全新世以来长白山区孤山屯泥炭地炭屑记录与古火演化历史

长白山拥有亚洲目前保存较为完好的温带山地森林生态系统,由于近年来无火事件发生而积累了大量可燃物,火灾隐患逐年增加,重建古火历史找出火事件发生规律有助于现代火灾的有效防控。本文以长白山区孤山屯泥炭剖面的68个样品为研究载体,选取炭屑作为主要指标反演了长白山全新世以来的火事件演化历史;并结合前人利用孢粉、植硅体等代用指标重建的古环境、古气候特征,分析了火事件的成因机制。在11 686-10 883 cal aBP、7 336-2 624 cal aBP、2 624-1 189 cal aBP,炭屑浓度较高,古火事件发生频繁,强度较大;在10 883-7 336 cal aBP、1 189 cal aBP至今,炭屑浓度较低,古火事件发生频率较小,强度相对较弱。气候和植被对于火事件的影响贯穿了整个全新世时期,火事件多发生在寒冷干燥气候时期且以区域性火事件为主;近千年以来,人类活动与火山喷发对火事件的影响显著,局域性火事件比例逐渐增多。     

植物燃烧微炭屑与植硅体的比值研究

炭屑与植硅体分析广泛应用于古环境重建研究,现代植物燃烧微炭屑与植硅体比值研究有利于认识土壤及沉积物微炭屑与植硅体的丰度与火灾和燃烧活动之间的关系。本研究利用现代草本及木本植物叶片进行开放燃烧模拟实验,分析了不同植物燃烧微炭屑的形态特征及微炭屑与植硅体数量比(Ch/ph)的差异。结果表明,植物燃烧后会残留下植硅体和微炭屑,草本与木本植物微炭屑形态特征具有明显差异,微炭屑与植硅体(Ch/ph)比值较大,Ch/ph值木本植物(26.07-31.61)大于草本植物(1.62-15.20)。微炭屑的形态及长宽比(L/W)、Ch/ph值含有丰富的火灾发生及燃烧的植被类型信息,尤其Ch/ph可能是古火灾及古植被重建研究的潜在替代指标。     

黄土-古土壤原核生物群落对古气候变化的响应

【目的】黄土-古土壤序列是记录第四纪气候环境变化的良好载体,其内部的土壤微生物特征是蕴含土壤环境变化的重要信息。由于黄土与古土壤成壤环境的气候差异,微生物群落结构特征可能会有不同的响应,但针对该问题的研究还十分有限。【方法】选择任家坡(R)和九州台(J)两地黄土(RL和JL)-古土壤(RS和JS)序列,运用高通量测序技术和线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)识别土壤原核生物群落结构和类群差异,基于原核生物分类单元功能注释(functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa, FAPROTAX)数据库进行群落功能预测,以及利用Mantel test探讨影响土壤原核生物群落稳定的环境因子。【结果】土壤中碳氮营养物质与气候变化的代用指标磁化率、Rb/Sr变化趋势一致,含量整体表现为古土壤(RS和JS)高,对应的黄土(RL和JL)低,这一特征在任家坡古土壤(RS)中尤为显著;在同一气候时期,九州台较任家坡更为干冷,并且九州台古土壤沉积阶段也受到较强冬季风的影响,使其气候冷干与暖湿转变呈渐变型。原核生物群落结构中酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)等具有嗜热嗜温性质的细菌和古菌在任家坡黄土-古土壤(RL和RS)中丰度较高,芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)、异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)等耐旱、适宜极端环境中生存的细菌和古菌在九州台黄土-古土壤中(JL和JS)丰度较高。同时,生命产能、氮、锰、铁、氯元素循环相关功能基因在任家坡古土壤(RS)中表达量最高,而碳、氢、硫元素循环相关功能基因在任家坡黄土(RL)中表达量最高。与任家坡相比,九州台原核生物群落具有物种多样性高、功能种类少的特点。Mantel test分析进一步表明,有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)、含水率(soil water content, SWC)、总氮(total nitrogen, TN)和硝态氮(nitrate nitrogen, NO₃^--N)是影响任家坡原核生物群落和功能稳定的关键环境因子,而TN、SOC、pH值和铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)是影响九州台原核生物群落和功能稳定的关键环境因子。【结论】在暖湿期,微生物群落分化出更多的功能种类,具有更旺盛的生命活动;在冷干期,微生物群落通过提高物种多样性来完成主要的生命活动功能,通过协同共生维持群落生存和稳定来适应环境胁迫。研究成果对认识气候变化对土壤微生物多样性和功能的影响具有重要意义。     

