The composition of the chitinolytic microbial complex and its effect on chitin decomposition at various humidity levels

The dynamics of assimilation of chitin by soil microorganisms (primarily prokaryotes) as a source of carbon and nitrogen has been determined by gas chromatography and fluorescence microscopy. The highest rates of chitin decomposition in chernozem were detected at humidity levels corresponding to the pressure of soil moisture (P) of ?1.4 atm. The rate of microbial consumption of chitin is three times higher than that of the carbon of soil organic matter. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that an increase in the pressure of soil moisture from P = ?10 atm to P = ?0.7 atm resulted in a considerable increase in the proportion of the specific surface of mycelial bacteria (actinomycetes).     

中国亚热带典型天然次生林土壤微生物碳源代谢功能影响因素

天然次生林地比人工林地不仅土壤肥力较高,且土壤碳代谢功能更强。然而维持天然次生林高碳代谢功能的原因尚不十分清楚。分析天然次生林中土壤微生物碳源代谢功能的影响因素对于调控土壤微生物的功能乃至天然次生林的保护具有重要意义。本文选择中国亚热带地区典型天然次生林,研究了土壤微生物碳源代谢功能与土壤化学和物理因素及植物因素的关系。结果表明,3类因素能显著解释土壤微生物碳源代谢功能54.4% 的变异。乔木层植物多样性、土壤碳氮比、pH值和含水量是导致天然次生林碳代谢功能差异的主要因素,分别显著解释了土壤微生物碳源代谢16.7%、12.4%、10.5%和10.5%的变异。天然次生林较低的土壤碳氮比、较高的土壤含水量和土壤pH值（酸性范围内）,有利于土壤微生物碳源代谢功能的提高,同时天然次生林较高的阔叶树种的比例也能增加土壤微生物碳源代谢功能。     

黄土丘陵区植被恢复的土壤碳水效应

黄土高原大规模植被恢复显著影响了这一区域土壤水分和有机碳(SOC),从而影响其承载的土壤水源涵养和固碳服务。明确深层土壤水分和有机碳对植被恢复的响应特征是当前黄土高原地区生态水文与生态系统服务研究的一个重要科学问题,其中植被类型以及生长年限是这一过程的重要影响因素。然而,目前关于深层土壤有机碳和土壤水分对植被恢复的响应及二者关系的研究较少。通过对陕北典型黄土丘陵区不同植被类型和生长年限下0—5 m土壤水分与有机碳的监测,分析了深层土壤水分和有机碳对植被恢复的响应及其特征。研究发现:(1)植被恢复后0—5 m土层均出现水分亏缺,土壤水分亏缺在表层1 m最低,2—3 m最高;对于不同恢复方式,林地土壤水分亏缺在恢复至21—30a时显著高于前一阶段(11—20a),而在恢复31a后水分开始恢复,而灌木、草地土壤水分亏缺程度则随恢复年限延长不断增加。(2)林地、灌木、草地0—5 m平均土壤有机碳含量为1.97、1.77、1.72 g/kg;林地土壤固碳量随恢复年限的增加而增加,并且在恢复20a时固碳量与对照农田相比出现净增;灌木土壤固碳量随恢复年限先增加后降低;草地土壤固碳量则随退耕年限增加呈下降趋势并且低于对照农田。(3)表层0—1 m土壤水分随恢复年限增加变化不显著,深层土壤水分则随恢复年限增加显著降低;相比而言,随恢复年限增加,土壤有机碳随年限的变化在各层土壤中均不显著。深层土壤水分与土壤有机碳呈现显著的正相关,且土壤有机碳的增加速率低于土壤水分,研究认为,深层土壤固碳与土壤水分关系密切,且深层土壤固碳需要充足水分参与。深层土壤水分亏缺可能限制植被细根的发展,使深层土壤有机碳输入减少。     

