phosphorylating respiration and depolarized membrane potential, indicating the channel activation. These effects were blocked by iberiotoxin and paxilline. Moreover, the activation of the channel resulted in attenuation of superoxide formation, but its inhibition had the opposite effect. Immunological analysis with antibodies raised against mammalian BK_Ca channel subunits detected a pore-forming α subunit and auxiliary β subunits of the channel in D. discoideum mitochondria. In conclusion, we show for the first time that mitochondria of D. discoideum, a unicellular ameboid protozoon that facultatively forms multicellular structures, contain a large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel with electrophysiological, biochemical and molecular properties similar to those of the channels previously described in mammalian and plant mitochondria.     

Delayed neuronal preconditioning by NS1619 is independent of calcium activated potassium channels

1,3-Dihydro-1-[2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (NS1619), a potent activator of the large conductance Ca²⁺ activated potassium (BK_Ca) channel, has been demonstrated to induce preconditioning (PC) in the heart. The aim of our study was to test the delayed PC effect of NS1619 in rat cortical neuronal cultures against oxygen-glucose deprivation, H₂O₂, or glutamate excitotoxicity. We also investigated its actions on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and on mitochondrial and plasma membrane potentials. Furthermore, we tested the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, and the effect of NS1619 on caspase-3/7. NS1619 dose-dependently protected the cells against the toxic insults, and the protection was completely blocked by a superoxide dismutase mimetic and a PI3K antagonist, but not by BK_Ca channel inhibitors. Application of NS1619 increased ROS generation, depolarized isolated mitochondria, hyperpolarized the neuronal cell membrane, and activated the PI3K signaling cascade. However, only the effect on the cell membrane potential was antagonized by BK_Ca channel blockers. NS1619 inhibited the activation of capase-3/7. In summary, NS1619 is a potent inducer of delayed neuronal PC. However, the neuroprotective effect seems to be independent of cell membrane and mitochondrial BK_Ca channels. Rather it is the consequence of ROS generation, activation of the PI3K pathway, and inhibition of caspase activation.     

Identification of a voltage-gated potassium channel in gerbil hippocampal mitochondria

Transient cerebral ischemia is known to induce endogenous mechanisms that can prevent or delay neuronal injury, such as the activation of mitochondrial potassium channels. However, the molecular mechanism of this effect remains unclear. In this study, the single-channel activity was measured using the patch-clamp technique of the mitoplasts isolated from gerbil hippocampus. In 70% of all patches, a potassium-selective current with the properties of a voltage-gated Kv-type potassium channel was recorded with mean conductance 109 ± 6 pS in a symmetrical solution. The channel was blocked at negative voltages and irreversibly by margatoxin, a specific Kv1.3 channel inhibitor. The ATP/Mg²⁺ complex and Ca²⁺ ions had no effect on channel activity. Additionally, agitoxin-2, a potent inhibitor of voltage-gated potassium channels, had no effect on mitochondrial channel activity. This observation suggests that in contrast to surface membrane channels, the mitochondrial voltage-gated potassium channel could have a different molecular structure with no affinity to agitoxin-2. Western blots of gerbil hippocampal mitochondria and immunohistochemistry on gerbil brain sections confirmed the expression of the Kv1.3 protein in mitochondria. Our findings indicate that gerbil brain mitochondria contain a voltage-gated potassium channel that can influence the function of mitochondria in physiological and pathological conditions and that has properties similar to the surface membrane Kv1.3 channel.     

Single channel studies of the ATP-regulated potassium channel in brain mitochondria

Mitochondrial potassium channels in the brain have been suggested to have an important role in neuroprotection. The single channel activity of mitochondrial potassium channels was measured after reconstitution of the purified inner membrane from rat brain mitochondria into a planar lipid bilayer. In addition to a large conductance potassium channel that was described previously, we identified a potassium channel that has a mean conductance of 219 ± 15 pS. The activity of this channel was inhibited by ATP/Mg²⁺ and activated by the potassium channel opener BMS191095. Channel activity was not influenced either by 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP-regulated potassium channels, or by the plasma membrane ATP-regulated potassium channel blocker HMR1098. Likewise, this mitochondrial potassium channel was unaffected by the large conductance potassium channel inhibitor iberiotoxin or by the voltage-dependent potassium channel inhibitor margatoxin. The amplitude of the conductance was lowered by magnesium ions, but the opening ability was unaffected. Immunological studies identified the Kir6.1 channel subunit in the inner membrane from rat brain mitochondria. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the single channel activity and properties of an ATP-regulated potassium channel from rat brain mitochondria.     

Perspectives on the mitochondrial multiple conductance channel

A multiple conductance channel (MCC) with a peak conductance of over 1 nS is recorded from mitoplasts (mitochondria with the inner membrane exposed) using patch-clamp techniques. MCC shares many general characteristics with other intracellular megachannels, many of which are weakly selective, voltage-dependent, and calcium sensitive. A role in protein import is suggested by the transient blockade of MCC by peptides responsible for targeting mitochondrial precursor proteins. MCC is compared with the peptide-sensitive channel of the outer membrane because of similarities in targeting peptide blockade. The pharmacology and regulation of MCC by physiological effectors are reviewed and compared with the properties of the pore hypothesized to be responsible for the mitochondrial inner membrane permeability transition.     

Heterogeneity of the calcium-induced permeability transition in isolated non-synaptic brain mitochondria

Calcium overload of neural cell mitochondria plays a key role in excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury. This study tested the hypothesis that brain mitochondria consist of subpopulations with differential sensitivity to calcium-induced inner membrane permeability transition, and that this sensitivity is greatly reduced by physiological levels of adenine nucleotides. Isolated non-synaptosomal rat brain mitochondria were incubated in a potassium-based medium in the absence or presence of ATP or ADP. Measurements were made of medium and intramitochondrial free calcium, light scattering, mitochondrial ultrastructure, and the elemental composition of electron-opaque deposits within mitochondria treated with calcium. In the absence of adenine nucleotides, calcium induced a partial decrease in light scattering, accompanied by three distinct ultrastructural morphologies, including large-amplitude swelling, matrix vacuolization and a normal appearance. In the presence of ATP or ADP the mitochondrial calcium uptake capacity was greatly enhanced and calcium induced an increase rather than a decrease in mitochondrial light scattering. Approximately 10% of the mitochondria appeared damaged and the rest contained electron-dense precipitates that contained calcium, as determined by electron-energy loss spectroscopy. These results indicate that brain mitochondria are heterogeneous in their response to calcium. In the absence of adenine nucleotides, approximately 20% of the mitochondrial population exhibit morphological alterations consistent with activation of the permeability transition, but less than 10% exhibit evidence of osmotic swelling and membrane disruption in the presence of ATP or ADP.     

Matrix Mg2+ regulates mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channel from heart

Mitochondrial ATP-regulated potassium (mitoKATP) channels play an important role in cardioprotection. Single channel activity was measured after reconstitution of inner mitochondrial membranes from bovine myocardium into a planar lipid bilayer. After incorporation, the potassium channel was recorded with a mean conductance of 103+/-9 pS. The channel activity was inhibited by ATP/Mg and activated by GDP. Magnesium ions alone affected, in a dose dependent manner, both the channel conductance and the open probability. Magnesium ions regulated the mitoKATP channel only when added to the trans compartment. We conclude that Mg2+ regulates the cardiac mitoKATP channel from the matrix site by affecting both the channel conductance and gating.