苇锹额夜蛾和黑纹锹额夜蛾生物学特性及防治

苇额夜蛾ArchanaraphragmiticolaSta－udinger和黑纹锹额夜蛾ArchanaraneuricaHubner在山东南部于60年代末发现,自70年代起已成为全省芦苇的主要钻蛀性害虫。据调查,淄博市马踏湖芦苇被害株率25％～40％,严重的达96．8％。芦苇幼苗被害形成枯苗,植株被害遇风易折,损失严重。南起上海崇明岛,北至辽宁盘锦地区,东至黄河三角洲均有两害虫危害。我们从1990年起对两害虫进行了观察和研究,现将结果报告如下。1形态特征1．1苇锹额夜蛾成虫：全体灰褐色,雄蛾体长14～16mm,翅展28～30mm;雌蛾体长15～18mm,翅展30～32mm。头小,喙不发达…     

柚木食叶害虫——全须夜蛾

观察珍贵树种柚木的食叶害虫——全须夜蛾Hybiaea puera的形态特征、生物学特性和危害特点,和以人工捕捉和保护天敌为主的防治措施。     

重大入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾的研究进展

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种杂食性检疫害虫,原产于美洲热带和亚热带地区,寄主超过350种,尤其喜欢禾本科作物,特别是玉米,具有迁飞能力强、繁殖能力强、暴食性和抗药性进化快的特点。该虫最初于2019年1月由缅甸入侵我国云南省,现已蔓延至我国26个省份。为全面了解和有效防治草地贪夜蛾,本文对其分布范围、扩散途径和原因、生活习性、危害特点以及防治措施等进行了总结和整理,并对未来的研究方向进行了讨论。     

上海地区草坪新害虫——水稻切叶野螟和灰翅贪夜蛾

上海地区随着草坪种植面积的迅速扩大,今年草坪上发生了2种新害虫──水稻切叶野螟Psaralicarsisalis（Walker）和灰翅贪夜蛾Spodopteramauritia（Boisduval）,2种害虫混合发生及危害,非常严重。1997年9月中旬,人民广场的6000多平方米草坪遭其危害,最高虫口密度超过1000头／m2。这2种害虫均是70年代水稻上的重要害虫,水稻切叶野螺分布于浙江、江苏、江西、湖南、湖北、福建、广东、广西等省区。灰翅贪夜蛾分布于湖北、江苏、台湾、广东、广西等省区。现将这2种害虫的发生情况和室内饲养情况报道如下。回生活习性1．1水稻切叶野螟：l…     

桉树新害虫——曲线纷夜蛾的生物学和生态特性研究

曲线纷夜蛾Polydesma boarmoides Guenée是我国桉树食叶害虫,已在部分桉树种植区造成严重危害。国内外仅在区域昆虫种类调查中发现并提及该虫,而未见其生物学特性、生态学特性和发生规律等方面的相关研究报道,因此,有必要对该虫进行更系统、深入的研究,为防控该虫提供依据。笔者2013年5月首次发现该虫在广东省紫金县危害桉树林,2016年5月再次发现该虫在茂名市危害桉树林。调查、研究结果表明:(1)曲线纷夜蛾起始取食灌木叶片直至叶片被取食殆尽后,逐步转移至桉树林继续取食桉树叶片;(2)曲线纷夜蛾在广东地区1年发生4代;(3)曲线纷夜蛾3-5龄幼虫在桉树林间呈现聚集分布,且聚集密度呈现随种群密度增大而增大的规律,而在桉树树冠上则呈均匀分布。     

茭白籽粒的新贡献

茭白和茭笋,与水稻同属稻族,但隶属于菰属或茭白属(Zizania),美洲常把菰属植物称之为“野稻”或“水生稻”。在菰属植物中,大家最熟悉的是原产于东亚的落花茭白(Z.caduciflora),其因真菌寄生而膨大的嫩茎可供蔬食,我国各地均有栽培或野生。北美水茭白(Z.aquatica,=宽叶茭白Z.latifolia)和得克     

夜蛾科新属新种记述(鳞翅目)