土壤湿度对东北3种主要树种凋落物分解的影响

结合丰林国家自然保护区原始阔叶红松林1998-2017年表层(0～10 cm)土壤湿度监测数据,评估了全球变化背景下土壤湿度变化对东北主要森林树种红松、臭冷杉和白桦凋落物分解的影响.结果表明: 在同一土壤湿度水平下,凋落物分解速率随着凋落物质量的增加而增大,即表现为白桦>臭冷杉>红松.凋落物的分解速率随着土壤湿度的降低而减小.白桦、臭冷杉和红松3种凋落物的土壤湿度敏感性指数(M₁₀)分别为0.782、0.789和0.827,土壤湿度水平每降低10%,初始分解速率分别减小21.8%、21.1%和17.3%.高质量凋落物(高氮含量、低碳氮比、低木质素含量)的分解速率对土壤湿度变化的响应更敏感.凋落物分解速率在不同凋落物类型间的差异随着土壤湿度的降低而缩小.近20年间,原始阔叶红松林土壤湿度呈显著减少趋势,对凋落物分解表现为抑制作用.在全球变化背景下,随着气温的升高,土壤湿度将继续降低,对凋落物的抑制作用会进一步增强,并将部分抵消因温度升高所带来的凋落物分解速率增大的压力.     

Trimethylamine oxide counteracts effects of hydrostatic pressure on proteins of deep-sea teleosts

In shallow marine teleost fishes, the osmolyte trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is typically found at <70 mmol/kg wet weight. Recently we found deep-sea teleosts have up to 288 mmol/kg, increasing in the order shallow < bathyal < abyssal. We hypothesized that this protein stabilizer counteracts inhibition of proteins by hydrostatic pressure, and showed that, for lactate dehydrogenases (LDH), 250 mM TMAO fully offset an increase in NADH K(m) at physiological pressure, and partly reversed pressure-enhanced losses of activity at supranormal pressures. In this study, we examined other effects of pressure and TMAO on proteins of teleosts that live from 2000-5000 m (200-500 atmospheres [atm]). First, for LDH from a grenadier (Coryphaenoides leptolepis) at 500 atm for 8 hr, there was a significant 15% loss in activity (P < 0.05 relative to 1 atm control) that was reduced with 250 mM TMAO to an insignificant loss. Second, for pyruvate kinase from a morid cod (Antimora microlepis) at 200 atm, there was 73% increase in ADP K(m) without TMAO (P < 0.01 relative to K(m) at 1 atm) but only a 29% increase with 300 mM TMAO. Third, for G-actin from a grenadier (C. armatus) at 500 atm for 16 hr, there was a significant reduction of F-actin polymerization (P < 0.01 compared to polymerization at 1 atm) that was fully counteracted by 250 mM TMAO, but was unchanged in 250 mM glycine. These findings support the hypothesis. J. Exp. Zool. 289:172-176, 2001.     

Succession of chitinolytic microorganisms in chernozem soil

The chitinolytic prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial complex of chernozem soil has been investigated in the course of a succession initiated by the introduction of chitin and humidification. The dynamics of the cell numbers of chitinolytic microorganisms and of their biomass was assessed by fluorescent microscopy and by inoculation of selective media. Emission of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, as well as dinitrogen fixation, was assessed by gas chromatography. It was found that, when the succession was initiated by the introduction of both chitin and humidification, it resulted in greater cell numbers and biomass of chitinolytic microorganisms and higher levels of CO2 and N2O emission and of nitrogen fixation than when the succession was initiated by humidification alone. As compared to the control samples, a significant (twofold) increase in the prokaryote cell number and biomass was found on the fourth day of the succession initiated by humidification and introduction of chitin. One week after the initiation of succession, the fungal biomass and length of mycelium were twice as high as those in the control samples. These results led to the conclusion that chitin utilization in chernozem soil starts during the initial stages of succession and is performed by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms.     

