假槟榔种子催芽技术和脱水耐性的研究

为提高假槟榔的人工种植技术,对其种子做了不同的化学催芽处理,以寻求种子的有效催芽方法,并对种子脱水耐性进行了探讨。结果表明:20%过氧化氢和98%浓硫酸浸泡5min,0.3%亚硝酸钠和0.2%硝酸钾溶液浸种24h后,发芽率显著升高,速度显著加快,尤以浓硫酸和硝酸钾处理效果为好;200～1000mg/L赤霉素和20～100mg/L激动素溶液浸泡24h也显著促进种子萌发,但催芽效果与溶液浓度有关。成熟种子轻度脱水,发芽率有所上升,但含水量下降至17%以下,发芽率急剧下降,当含水量下降10%以下,发芽力完全丧失。由此可见,种子很可能是中间型种子。     

麻花秦艽种子休眠机理及其破除方法

通过对干燥贮藏后熟麻花秦艽种子透水性和粗提物活性的测定以及采用高锰酸钾、赤霉素、青霉素、硫酸、流水浸泡方法进行发芽试验,探讨了种子休眠机理和破除休眠的技术。结果表明:麻花秦艽种子吸水过程符合Logistic曲线,其种皮对种子吸水无阻碍作用;硫酸和高锰酸钾处理极显著提高了麻花秦艽种子的发芽率(P<0.01),说明种皮机械障碍是种子萌发的因素之一。种子粗提物在浓度为0.02—0.2 g/mL时具有很强的抑制活性,均对小麦、白菜和麻花秦艽种子萌发和生长产生抑制作用以及流水浸泡可以提高麻花秦艽种子发芽率,表明种子内源抑制物是影响其休眠的另一因素。不同处理均打破了种子休眠,显著提高了种子发芽率,其中1.5%高锰酸钾浸泡10 min光照培养下种子发芽率及发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。相比对照,1.5%高锰酸钾处理的种子发芽率极显著提高106.9%。经1.5%高锰酸钾浸泡10 min的麻花秦艽种子粗提物对白菜种子萌发的抑制作用低于未处理,以浓度为0.02—0.04 g/mL时抑制显著,说明高锰酸钾可减弱麻花秦艽种子内源抑制物的活性。综上所述,麻花秦艽种子的休眠属综合休眠。     

浓硫酸处理对海滨木槿10个家系种子萌发的影响

以海滨木槿10个家系种子为材料,采用浓硫酸不同时间(0、10、15和20 min)处理,测定种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数及萌发过程中相对吸水率、可溶性糖、淀粉和α-淀粉酶含量,研究浓硫酸处理对海滨木槿种子萌发的影响以及不同家系间种子萌发差异.结果表明:浓硫酸处理显著提高了海滨木槿种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势,缩短了发芽时间.浓硫酸处理15 min后,种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为95.7％、91.3％和13.28,萌发时间最短,效果最佳.海滨木槿不同家系间种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数差异显著,最高发芽指数(15.13)是最低发芽指数(7.15)的2.12倍,最高发芽势(98.0％)是最低发芽势(55.5％)的1.77倍.浓硫酸处理可加快海滨木槿种子萌发代谢生理生化进程.相对吸水率、可溶性糖和α-淀粉酶均呈单峰曲线变化(先升后降),在萌发初期达到最大值;淀粉含量与种子发芽指数呈显著负相关.     