本文记述夜蛾科一新属二新种。新种的模式标本均存中国科学院动物研究所。 银白冬夜蛾属 Argyromatoides 新属 属征 喙发达,下唇须短,向前伸,额有一弧形横脊状突起,其下有角质片,两侧并有齿状短突,雄蛾触角线形;前足胫节内侧有一长弯爪;腹部背面无毛簇;前翅窄长,翅尖较尖,外缘斜;后翅M_2自中室横脉下方发出。雄蛾前翅反面在中室前有长毛簇,后翅反面在     

损坏敦煌莫高窟壁画的害虫——仿爱夜蛾的生活习性与防治研究

本文记述了仿爱夜蛾的生存环境、形态特征、生活史及习性 ,分析了其对敦煌莫高窟壁画的严重危害 ,提出了以营林、物理机械、生物、化学等为主的综合防治手段 ,并为深入研究该虫排泄物对石窟颜料、地仗成分产生的影响提出了新思路     

外来入侵新害虫草地贪夜蛾调查监测方法探讨

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)是一种重要的外来入侵新害虫,目前已入侵我国14个省区500多个县区,对我国玉米等种植业造成严重威胁,加强该虫的监测与防控显得尤为必要而紧迫。本文针对入侵我国的\"玉米型\"草地贪夜蛾,在成虫数量、田间虫情和作物受害程度3个方面提出了一套较为系统的调查监测方法,可为监测明确该虫入侵虫源、发生数量、危害程度及其动态,确定发生分布区域、预测预报发生期、发生程度等提供方法依据。     

柑桔新害虫——高氏瘤粉虱研究

高氏瘤粉虱ＡｌｅｕｒｏｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｔｕｓｔａｋａｈａｓｈｉＤａｖｉｄｅｔＳｕｂｒａｍａｎｉａｍ是福建福州郊区桔园新发现的一种小型刺吸性害虫。国外在印度最早发现,并于１９７６年被鉴定命名。本文通过该虫在替换寄主茉莉花上的田间调查和室内饲养观察,对该虫的形态特征、生物学特性及防治对策作了初步探讨。高氏瘤粉虱在福州年发生约８－９代,主要以成虫、若虫刺吸为害柑桔和茉莉叶片,在２８±１℃条件下,世代历期为２６－３１天。以高龄若虫或拟蛹越冬。其寄生性天敌有桨角蚜小蜂（Ｅｒｅｔｍｏｃｅｒｕｓｓｐ．）、恩蚜小蜂（Ｅｎｃａｒｓｉａｓｐ．）等,寄生率为７．０７－１７．８４％。     

中国清风藤科一新记录种——狭叶清风藤

报道了清风藤科Sabiaceae狭叶清风藤Sabia lanceolata Colebr.在中国的分布新记录。该种与其他国产种类的区别在于叶基部心形,抱茎。该种与小花清风藤S.parvifolia Wall．区别在于叶椭圆状矩圆形至披针形,基部心形,聚伞花序具花10-30朵,核果倒卵球形至矩圆状倒卵球形或梨形,直径7-10mm。     

Temperature and plant nutrient effects on the development, survival and reproduction of Cinara sp. nov., an invasive pest of cypress trees in Africa

Cinara sp. nov., previously identified as Cinara cupressi (Buckton) (Homoptera: Aphididae), is an important alien aphid pest of cypresses and junipers, and invaded Africa in the late 1980s. The work reported here was carried out as part of a larger programme aimed at the classical biological control of the aphid in Africa. Basic life history attributes including life table statistics of the aphid were quantified in order to facilitate the development of efficient aphid culturing methods and essential baseline information necessary for the culturing of potential parasitoid biological agents prior to selection for introduction to Africa. Developmental rates and fecundity were studied under four constant temperatures (10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C). The effects of several plant nutrients (nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus) supplied at different dose levels on life history attributes of Cinara sp. nov. were also studied.Unlike most other aphids, the apterous morph of Cinara sp. nov. developed through only three instars, and the alate four instars. The aphid is highly aggregative and exploits a wide range of feeding sites from young green branches to woody stems. The developmental period of Cinara sp. nov. ranged from 9.3 days at 25 °C to 22.3 days at 10 °C and the developmental threshold was 0.61 °C. Reproduction was delayed, because of the longer duration of development, and nymph production decreased with decreasing temperature. The intrinsic rate of increase ranged between 0.117 at 25 °C and 0.060 at 10 °C. Aphid size increased significantly as temperature was lowered. Wing formation was not induced when apterae were reared for up to three generations at each constant temperature but continuous crowding in the supply cultures held at 21 °C resulted in a high number of alates being formed. No appreciable effects of the different plant nutrients, supplied either singly or in combination, on the duration of instars or overall survival could be detected.     