北亚热带次生栎林与火炬松人工林土壤微生物生物量碳的季节动态

在南京林业大学下蜀森林生态定位研究站次生栎林和火炬松人工林内,采用随机区组设计,连续两年测定了林下土壤微生物生物量碳、土壤温度、土壤湿度和林地凋落物输入量.结果表明:两种林分的土壤微生物生物量碳呈明显的季节性波动,均在植物生长旺季维持在较低水平,而在植物休眠季节维持在较高水平;在0～10 cm土层内,火炬松林和次生栎林土壤微生物生物量碳变幅分别在267.8～459.8 mg·kg-1和278.6～467.8 mg·kg-1;土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤温度之间具有显著的负相关关系,而与森林地上凋落物输入量、土壤湿度无显著相关关系.说明该区域土壤微生物生物量碳的季节波动可能与土壤中有效碳及其它土壤养分的可利用状况、植物根系对营养的竞争以及林木的生长节律有关.     

水分对敦煌阳关湿地芦苇叶片与土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征的影响

土壤水分是影响干旱区植物养分吸收和利用策略的关键因子之一。研究不同水分梯度叶片与土壤生态化学计量特征,有助于揭示植物对环境变化的响应特征及生态适应性。通过野外调查与实验分析,对敦煌阳关不同水分梯度芦苇叶片与土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征及其关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)随土壤含水率升高,叶片C、N、P含量降低,叶片C/N、C/P、N/P升高。(2)随土壤含水率升高,土壤有机碳(OC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量及土壤N/P升高,土壤C/N降低,土壤C/P先升后降。(3)低水分梯度叶片N、C/N与土壤N、C/N显著负相关(P<0.05),叶片C、P、C/P、N/P与土壤C、P、C/P、N/P无显著相关性(P>0.05);高、中水分梯度叶片C、N、P与土壤C、N、P化学计量特征相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。低水分梯度叶片受干旱胁迫和土壤养分制约,且能够保持较高的叶养分含量,体现了干旱区湿地植物异质生境下独特的养分调节机制。     

Studies in the Growth of Young Plants of Pinus sylvestris L.: II. The Relation of Growth to Soil Moisture Tension

Plants of Pinus sylvestris in their first and third seasonsof growth were grown in containers under moisture regimes inwhich the maximum tensions were varied between 0.1 and about9 atm. Compared with plants growing in the o.1 atm. treatment,growth was significantly reduced in the first-year plants by0.3 atm. and in the third-year plants by a tension between 0.5and 1.5 atm. Further reductions were caused by the higher tensionsemployed. The plants appeared to be sensitive to differencesin soil moisture tension throughout the growing-season. Theeffects of soil moisture tension on growth were due mainly tovariations in net assimilation rate. It is pointed out thatthe growth of many plants is substantially reduced by soil moisturetensions of less than 1 atm. and possible interpretations ofthis are discussed.     

植被盖度对土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比的影响——以敦煌阳关湿地为例

土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比可以广泛地指示群落的生态学动态过程,其研究可以为湿地生态系统的恢复与保护提供依据。以敦煌阳关湿地为研究对象,选取53个样地,分层(0—20、20—40 cm和40—60 cm)采集土壤样品,对3种植被盖度类型(高盖度、中盖度和低盖度)的土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:(1) 0—20、20—40 cm和40—60 cm土层C/N变化趋势均为:高盖度中盖度低盖度,C/P、N/P变化趋势均为:低盖度中盖度高盖度。(2)高盖度土壤C/N、C/P和N/P均随土层深度的增加而增大;中盖度土壤C/N随土层深度的增加而增大,C/P、N/P随土层深度的增加先减小后增大;低盖度C/N、C/P和N/P均随土层深度的增加先减小后增大。(3) 0—60 cm土层土壤水分与C/N显著负相关(P0.01),而与C/P、N/P显著正相关(P0.01),土壤盐分与C/P、N/P均显著负相关(P0.01),pH与C/P、N/P均显著正相关(P0.05),TP与C/N呈显著负相关(P 0.05),TN与C/P、OC与N/P均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。由多元线性回归分析可知,土壤水分是土壤C/N、C/P和N/P的关键影响因子。     