孢粉、炭屑揭示的黔西高原MIS3b期间古植被、古气候演变

将孢粉与炭屑结合应用于贵州盘县坪地晚更新世剖面,对比高分辨率的NGRIPδ18O、石笋记录分析,用以揭示黔西高原MIS3b期古植被、古气候演变。结果显示:45.16—44.44 ka BP期间,孢粉缺失,炭屑少,说明此时植被稀少,气候寒冷,可能指示H5事件。44.44—44.04 ka BP期间,以禾本科、百合科为主的草本及喜冷湿的蕨类占优势,乔、灌木稀少。炭屑浓度低,但末期出现峰值,说明气候开始由冷湿向温干过渡。44.04—42.5 ka BP期间,禾本科草类继续增加,成为草原植物的主要成分;乔木种类增加,但含量不高。炭屑浓度高,峰值频繁出现,指示气侯温干。42.5—41.29 ka BP期间,草原萎缩,森林面积扩展。针叶、常绿及落叶阔叶林迅速扩展。炭屑浓度总体偏低稳定,指示该时期气候温凉湿润。总之,MIS3b整体较冷,干湿交替出现。     

运城盆地洪积扇全新世时期的野火与环境变化的初步探讨

通过对运城盆地典型黄土-古土壤剖面磁化率和炭屑含量的分析,研究了洪积扇全新世野火活动的规律及其与环境变化的关系。研究结果表明,在全新世早期(11500~8500 a B.P.), 气候向温湿过渡,但仍较干旱,炭屑含量较高,野火活动比较频繁,说明气候干旱是野火发生的重要原因。而全新世中期(8500~3100 a B.P.),除夏商文化时期外,炭屑含量在整个全新世时期居于最低,野火活动最为微弱,与此时期气候温暖湿润密切相关。但在夏商文化时期(3800~3500 a B.P.)炭屑浓度出现峰值,野火活动较为频繁,是人类生产和生活活动作用的结果。全新世晚期(3100~0 a B.P.)炭屑含量大幅度增加,野火活动最为频繁,一方面与气候向干旱化发展有关,另一方面与大范围的人类活动密切相关;在干旱的气候背景条件下, 人类活动加速了野火的发生频率和活动强度。     