不同预处理方法对牛皮杜鹃和小叶杜鹃种子萌发的影响

采用3种方法(用100、200、400、600和800 mg·L-1GA3浸种24 h、用清水浸种6、12和24 h以及用超声波处理10、20和30 min)对牛皮杜鹃(Rhododendron aureum Georgi)和小叶杜鹃(R.parvifolium Admas.)种子进行预处理,以未经预处理的种子为对照,选择发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数以及萌发时滞、萌发高峰期、发芽持续时间为分析指标,对预处理后种子的萌发状况进行了比较分析。结果表明:采用适宜的预处理方法对牛皮杜鹃和小叶杜鹃种子的萌发有促进作用;总体上看,GA3浸种的促进作用优于另外2种预处理方法。用不同质量浓度GA3浸种24 h,2种植物种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均极显著高于对照,萌发时滞和萌发高峰期均较对照缩短;其中,用400 mg·L-1GA3浸种的牛皮杜鹃种子和用600 mg·L-1GA3浸种的小叶杜鹃种子的发芽率最高,分别达到73.50%和81.00%。用清水浸种6 h的牛皮杜鹃种子和用清水浸种24 h的小叶杜鹃种子的发芽率分别显著和极显著高于对照。用功率50 W、频率40 kHz的超声波分别处理10或20 min后,2种植物种子的发芽率均极显著高于对照,其中,用超声波处理20 min的牛皮杜鹃种子和用超声波处理10 min的小叶杜鹃种子的发芽率最高。清水浸种和超声波处理对2种植物种子的萌发时滞、萌发高峰期和发芽持续时间的影响均不明显。研究结果显示:用400mg·L-1GA3浸泡24 h和用600 mg·L-1GA3浸泡24 h分别是牛皮杜鹃和小叶杜鹃种子的最优预处理方法,可极显著提高2种植物种子的发芽率并缩短发芽时间。     

不同前处理条件对薄荷种子萌发的影响

研究了不同质量浓度(10～250 mg·L~(-1))赤霉素(GA_3)以及清水浸种不同时间(6～36 h)、层积不同时间(5～20 d)和超声波处理不同时间(5～25 min)对薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx Briq. )种子萌发的影响. 结果表明, 用100～200 mg·L~(-1) GA_3处理6 h, 薄荷种子的发芽启动时间缩短且发芽率和发芽势均显著高于对照, 其中, 用150 mg·L~(-1)GA_3浸种,薄荷种子的发芽率最高(57.3%).用清水浸种6～36 h后,薄荷种子的发芽启动时间和发芽持续时间与对照无显著差异,但浸种12 h的薄荷种子发芽率极显著高于对照.于10 ℃层积5～15 d后,薄荷种子的发芽率和发芽势极显著高于对照,发芽启动时间也与对照差异显著,其中层积5～10 d的种子发芽率较高,达47.8%～52.4%.用功率50 W、频率40 kHz超声波处理5～20 min后,薄荷种子发芽率较对照有极显著提高,其中用超声波处理10 min的薄荷种子发芽率最高,达到68.3%.研究结果显示,使用功率50 W、频率40 kHz的超声波处理10 min是打破薄荷种子休眠的最佳方法,可显著提高薄荷种子的发芽率.     

紫楠种子休眠原因和快速解除方法研究

通过了解紫楠(Phoebe sheareri)种子休眠原因,采取机械、酸碱腐蚀、层积处理(5 ℃~25 ℃)等措施研究解除种子休眠的最佳方法。结果表明,种皮透水性差是抑制紫楠种子萌发的主要原因,种子休眠类型为物理休眠。酸碱腐蚀处理未能有效促进种子的萌发,浓硫酸和氢氧化钠处理种子不同时间(1~25 min)后,种子发芽率提高了33%~55%,但种子出现严重的伤害现象,其腐烂率高达30%~97%。机械处理和层积处理均能有效打破种子的休眠,其中机械处理以去种皮处理效果最好,种子发芽率和发芽势分别提高了99.33%和76.00%,但操作耗时、费力。层积处理以25 ℃暖温层积45 d、25 ℃/15 ℃和5 ℃/ 25 ℃/5 ℃变温层积60 d效果较好,其发芽率达89%~93%,发芽势达79%~83%,且各层积处理间发芽率、发芽势没有差异;但与暖温层积相比,变温层积所需层积时间更长,种子腐烂率更高。25 ℃暖温层积45 d是破除紫楠种子休眠的最佳方法。     