Actinomadura mexicana sp. nov. and Actinomadura meyerii sp. nov., two novel soil sporoactinomycetes

The taxonomic position of two soil isolates, strains A288(T) and A290(T) [provisionally assigned to the genus Actinomadura] was clarified in a polyphasic study. The organisms showed a combination of chemotaxonomic and morphological properties typical of actinomadurae. They also formed distinct phyletic lines in the 16S rRNA Actinomadura gene tree; strain A288(T) was associated with A. nitritigenes whereas strain A290(T) was closely related to a group that consisted of A. citrea, A. coerulea, A. glauciflava, A. luteofluorescens and A. verrucosospora. Strains A288(T) and A290(T) showed key phenotypic features which readily distinguish them from one another and from representatives of related validly described species of Actinomadura. It is proposed that the two organisms be classified as new species of the genus Actinomadura. The names proposed for the new taxa are Actinomadura mexicana (A290(T) = DSM 44485(T) = NRRL B-24203(T)), and Actinomadura meyerii (A288(T) = DSM 44485(T) = NRRL B-24203(T)).     

Candida alocasiicola sp. nov., Candida hainanensis sp. nov., Candida heveicola sp. nov. and Candida musiphila sp. nov., novel anamorphic, ascomycetous yeast species isolated from plants

In a taxonomic study on the ascomycetous yeasts isolated from plant materials collected in tropical forests in Yunnan and Hainan Provinces, southern China, four strains isolated from tree sap (YJ2E(T)) and flowers (YF9E(T), YWZH3C(T) and YYF2A(T)) were revealed to represent four undescribed yeast species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the large subunit (26S) rRNA gene D1/D2 domain sequences showed that strain YJ2E(T) was located in a clade together with Candida haemulonii and C. pseudohaemulonii. Strain YF9E(T) was most closely related to C. azyma and strain YWZH3C(T) to C. sorbophila and C. spandovensis. Strain YYF2A(T) was clustered in a clade containing small-spored Metschnikowia species and related anamorphic Candida species. The new strains differed from their closely related described species by more than 10% mismatches in the D1/D2 domain. No sexual states were observed for the four strains on various sporulation media. The new species are therefore assigned to the genus Candida and described as Candida alocasiicola sp. nov. (type strain, YF9E(T) = AS 2.3484(T) = CBS 10702(T)), Candida hainanensis sp. nov. (type strain, YYF2A(T) = AS 2.3478(T) = CBS 10696(T)), Candida heveicola sp. nov. (type strain, YJ2E(T) = AS 2.3483(T) = CBS 10701(T)) and Candida musiphila sp. nov. (type strain, YWZH3C(T) = AS 2.3479(T) = CBS 10697(T)).     

中国新记录属——异型盘菌属（英文）

异型盘菌属Allophylaria首次在我国发现,包括1个新种和1个中国新记录种,均来自云南。新种小孢异型盘菌A.minispora的鉴别特征为子囊盘类白色,具柄;子囊顶孔在碘液中呈蓝色,32?45×3.8?5μm;子囊孢子梭形,无油滴,4.3?5.8×1.5?2.5μm;习居于草本植物茎上。原产于澳大利亚的果荚生异型盘菌A.atherospermatis首次在中国报道。提供了上述种的宏观和微观特征的详细描述及图示。     

Nonomuraea terrinata sp. nov., a novel soil actinomycete

The taxonomic position of a soil isolate, strain E626, was evaluated using the polyphasic approach. The organism was found to have chemical and morphological features consistent with its assignment to the genus Nonomuraea, a member of the family Streptosporangiaceae. Strain E626 consistently formed a distinct phyletic line within the Streptosporangiaceae 16S rDNA tree using four different algorithms. Furthermore, the taxonomic distinctness of the organism is underpinned by a range of phenotypic properties, notably morphological features. It is, therefore, proposed that the organism be classified in the genus Nonomuraea as Nonomuraea terrinata sp. nov. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海南岛十字苣苔属一新记录种

报道了海南岛十字苣苔属一新记录种,即大花十字苣苔(Stauranthera grandiflora Benth.)。引用的标本存放在中国科学院华南植物园标本馆,即原中国科学院华南植物研究所标本馆（IBSC）。     

Purification and characterization of thermostable pectate-lyases from a newly isolated thermophilic bacterium, Thermoanaerobacter italicus sp. nov.