柠条锦鸡儿生物量分配规律与异速生长对氮、磷添加的响应

氮（N）和磷（P）元素在生态系统的结构和功能、稳定性、服务价值和可持续发展中起着关键作用。但自工业革命以来,全球气候变化受人类活动影响愈加剧烈。气候变化不同程度的影响干旱和半干旱区的氮磷循环过程,进而改变植物个体生物量积累以及植被生产力。因此,探究荒漠植物的生物量积累与分配规律对氮、磷添加的响应机制,有助于深入理解干旱区植物应对大气氮磷沉降等气候变化的适应策略。以荒漠植物柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii Kom.,以下简称柠条）为研究对象,通过养分添加控制实验研究柠条地上/地下生物量的积累和分配,揭示其异速生长规律。实验包括3种形态的氮素添加（NH₄⁺、NH₄NO₃、NO₃^-）和1种磷素添加（H₂PO₄^-）,分别对应4个浓度梯度（4 g/m²、8 g/m²、16 g/m²和32 g/m²）。结果表明,NO₃^-添加对柠条生物量有显著影响,但不同浓度对柠条生物量的影响无显著差异;单独的NH₄⁺添加对柠条地上/地下部分生长都具有显著抑制作用,且抑制作用与添加浓度呈显著的正相关关系;NH₄NO₃添加初期对柠条地上/地下生物量均具有促进作用,但这种促进作用会随着柠条生长和后期NH₄NO₃添加浓度的增加而消失;高浓度NH₄NO₃添加量（32 g/m²）会抑制柠条的生长。低浓度（4 g/m²、8 g/m²）外源氮添加会使柠条的生物量主要优先配给地下部分;磷添加则会使柠条的生物量分配策略向地上部分倾斜。综上所述,研究结果表明柠条改变地上和地下的生物量分配策略以响应氮或/和磷沉降。这一结论不仅增强了我们对植物生长策略的认识,而且有助于我们揭示全球气候变化条件下干旱地区土壤与植物之间的氮、磷循环和转化。     

林草交错区植被动态变化及其影响因子——以中国东北大兴安岭为例

东北大兴安岭林草交错区对气候变化和人类活动高度敏感是我国重要的生态脆弱区,研究表征生态环境变化的植被指数时空变化及驱动因子是制定政策、改善生态环境的理论基础。基于此,利用遥感区域分析和地面实证分析对大兴安岭林草交错区的植被变化趋势及影响因子进行分析,并通过重要性指标定量阐述环境因子和人类活动因子影响的相对重要性。结果表明：1982-2015年的植被呈退化趋势（-0.02/10a）,最低温度、平均温度和最高温度均呈增温趋势分别为0.13℃/10a、0.16℃/10a和0.20℃/10a,而年平均降水量呈下降趋势（-16.3 mm/10a）。植被NDVI随云量的增加而降低（R=-0.21）,并且显著负相关占总面积的24.98%。NDVI随最低温度、平均温度和最高温度的增加而增加（R_TMN=0.01、R_TMN=0.02和R_TMN=0.04）。潜在蒸散对NDVI的影响存在差异,降水量在200-400 mm NDVI与潜在蒸散显著负相关（占总面积18.60%）,400 mm以上显著正相关且占总面积16.01%。降水量与NDVI正相关（R=0.03）,其中显著正相关占总面积的19.55%,显著负相关仅占总面积的5.31%。降水量是陈巴尔虎旗、新巴尔虎左旗以及鄂温克族自治区西部植被（草地）的主导影响因子,云分量是东部林地的主导影响因子。此外,实证分析结果表明人类活动因子（家畜密度和开垦面积）对NDVI的解释率高于温度和降水,并且人类活动的平均重要性指标（VIP_{人类活动因子}=2.48）高于气候因子（VIP_气候因子=0.80）,气候因子中的降水解释率和重要性均高于温度。因此,气候变暖背景下,东北林草交错区气候呈变暖变干旱趋势,而人类活动因子对植被的影响作用不容忽视,合理调控农牧业是改善林草交错区植被生态系统稳定可持续的重要途径。     

青藏高原高寒草甸土壤CO2排放对模拟氮沉降的早期响应

研究大气氮沉降输入对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤-大气界面CO₂交换通量的影响,对于准确评价全球变化背景下区域碳平衡至关重要。通过构建多形态、低剂量的增氮控制试验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤CO₂排放通量,同时测定相关土壤变量和地上生物量,分析高寒草甸土壤CO₂排放特征及其主要驱动因子。研究结果表明:低、高剂量氮输入倾向于消耗土壤水分,而中剂量氮输入有利于土壤水分的保持;施氮初期总体上增加了土壤无机氮含量,铵态氮累积效应更为显著;施氮显著增加地上生物量和土壤CO₂排放通量,铵态氮的促进效应显著高于硝态氮。另外,土壤CO₂排放通量主要受土壤温度驱动,其次为地上生物量和铵态氮储量。上述结果反映了氮沉降输入短期内可能刺激了植物生长和土壤微生物活性,加剧了土壤-大气界面CO₂排放。     