柠条细根的分布和动态及其与土壤资源有效性的关系

受土壤资源有效性时空异质性的影响,植物细根会表现出明显的垂直分布和季节变化特征。揭示这些特征对认识细根的养分和水分吸收规律,预测C在地下的分配特点具有重要意义。本研究运用Minirhizotron技术对晋西黄土丘陵区30年生柠条（Caragana korshinskii Kom.）人工林0-100cm土层深度范围内细根的密度( FRD, N cm-2)、根长密度( FRLD, mm cm-2)、平均直径(FRDi, mm)和根表面积(FRSA, mm2 cm-2)的垂直分布特征和季节动态进行了一个生长季的观测,并分析了这些参数与土壤温度、水分和有效氮之间的关系。结果表明：(1)FRD、FRLD和FRSA均表现出随土层深度增加而先增大后减小的趋势,以40-60cm土层之值最大(分别占总数的34.3%、35.5%和37.3%);而FRDi随土层深度增加而减小,其最大值为0.31970.0231mm,最小值为0.28840.0109 mm;(2)受土壤资源有效性季节变化的影响,FRD、FRLD和FRSA在不同土层(除0-20cm外)表现出相似的季节动态,即随季节变化而先增大后减小,春季小(分别为0.2204 N cm-2,1.8482 mm cm-2,2.2647 mm2 cm-2)而秋季大(分别为0.5316 N cm-2,4.4046mm cm-2,4.3007mm2 cm-2);FRDi则表现由粗逐渐变细的过程,春季最粗(0.3659mm)而秋季最细(0.2712mm);(3) 各细根参数与土壤温度、水分和有效氮在各土层存在不同程度的相关性。从简单相关分析来看,细根的季节性变化主要受土壤温度和水分的影响,有效氮的影响不明显。FRD、FRLD和FRSA在0-20cm土层主要受土壤水分影响(r=-0.729--0.914, p<0.05),而在20-100cm土层则主要受土壤温度的影响,且显著性随土层加深而增加(r=-0.028-0.832, p<0.05)。各土层细根与土壤有效资源间的相关性反映了细根功能的季节性差异。综合分析表明,各细根参数季节变化的54.0%-98.6%是由土壤温度和水分的交互作用而引起。     

Effect of moisture stress on metabolic products and ions accumulation

Summary Estimations of the metabolic products and accumulated ions were made at the different stages of development of a number of native and introduced plant species grown under different conditions of moisture stress corresponding to different levels of water supply equivalent to 125, 200, 275 and 350 mm. The increase in moisture stress favours the increase in total available carbohydrates and total nitrogen. With deficiency in soil moisture the majority of accumulated ions (K, Na, Ca, Mg, and Cl) increases and a minority (P and Fe) decreases. The sum of total ions accumulated in the plant tissues increases with decrease in soil moisture and rise in moisture stress. This is accompanied by accumulation of more salts in the cell sap and the consequent rise in osmotic pressure. The nutritive value as determined by total available carbohydrates, total nitrogen, Ca, Mg, and P contents is highly influenced by soil moisture conditions. Plants subjected to higher moisture tension are richer in total nitrogen, total available carbohydrates. calcium, and magnesium, and poorer in phosphorus content. The total nutritive value is not only determined by the percentage of these constituents but also by the dry matter production per plant, the latter is greatly suppressed with deficiency in soil moisture.     

高寒草原生态系统表层土壤活性有机碳分布特征及其影响因素——以贡嘎南山-拉轨岗日山为例

对贡嘎南山-拉轨岗日山南坡高寒草原生态系统表层(0～20cm)土壤活性有机碳分布特征研究表明:表层(0～20 cm)土壤活性有机碳平均为(2.4986±0.7864) g/kg,占表层土壤有机碳的(12.7926±21.00)%.在海拔4424～4804m范围内,随着海拔升高,表层(0～20cm)土壤活性有机碳含量表现出先减少后增加的分布特征,有机碳活度也表现出先减少后增加的分布特征.影响表层土壤活性有机碳含量最关键的环境因子是地上生物量、0～10cm地下生物量、30～40cm地下生物量、20～30cm土壤含水量、0～20cm土壤容重、20～40cm土壤容重和土壤全N量;影响表层土壤有机碳活度最关键的环境因子则是植被盖度、20～30cm地下生物量、0～10cm土壤含水量、10～20cm土壤含水量、20～30cm土壤含水量、土壤有机质、土壤速效K和土壤全N量.     

Redox properties of mesophilic and hyperthermophilic rubredoxins as a function of pressure and temperature.

The formal equilibrium reduction potentials of recombinant electron transport protein, rubredoxin (MW = 7500 Da), from both the mesophilic Clostridium pasteurianum (Topt = 37 degrees C) and hyperthermophilic Pyrococcus furiosus (Topt = 95 degrees C) were recorded as a function of pressure and temperature. Measurements were made utilizing a specially designed stainless steel electrochemical cell that easily maintains pressures between 1 and 600 atm and a temperature-controlled cell that maintains temperatures between 4 and 100 degrees C. The reduction potential of P. furiosus rubredoxin was determined to be 31 mV at 25 degrees C and 1 atm, -93 mV at 95 degrees C and 1 atm, and 44 mV at 25 degrees C and 400 atm. Thus, the reduction potential of P. furiosus rubredoxin obtained under standard conditions is likely to be dramatically different from the reduction potential obtained under its normal operating conditions. Thermodynamic parameters associated with electron transfer were determined for both rubredoxins (for C. pasteurianum, DeltaV degrees = -27 mL/mol, DeltaS degrees = -36 cal K-1 mol-1, and DeltaH degrees = -10 kcal/mol, and for P. furiosus, DeltaV degrees = -31 mL/mol, DeltaS degrees = -41 cal K-1 mol-1, and DeltaH degrees = -13 kcal/mol) from its pressure- and temperature-reduction potential profiles. The thermodynamic parameters for electron transfer (DeltaV degrees, DeltaS degrees, and DeltaH degrees ) for both proteins were very similar, which is not surprising considering their structural similarities and sequence homology. Despite the fact that these two proteins exhibit dramatic differences in thermostability, it appears that structural changes that confer dramatic differences in thermostability do not significantly alter electron transfer reactivity. The experimental changes in reduction potential as a function of pressure and temperature were simulated using a continuum dielectric electrostatic model (DELPHI). A reasonable estimate of the protein dielectric constant (epsilonprotein) of 6 for both rubredoxins was determined from these simulations. A discussion is presented regarding the analysis of electrostatic interaction energies of biomolecules through pressure- and temperature-controlled electrochemical studies.     

Initiation of Bacillus spore germination by hydrostatic pressure: effect of temperature.

Suspensions of Bacillus cereus T, B. subtilis, and B. pumilus spores in water or potassium phosphate buffer were germinated by hydrostatic pressures of between 325 and 975 atm. Kinetics of germination at temperatures within the range of 25 to 44 degrees C were determined, and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The optimum temperature for germination was dependent on pressure, species, suspending medium, and storage time after heat activation. Germination rates increased significantly with small increments of pressure, as indicated by high negative deltaV values of -230 +/- 5 cm3/mol for buffered B. subtilis (500 to 700 atm) and B. pumilus (500 atm) spores and -254 +/- 18 cm3/mol for aqueous B. subtilis (400 to 550 atm) spores at 40 degrees C and -612 +/- 41 cm3/mol for B. cereus (500 to 700 atm) spores at 25 degrees C. The ranges of thermodynamic constants calculated at 40 degrees C for buffered B. pumilus and B. subtilis spores at 500 and 600 atm and for aqueous B. subtilis spores at 500 atm were: Ea = 181,000 to 267,000 J/mol; deltaH = 178,000 to 264,000 J/mol; deltaG = 94,000 to 98,300 J/mol; deltaS = 264 to 544 J/mol per degree K. These values are consistent with the concept that the transformation of a dormant to a germinating spore induced by hydrostatic pressure involves either hydration or a reduction in the visocosity of the spore core and a conformational change of an enzyme.     