A novel thermophilic spore-forming anaerobic microorganism (strain Ab9) able to grow on citrus pectin and polygalacturonic acid (pectate) was isolated from a thermal spa in Italy. The newly isolated strain grows optimally at 70°C with a growth rate of 0.23 h⁻¹ with pectin and 0.12 h⁻¹ with pectate as substrates. Xylan, starch, and glycogen are also utilized as carbon sources and thermoactive xylanolytic (highest activity at 70°–75°C), amylolytic as well as pullulolytic enzymes (highest activity at 80°–85°C) are formed. Two thermoactive pectate lyases were isolated from the supernatant of a 300-l culture of isolate Ab9 after growth on citrus pectin. The two enzymes (lyases a and b) were purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate treatment, anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography and finally by preparative gel electrophoresis. After sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis, lyase a appeared as a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of 135 000 Da whereas lyase b consisted of two subunits with molecular masses of 93 000 Da and 158 000 Da. Both enzymes displayed similar catalytic properties with optimal activity at pH 9.0 and 80°C. The enzymes were very stable at 70°C and at 80°C with a half-life of more than 60 min. The maximal activity of the purified lyases was observed with orange pectate (100%) and pectate-sodium salt (90%), whereas pectin was attacked to a much lesser extent (50%). The K _m values of both lyases for pectate and citrus pectin were 0.5 g·l⁻¹ and 5.0 g·l⁻¹, respectively. After incubation with polygalacturonic acid, mono-, di-, and tri-galacturonate were detected as final products. A 2.5-fold increase of activity was obtained when pectate lyases were incubated in the presence of 1 mM Ca²⁺. The addition of 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) resulted in complete inhibition of the enzymes. These heat-stable enzymes represent the first pectate-lyases isolated and characterized from a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium. On the basis of the results of the 16S rRNA sequence comparisons and the observed phenotypic differences, we propose strain Ab9 as a new species of Thermoanaerobacter, namely Thermoanaerobacter italicus sp. nov. Received: May 25, 1997 / Accepted: June 5, 1997     

Lactic acid production from sugar-cane juice by a newly isolated Lactobacillus sp.

A newly isolated sucrose-tolerant, lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus sp. strain FCP2, was grown on sugar-cane juice (125 g sucrose l⁻¹, 8 g glucose l⁻¹ and 6 g fructose l⁻¹) for 5 days and produced 104 g lactic acid l⁻¹ with 90% yield. A higher yield (96%) and productivity (2.8 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹) were obtained when strain FCP2 was cultured on 3% w/v (25 g sucrose l⁻¹, 2 g glucose l⁻¹ and 1 g fructose l⁻¹) sugar-cane juice for 10 h. Various cheap nitrogen sources such as silk worm larvae, beer yeast autolysate and shrimp wastes were also used as a substitute to yeast extract.     

Four novel yeasts from decaying organic matter: Blastobotrys robertii sp. nov., Candida cretensis sp. nov., Candida scorzettiae sp. nov. and Candida vadensis sp. nov

Four novel yeast species are described, two from decaying mushrooms, viz. Candida cretensis and Candida vadensis, and two from rotten wood, viz. Blastobotrys robertii and Candida scorzettiae. Accession numbers for the CBS and ARS Culture Collections, and GenBank accession numbers for the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit of ribosomal DNA are: B. robertii CBS 10106^T, NRRL Y-27775, DQ839395; C. cretensis CBS 9453^T, NRRL Y-27777, AY4998861 and DQ839393; C. scorzettiae CBS 10107^T, NRRL Y-27665, DQ839394; C. vadensis CBS 9454^T, NRRL Y-27778, AY498863 and DQ839396. The GenBank accession number for the ITS region of C. cretensis is AY498862 and that for C. vadensis is AY498864. C. cretensis was the only species of the four that displayed fermentative activity. All four type strains grew on n-hexadecane. C. scorzettiae is the only one of the new species that assimilates some phenolic compounds, viz. 3-hydroxy derivatives of benzoic, phenylacetic and cinnamic acids, but not the corresponding 4-hydroxy acids. This is indicative of an operative gentisate pathway.