木本植物对CO_2浓度和温度升高的相互作用的响应

CO2 浓度和温度是影响木本植物生长和发育的两个关键因子 ,二者在全球变化中的相互作用对木本植物生长和发育具有显著的影响。大多数研究表明 :CO2 浓度增加和温度升高的相互作用可能影响木本植物的生长发育 ,促进光合作用 ;呼吸作用对CO2 浓度增加和温度升高的相互作用存在长期和短期响应差异 ;二者的相互作用促进生物量增加和生产力的增长。木本植物对CO2 浓度和温度升高的相互作用的响应程度因植物种类而异。     

木本植物对CO2浓度和温度升高的相互作用的响应

CO2浓度和温度是影响木本植物生长和发育的两个关键因子,二者在全球变化中的相互作用对木本植物生长和发育具有显著的影响。大多数研究表明：CO2浓度增加和温度升高的相互作用可能影响木本植物的生长发育,促进光合作用;呼吸作用对CO2浓度增加和温度升高的相互作用存在长期和短期响应差异;二者的相互作用促进生物量增加和生产力的增长。木本植物对CO2浓度和温度升高的相互作用的响应程度因植物种类而异。     

Biomass burning response to high-amplitude climate and vegetation changes in Southwestern France from the Last Glacial to the early Holocene

The main drivers of fire regimes in southern Europe are climate, vegetation and land-use changes that interact at different spatio-temporal scales. These complex interplays between “natural” and anthropogenic forcings hinder the identification of fire-climate linkages on the long time scale. In this paper, we focused on the Last Glacial–Holocene transition, which is the last time Europe experienced rapid warming of similar magnitude and rate of change as predicted for the future, and with minimal human impact (no agricultural activities). We derived fire activity from two neighbouring lacustrine macrocharcoal records, Ech paleolake and Lake Lourdes, located 3 km apart. To understand the effect of external forcings, we reconstructed summer T° changes and vegetation dynamics from two independent proxies. We then compared both paleofire records with chironomid-inferred summer air temperature reconstruction from Ech paleolake. We discuss the role of vegetation type, structure and biomass availability using pollen analysis from Ech paleolake and Lourdes. Fire activity is strongly modulated by summer T° oscillations as shown by the highly contrasted responses between the Oldest Dryas/Interstadial and Younger Dryas/Holocene transitions. However, vegetation type and biomass availability act as limiting factors: the slight increase in fire activity at the onset of the Interstadial is triggered by a 7 °C summer T° increase but remains limited by low availability of woody biomass in a steppe environment. On the contrary, the onset of the Holocene is characterised by a 2 °C summer T° increase and an unprecedented increase in fire activity, conditioned by the establishment of dense deciduous forests.     

不同烈度林火干扰下呼中国家级自然保护区森林各碳库储量的动态变化

本研究通过FireBGCv2模型,模拟不同烈度林火干扰下未来100年呼中自然保护区森林各碳库的动态变化特征,以探究森林不同碳库对火干扰的响应规律,为保护区森林可燃物的管理提供科学依据。结果表明: 林火干扰显著降低了保护区森林碳储量,且林火烈度越大,碳储量降低越多。火干扰影响森林各碳库储量的变化,也改变了森林总碳库的分配特征。林火干扰对各碳库碳储量的影响表现为:林火干扰使活立木、半腐殖质层碳储量降低,使粗木质残体碳储量在模拟前、中期增加,在模拟后期降低,灌草碳库碳储量在模拟后期增加。林火烈度越大,活立木、灌草碳库碳储量越低,枯立木和粗木质残体碳库碳储量越高。林火干扰对总碳库分配的影响表现为:林火干扰后,灌草、枯立木、粗木质残体和土壤碳库占比增加,活立木、半腐殖层碳库在总碳库中的占比减小。林火烈度越大,灌草碳库占比越小,粗木质残体碳库占比越大,烈度对其他碳库占比影响较小。枯落物的周期性变化规律为: 20年达到高值,然后10年内降到低值,这一发现为确定森林可燃物处理的时间间隔提供了有力的依据,建议在大兴安岭地区每隔20年进行一次计划火烧,以合理保护该地区的森林资源。     