马衔山不同海拔土壤碳、氮、磷含量及生态化学计量特征

研究半干旱地区土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征,了解其空间变化规律,有助于揭示半干旱地区C、N、P循环对全球气候变化的响应。本研究以半干旱区的马衔山为对象,选择5个海拔的7个样地,采集0～15、15～30 cm层的土壤,测定其有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、pH、含水率等理化性质,分析其SOC、TN、TP化学计量与土壤理化因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1) 0～15 cm土壤SOC、TN、TP含量高于15～30 cm土壤。表层土壤SOC、TN含量随海拔升高呈增加趋势,TP含量随海拔升高变化较小。(2) C∶N随海拔增加呈先增加后降低趋势,C∶P、N∶P随海拔升高均呈增加趋势。(3)在0～15 cm土壤中,pH与SOC、TN含量及C∶P呈显著负相关,在15～30 cm土层中,pH与SOC、TN、TP含量及化学计量特征关系不显著;土壤含水率与0～15、15～30 cm层土壤中SOC、TN含量均呈极显著正相关。本研究显示,在半干旱区的马衔山地区,土壤含水率随海拔增加而增加,而SOC、TN含量及C∶P、N∶P也呈增加趋势,土壤养分含量及化学计量均受土壤含水率影响。     

Synergistic effects of ANP and sildenafil on cGMP levels and amelioration of acute hypoxic pulmonary hypertension

We hypothesized that the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, sildenafil, and the guanosine cyclase stimulator, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), would act synergistically to increase cGMP levels and blunt hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats, because these compounds act via different mechanisms to increase the intracellular second messenger. Acute hypoxia: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with sildenafil (1 mg/ kg) or vehicle and exposed to acute hypoxia with and without ANP (10(-8)-10(-5) M ). Sildenafil decreased systemic blood pressure (103 +/- 10 vs. 87 +/- 6 mm Hg, P < 0.001) and blunted the hypoxia-induced increase in right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP; percent increase 73.7% +/- 9.4% in sildenafil-treated rats vs. 117.2% +/- 21.1% in vehicle-treated rats, P = 0.03). Also, ANP and sildenafil had synergistic effects on blunting the hypoxia-induced increase in RVSP (P < 0.001) and on rising plasma cGMP levels (P < 0.05). Chronic hypoxia: Other rats were exposed to prolonged hypoxia (3 weeks, 0.5 atm) after subcutaneous implantation of a sustained-release pellet containing lower (2.5 mg), or higher (25 mg) doses of sildenafil, or placebo. Higher-dose, but not lower-dose sildenafil blunted the chronic hypoxia-induced increase in RVSP (P = 0.006). RVSP and plasma sildenafil levels were inversely correlated in hypoxic rats (r(2) = 0.68, P = 0.044). Lung cGMP levels were increased by both chronic hypoxia and sildenafil, with the greatest increase achieved by the combination. Plasma and right ventricular (RV) cGMP levels were increased by hypoxia, but sildenafil had no effect. RV hypertrophy and pulmonary artery muscularization were also unaffected by sildenafil. In conclusion, sildenafil and ANP have synergistic effects on the blunting of hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. During chronic hypoxia, sildenafil normalizes RVSP, but in the doses used, sildenafil has no effect on RV hypertrophy or pulmonary vascular remodeling.     