不同种子预处理对10种沙拐枣植物萌发的影响

为了确定沙拐枣植物种子的萌发特性及最优播前预处理方法,在实验室条件下,对10种沙拐枣植物的种子进行了磨砺、硫酸和热水浸泡、冷藏、种子浸出液处理,然后进行发芽实验研究。萌发实验的结果表明,10种沙拐枣植物对于不同的种子预处理,均表现出相似的萌发反应。磨砺、硫酸浸泡和冷藏处理对种子萌发有明显地促进作用。与对照相比,种子浸出液处理对种子的发芽率、发芽速度均具有明显地抑制作用,并能增强种子的休眠。冷藏处理具有打破有活力的种子休眠、促进种子萌发的作用,但它与热水浸泡处理一样,对有活力种子表现出一定的致死作用。沙拐枣植物的萌发模式在不同种子预处理问均表现出明显的差异性。机械磨擦和硫酸处理能够促进种子的萌发率及发芽势。泡果沙拐枣(Callingonum junceum)在本项实验中表现出很强的萌发能力。     

菊科几种入侵和非入侵植物种子需光发芽特性差异

对入侵菊科植物(假苍耳、薇甘菊、紫茎泽兰、飞机草)以及非入侵菊科植物(扫帚梅、天人菊、金鸡菊、麦秆菊、翠菊、黑心菊)对比研究发现,入侵组种子往往是需光发芽,即有光条件下平均高出无光条件发芽率40%(P0.01),而非入侵组的需光发芽特性不明显,即有光和无光条件下种子发芽率差异不显著(P0.05)。以入侵植物假苍耳为例对其种子需光发芽的特性研究发现:红光有利于提高种子的萌发率(萌发率为62%),而蓝光起到相反的作用(萌发率37%);当以全光的25%照射种子时,最能够促进种子的萌发(萌发率59%),更高的光强抑制种子萌发(100%光强时,发芽率为21%)。适宜浓度水杨酸SA处理(0.01mmol/L)可以起到与光照类似的效果而促进种子萌发(提高30%发芽率),而PEG和低温处理对其不存在显著影响,说明这种需光发芽的机理可能与SA处理影响种子萌发存在一定的联系。研究证实了入侵和非入侵菊科植物之间确实存在需光发芽的差异,其生理生化差异及是否有利于入侵植物的快速入侵需深入研究。     

膏桐种子不同消毒方法效果比较

比较了不同消毒方法处理后膏桐种子的霉烂率和发芽率。结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度高锰酸钾溶液浸种30min,虽然可显著降低霉烂率,但同时也抑制了发芽率;1%硫酸铜溶液浸泡10、20和30min处理,不仅显著降低霉烂率,而且明显提高种子的发芽率,其中,1%硫酸铜溶液浸泡种子30min效果最好;而高锰酸钾不适于膏桐种子的消毒处理。     

旋转磁场对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以“淮麦19”小麦种子为研究对象,采用磁场强度为11 mT的旋转磁场进行处理,设定不同的时间梯度(10、20、30、60 min),以未经磁场处理的为对照,研究了不同处理时间下旋转磁场对小麦种子发芽指标及幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明：旋转磁场处理对小麦种子萌发具有促进作用,不同处理时间下,种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数均有显著提高,随着时间的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,以处理30 min为最高,分别比对照提高了8.24％、7.37％、11.24％。经旋转磁场处理后,小麦根系发达,根长、根数均显著高于对照;幼苗生长加快,株高除处理60 min外,其他处理均显著高于对照,以处理30 min为最大,高出对照11.13％;叶片数除处理10 min外,其他处理均高于对照,以处理30 min为最大,比对照高出38.89％,且差异显著。旋转磁场处理显著增加了小麦幼苗的物质积累,不同处理时间表现出不同的效果,对幼苗生物积累量影响最佳的是处理20 min。这说明旋转磁场处理提高了小麦种子的萌发能力,加快了小麦幼苗的生长速度。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.