Early pleistocene habitat in member 1 Olorgesailie based on paleosol stable isotopes.

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope values from soil carbonates were used to determine the vegetation context of archaeological sites and local climatic conditions represented in a approximately 0.99 Ma paleosol that is exposed laterally in the Olorgesailie basin, southern Kenya rift valley. As part of this landscape-scale project, samples of an upper Member 1 paleosol were analyzed along nearly 4 km of outcrop in three adjacent parts of the basin. Modern East African soil and plant community analogs are used to interpret the isotope ratios. The carbon isotopic composition of the paleosol carbonates indicates that the area supported a local biomass of about 75-100% C(4)plants during the period of soil formation. After averaging the data for each trench, an open C(4)grassland is represented by half of the carbon values, with wooded grassland more abundant across the paleolandscape than it is in the area now. This vegetational reconstruction is supported by the mammalian faunal assemblage, which has a high percentage of grazers. Although the relatively small sample size outside the main excavation area precludes firm characterization of vegetational diversity across the basin in upper Member 1 times, eastern and western localities in the study area may have had more woody C(3)plants than the widely sampled zone in between. Oxygen isotopes indicate that the lowland basin was slightly cooler and moister than today's semi-arid climate, with greater annual rainfall. Archaeological traces have a virtually continuous distribution across the paleolandscape, but vary in density of occurrence. With the strong evidence for C(4)grassland as the primary vegetation context across most of the study area, no habitat preference by the Acheulean toolmakers at Olorgesailie is shown in our initial comparison between carbon isotope values and stone/bone densities.     

Changes in carbon storages of Fagus forest ecosystems along an elevational gradient on Mt. Fanjingshan in Southwest China

森林生态系统碳库通常包括植被、土壤、凋落物与木质残体等几个组分。本研究旨在探讨中国一种重要的森林生态系统—水青冈林(Fagus L.)中这些碳库的沿海拔梯度格局变化及其驱动因子。在中国贵州省梵净山,沿海拔梯度(1095–1930 m)调查了9个水青冈林各碳库的碳储量。采用方差分解探讨了林龄、气候及其他因子对碳储量的影响,同时对梵净山与贵州和全球其他地区水青冈林的碳储量进行了比较。梵净山水青冈林生态系统碳储量在190.5–504.3 Mg C ha^–1之间,其主要组分包括植被碳库(33.7–73.9%)和土壤碳库(23.9–65.5%),而木质残体(0.05–3.1%)和凋落物(0.2–0.7%)对该生态系统碳储量的贡献不超过4%。随海拔升高,生态系统碳储量呈增加趋势,其中植被与木质残体碳库增加,而凋落物与土壤碳库无明显的变化趋势。对梵净山水青冈林,气候与林龄是其各组分碳储量海拔格局形成的主要原因;而对于全球水青冈林,林龄是其碳储量变化的主导因子。相比全球其他地区的水青冈林,贵州水青冈林具有较高的植被碳储量积累速率,这可能与贵州较高的降水量有关。本研究结果有助于理解中国水青冈林碳收支及其在区域碳循环中的可能作用,同时强调了林龄与气候对碳积累的重要性。     

Soil calcium content as the driving factor for vegetative structure and soil microbial function diverging across a fire chronosequence of the boreal forests in northeast China

中国东北地区北方森林土壤钙对植被结构和土壤功能随火烧序列恢复趋势分化的驱动作用 随着火后恢复时间的延长，各生物物理因子对森林群落结构恢复和重建的重要性也发生着变化。本研究的主要目的是明确我国北方森林在火灾干扰后地上植被和土壤微生物功能的关键恢复时期及其主导性驱动因子。在东北大兴安岭林区，选择不同时期的火烧林地，组成一个50年的火烧演替序列，分析随火烧后恢复时间的增加，乔木、灌木和草本物种的生物量在整个群落中所占比重的动态变化特征。同时，采集不同火烧林地的土壤样品，分析其养分含量、微生物生物量以及酶活性等理化指标，并以这些理化数据为基础，估算土壤微生物的生长效率和碳素利用效率，以反应土壤微生物功能随火烧时间的演变规律。研究结果发现，在选定的火烧序列内，不同功能群物种在森林群落的恢复和重建中的贡献表现出明显的时期变异性。草本物种的比重从最初的75%下降到1.5%，而乔木物种的比重则从火烧 初期的0.04%上升到后期的70%。土壤微生物的生长效率和碳素利用效率平均为0.242和0.236，在火烧恢复的第9、15和31年的取值明显大于火烧后的第2和3 年。火烧后恢复时期也影响了土壤中金属离子的含量，土壤中钙和铁的含量都在火烧序列后期得到明显提高，其中钙的含量与群落中木本物种间呈正相关关系，而与微生物功能间呈负相关关系。在本研究选定的火烧序列内，火烧干扰后的第15和31年是地上群落结构和土壤微生物功能恢复的关键期，地上和地下恢复过程在这两个时期呈现出分异趋势，而土壤中钙含量的变化对这一分异趋势发挥了一定的驱动作用。     

Woody Debris Amendment Enhances Reclamation after Oil Sands Mining in Alberta,Canada

Mining disturbs large forested areas around the world, including boreal forests after oil sands mining in Canada. Industrial companies are expected to reclaim degraded land to ecosystems with equivalent land capability. This research showed the value of woody debris for reclamation of dramatically disturbed landscapes with a forest ecosystem end land use. Adding woody debris during reclamation can facilitate recovery of flora, soil nutrient cycling and water and nutrient holding capacity. Combined with forest floor material, woody debris can provide native plant propagules that would be otherwise commercially unavailable. Sites with and without woody debris on forest floor material containing identifiable litter (L), fragmented and fermented litter (F), and humus (H) (LFH), and peat mineral soil mix (peat) cover soils were studied. Within 2 years, woody debris decreased bare ground and created microsites which were positively associated with greater vegetation cover and woody plant density. Woody debris treatments had lower soil available nitrate and soil under woody debris had a lower temperature range and higher soil volumetric water content than control treatments without woody debris. Woody debris did not affect first year microbial biomass carbon or mycorrhizae, but both were greater on LFH than peat cover soil. LFH was associated with lower bare ground and greater vegetation cover, species richness, and soil phosphorus and potassium than peat cover soil, which had greater soil sulfate .     

Woody Debris in the Mangrove Forests of South Florida1

Woody debris is abundant in hurricane‐impacted forests. With a major hurricane affecting South Florida mangroves approximately every 20 yr, carbon storage and nutrient retention may be influenced greatly by woody debris dynamics. In addition, woody debris can influence seedling regeneration in mangrove swamps by trapping propagules and enhancing seedling growth potential. Here, we report on line‐intercept woody debris surveys conducted in mangrove wetlands of South Florida 9–10 yr after the passage of Hurricane Andrew. The total volume of woody debris for all sites combined was estimated at 67 m³/ha and varied from 13 to 181 m³/ha depending upon differences in forest height, proximity to the storm, and maximum estimated wind velocities. Large volumes of woody debris were found in the eyewall region of the hurricane, with a volume of 132 m³/ha and a projected woody debris biomass of approximately 36 t/ha. Approximately half of the woody debris biomass averaged across all sites was associated as small twigs and branches (fine woody debris), since coarse woody debris >7.5 cm felled during Hurricane Andrew was fairly well decomposed. Much of the small debris is likely to be associated with post‐hurricane forest dynamics. Hurricanes are responsible for large amounts of damage to mangrove ecosystems, and components of associated downed wood may provide a relative index of disturbance for mangrove forests. Here, we suggest that a fine:coarse woody debris ratio ≤0.5 is suggestive of a recent disturbance in mangrove wetlands, although additional research is needed to corroborate such findings.     

美国俄亥俄州南部两种不同间伐强度对森林可燃物载量和碳的影响(英文)

本研究的目的是测定两种不同间伐强度下(70%和50%),美国俄亥俄州南部橡树混交林森林可燃物(包括枯落物、木本、草本和倒木)碳储量和其燃烧后可能释放的碳量。研究结果表明枯落物和木本碳含量显著高于草本部分。在50%、70%间伐和对照中,森林枯落物分别占了总的橡树混交林可燃物碳储量的36.6%,50.9%和66.0%。粗木质残体分别占了58.4%,48.0%和32.6%。小的木本和草本在总的森林可燃物中占据很小比例。在50%、70%间伐和对照三种情况下,总的森林可燃物分别是54.07t/ha、41.98t/ha和20.73t/ha。如果对这些森林可燃物进行燃烧,50%、70%间伐和对照中,其森林可燃物将释放碳量分别为90.39t/ha、70.19t/ha和34.66t/ha。虽然它们之间没有产生显著的差异,但和对照进行比较,间伐后仍产生了较多的一、二级森林可燃物。在50%、70%间伐和对照中,分别产生了25.08t/ha、23.47t/ha和14.38t/ha一、二级的可燃物。计划用火在燃烧这些可燃物成分时,在50%、70%间伐和对照中,可能会分别释放41.93t/ha、39.24t/ha和23.55t/ha碳。此研究对使用计划用火来减少引起森林火灾的森林可燃物具有一定的意义。     

Macro-Particle Charcoal C Content following Prescribed Burning in a Mixed-Conifer Forest,Sierra Nevada,California

Fire suppression and changing climate have resulted in increased large wildfire frequency and severity in the western United States, causing carbon cycle impacts. Forest thinning and prescribed burning reduce high-severity fire risk, but require removal of biomass and emissions of carbon from burning. During each fire a fraction of the burning vegetation and soil organic matter is converted into charcoal, a relatively stable carbon form. We sought to quantify the effects of pre-fire fuel load and type on charcoal carbon produced by biomass combusted in a prescribed burn under different thinning treatments and to identify more easily measured predictors of charcoal carbon mass in a historically frequent-fire mixed-conifer forest. We hypothesized that charcoal carbon produced from coarse woody debris (CWD) during prescribed burning would be greater than that produced from fine woody debris (FWD). We visually quantified post-treatment charcoal carbon content in the O-horizon and the A-horizon beneath CWD (> 30 cm diameter) and up to 60 cm from CWD that was present prior to treatment. We found no difference in the size of charcoal carbon pools from CWD (treatment means ranged from 0.3–2.0 g m^-2 of A-horizon and 0.0–1.7 g m^-2 of O-horizon charcoal) and FWD (treatment means ranged from 0.2–1.7 g m^-2 of A-horizon and 0.0–1.5 g m^-2 of O-horizon charcoal). We also compared treatments and found that the burn-only, understory-thin and burn, and overstory-thin and burn treatments had significantly more charcoal carbon than the control. Charcoal carbon represented 0.29% of total ecosystem carbon. We found that char mass on CWD was an important predictor of charcoal carbon mass, but only explained 18–35% of the variation. Our results help improve our understanding of the effects forest restoration treatments have on ecosystem carbon by providing additional information about charcoal carbon content.