黄土高原刺槐人工林地表凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献

于黄土高原沟壑区王东沟小流域26年刺槐人工林(Robinia pseudoacacia)中,设置对照(CK)、去除凋落物(no litter, NL)和倍增凋落物(double litter, DL)3个处理,利用Li-8100系统测定各处理的土壤呼吸速率。结果表明,添加或去除凋落物显著影响土壤呼吸(P = 0.091-0.099),与对照(CK)的土壤呼吸速率(3.23 μmol m^-2 s^-1)相比,添加凋落物(DL)使土壤呼吸速率增加26%,去除凋落物(NL)使土壤呼吸速率减少22%。NL、CK和DL的累积土壤呼吸分别为631、787和973 g C m^-2a^-1。各处理土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著的指数关系(R²=0.81-0.90,P < 0.0001),但与土壤水分的关系不明显。NL、CK和DL的Q₁₀依次为1.92、2.29和2.31。地表凋落物对土壤呼吸年平均贡献量为20%。相关性分析表明,各测定日地表凋落物贡献与土壤温度(r=0.54,P < 0.05)或土壤水分关系显著(r=0.68, P < 0.05)。刺槐人工林地表凋落物的输入量为213 g C m^-2a^-1,大于凋落物引起的呼吸量156 g C m^-2a^-1。在黄土区通过植被恢复治理水土流失过程中,随着地表凋落物的积累,林地生态系统的碳汇功能将逐步得到加强。     

中亚热带4种森林类型土壤活性有机碳的季节动态特征

2011年12月至2012年9月, 在湘中丘陵区杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)-石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)针阔混交林、南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaries)落叶阔叶林、石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)-青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)常绿阔叶林1 hm²的长期定位观测样地, 采集0-15 cm、15-30 cm土层土壤样品, 测定土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、可矿化有机碳(MOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量, 分析4种森林土壤MBC、MOC、ROC、DOC含量的季节变化特征, 为揭示天然林保护与恢复对土壤有机碳(SOC)库的影响机理过程提供基础数据。结果表明: 森林土壤MBC、MOC、ROC、DOC含量具有明显的季节动态, 且不同森林同一土壤活性有机碳组分的季节变化节律基本一致, MBC、MOC、ROC含量表现为夏、秋季较高, 春、冬季较低; DOC含量表现为春、夏、冬季较高, 秋季最低; 同一森林不同土壤活性有机碳组分含量的季节变化节律不同; 土壤MBC、MOC、ROC、DOC含量与土壤自然含水率、SOC、全N、水解N、全P (除杉木人工林土壤MBC、MOC、ROC外)、速效P含量显著或极显著正相关, 与土壤pH值、全K、速效K含量相关性不显著, 表明不同森林类型外源碳库投入和土壤理化性质的差异是导致不同森林类型土壤活性有机碳含量差异显著的主要原因, 该区域森林土壤活性有机碳各组分含量的季节变化与各森林类型组成树种生长节律及其土壤水分含量和SOC、N、P的可利用性, 以及土壤活性有机碳各组分的来源有关, 森林土壤MBC、MOC、ROC、DOC含量可作为衡量森林土壤C、N、P动态变化的敏感性指标。     

Effect of drying period and soil moisture on egg hatch of the tadpole shrimp (Notostraca: Triopsidae).

Tadpole shrimp (Triops spp.) are potential biological control agents against larval mosquitoes in temporary ponds and flood-irrigated fields. In some rice field situations, however, they may become pests that uproot and eat young rice plants. In cursory observations, it has been reported that tadpole shrimp eggs do not readily hatch on flooding when the soil or substrate containing eggs is moist before flooding. The relationship between drying (moisture content) of soil and tadpole shrimp hatch was determined in studies conducted in mesocosms at the University of California Aquatic and Vector Control Research facilities at Riverside and at Oasis in the Coachella Valley of southern California. In laboratory hatching trials, an increase in hatch of Triops longicaudatus (LeConte) with declining soil moisture content was demonstrated (t = 8.4, P less than 0.001; r2 = 0.76). In field trials in mesocosms at Riverside, egg hatch increased with increased drying period and declining soil moisture content (G = 29.8, P less than 0.01). No hatch of eggs occurred after 3 d of drying, when soil moisture content was high, but a high level of hatching occurred after 7 and 14 d of drying, when soil moisture declined to low levels. At Oasis, soil moisture did not decrease with drying time because of porous soil and capillary action of water from adjacent flooded mesocosms and thick vegetation covering the pond bottoms. Therefore, hatch rates at Oasis were not associated with the length of the drying period (G = 35, P greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)