白腐真菌的木质素降解酶

简述了白腐真菌木质素降解酶的概念、催化反应机理及在纸浆的生物漂白和染料脱色中的应用。     

白腐菌对纸浆漂白的研究进展*

综述了白腐菌对纸浆的漂白作用。包括用于纸浆漂白的白腐菌类型,白腐菌漂白纸浆的纸浆类型,白腐菌漂白纸浆的工艺装置,以及微生物漂白存在的问题和前景。     

耐碱性木聚糖酶

造纸工业是我国国民经济中具有可持续发展特点的重要产业,也是我国重要的工业污染源之一.近年来,世界范围内的造纸工业都受到资源、环境和效益等多方面的约束,都力求寻找能够达到节能减耗、保护生态环境、提高生产效率和经济效益及产品质量的先进生产技术.木聚糖酶及其潜在的工业应用前景引起人们关注,低(无)纤维素酶活性的木聚糖酶尤其有着诱人的应用前景,它可以应用于生物制浆、纸浆漂白、废纸二次纤维回收、废纸脱墨处理、纸浆纤维改性剂和纺织工业等,特别是其在纸浆漂白工艺中的巨大应用潜力,已成为各界同行的研究热点.应用于生物漂白过程中的木聚糖酶必须满足没有或者只有少量纤维素酶伴随产生,具有良好的耐碱性及耐高温性,在纸浆中具有稳定的酶活性等条件.自然界中微生物产生的木聚糖降解酶系比较复杂,许多会伴随纤维素酶的产生,这些酶的性质相近,不易分离纯化.此外,除了一些生长在极端环境中的微生物如嗜热菌、嗜碱菌等分泌的木聚糖酶能够满足生物漂白的要求之外,大多数来源于真菌、细菌或放线菌的木聚糖酶都需要在应用过程中调节反应条件.以上这些限制条件严重阻碍了木聚糖酶规模化生产及应用工艺的建立.     

信息库

信息库１．造纸厂漂白废水对甲烷微生物的毒性造纸厂排放的漂白废水对环境污染造成很大危害。在漂白废水中有许多含氯有机化合物是有毒的,可生物积累的,可致突变的和持久性的。现在有许多造纸厂改用新的纸浆漂白方法,废水中的含氯有机化合物量已大大减少。但就世界范围...     

新型木聚糖酶辅助漂白杨木KP浆的研究

采用不同预处理pH 值对杨木硫酸盐浆进行了木聚糖酶漂白预处理.实验结果显示,AU 系列木聚糖酶比较适于杨木硫酸盐浆漂白预处理.木聚糖酶AU-1 最佳预处理pH 值为7,此条件下漂白浆白度为78.1%ISO,与未经过预处理的漂白浆相比,纸浆白度提高1.8%ISO ;木聚糖酶AU-2 最佳预处理pH 值为8,此条件下漂白浆白度为77.6%ISO,白度提高1.1%ISO ;木聚糖酶AU-3 的最佳预处理pH 值为8,此时纸浆的白度高达78.9%ISO,白度提高2.4%ISO.木聚糖酶AU-PE89 的最佳预处理pH 值为7,此时纸浆的白度高达79.5%ISO,白度提高2.7%ISO.AU-3 和AU-PE89 木聚糖酶助漂效果好于AU-1 和AU-2 木聚糖酶.AU 系列木聚糖酶预处理可改善纸浆漂白性能,减轻漂白污染.     

芽孢杆菌木聚糖酶测定条件研究

木聚糖是一种在植物体内大量存在的半纤维素,在植物中的含量仅次于纤维素,是地球上广泛存在的可再生资源之一。木聚糖酶（Xylanase,EC3．2．1．8）是一类重要的木糖苷键水解酶。木聚糖酶的水解产物可用于乙醇、丙酮、丁醇等重要化工产品的生产。在纸浆漂白工艺中,采用木聚糖酶对纸浆进行预漂白,可以降低纸浆的卡伯值,减少15％左右的有效氯用量,降低生产成本,减少二阳很类致癌物的排放,并能提高纸浆的质量。该酶还可以用于饲料工业,提高粗饲料的能量值及畜禽对其的利用率。木聚糖酶可由细菌（1,。）、霉菌（。,。）、放线菌（…     

生物酶在造纸工业绿色制造中的应用

近年来随着生物技术的发展,生物酶制剂的生产水平不断提高,促进了酶制剂在生物制浆、生物漂白、废纸生物脱墨、酶法纸浆改善性能及树脂生物控制等方面的应用,体现了酶技术在减轻制浆造纸工业环境污染、改善纸浆抄造性能等方面的潜力。文中重点介绍在不同制浆造纸原料及工艺中酶的选用、复配和应用技术及原理,以及酶制剂的应用效率及其对制浆造纸中节能减排和绿色环保的意义。     

微生物产生的木聚糖酶的功能和应用

术聚糖是一种异质多糖,主要由木糖和阿拉伯糖组成。微生物产生的木聚糖酶来源广泛,能将木聚糖水解为木寡糖和D-木糖。该酶具有极大的应用价值,如可用于纸浆的漂白以减少环境污染,也可将造纸工业及农业废料中的木聚糖转化为D-木糖。     

微生物铁载体转运调控机制及其在环境污染修复中的应用

铁载体是微生物在胞内低铁浓度下分泌的螯合铁的物质,可分为儿茶酚盐类、氧肟酸盐类、羧酸盐类三大类。铁载体的转运分别受Fur、σ因子、群体感应信号这3种机制调控。近年来铁载体在石油污染修复、重金属污染修复和纸浆生物漂白等领域得到了应用,受到广泛关注。文中综述了铁载体的分类及其转运调控机制,以及铁载体在环境污染治理与修复中的应用,并展望了铁载体今后的应用前景。     

酶:利于环境的纸浆漂白

长期以来,造纸厂一直是工业污染最明显的行业之一,但由于生物技术的涌现,这一状况将很快得到改观。现在,酶促纸浆漂白在成本上似乎更有竞争性,并能避免氯化有机物的形成,包括当前在利用氯漂白过程中产生的dioxin。美国北卡罗来纳州立大学林业系研究人员Hou-Min Chang说,尽管酶促漂白比氯漂白更有经济学价值,更有竞争性,但目前仍还处于工厂测试阶段。如果这种酶能得到认可的话,则将会通过重组菌在发酵罐里大量生产。目前,造纸漂白酶是从真菌分离得到,但Chang认为,通过细菌或其它一些培养菌进行生产可能更有利。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan